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A2 pronoun 12分で読める

kendisi

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kendisi 30秒で

  • Kendisi means 'himself' or 'herself' in Turkish.
  • It emphasizes that the subject acted personally.
  • Used for the third person singular.
  • Common in everyday conversation and writing.
Kendisi is a Turkish reflexive pronoun that translates to "himself" or "herself" in English. It is used to refer back to the subject of a sentence, emphasizing that the action was performed by the subject themselves, without external help or by another person. This word is quite common in everyday Turkish conversation and writing, making it an essential vocabulary item for learners. You'll encounter 'kendisi' when discussing actions, states, or characteristics that directly pertain to the subject. It adds a layer of specificity and can sometimes imply a degree of self-reliance or personal involvement. For instance, if someone says 'Ahmet kendisi geldi' (Ahmet himself came), it suggests that Ahmet's arrival was noteworthy, perhaps because he usually sends someone else or because his presence was unexpected. Similarly, when describing a personal achievement, one might say 'Bu projeyi kendisi tamamladı' (He/She completed this project himself/herself), highlighting their personal effort and accomplishment. Understanding 'kendisi' will allow you to express these nuances more effectively in your Turkish communications. It’s important to note that in Turkish, the subject is often implied by the verb conjugation, but 'kendisi' is used for emphasis or clarity when needed. This pronoun agrees in number and person with the subject it refers to, though it's primarily used for the third person singular. Think of it as a way to point directly back at the doer of the action. Its usage is consistent across various contexts, from casual chats to more formal discussions, making it a versatile tool in your Turkish vocabulary arsenal. The word 'kendisi' is derived from the root 'kendi', which also means 'self' or 'own'. The suffix '-si' is a possessive suffix, indicating 'his/her/its own'. Therefore, 'kendisi' literally means 'his/her/its own self'. This etymological connection helps to solidify its meaning and usage. Consider the sentence:

O kendisi yaptı.

This translates to 'He/She did it himself/herself.' The pronoun 'O' (He/She) is the subject, and 'kendisi' reinforces that the action was done by 'O'. Without 'kendisi', the sentence 'O yaptı' would simply mean 'He/She did it,' lacking the emphasis on personal action. Another example:

Ayşe kendisi geldi.

This means 'Ayşe herself came.' Here, 'kendisi' emphasizes that Ayşe, and not someone else, made the effort to come. This might be important if Ayşe is busy or usually relies on others. The use of 'kendisi' is particularly common when the subject is a person. While it can technically refer to an object or animal in certain contexts, its primary and most frequent use is with human subjects. This makes it a key pronoun for describing personal actions and attributes.
Using 'kendisi' correctly involves understanding its role as a reflexive pronoun that refers back to the subject, typically in the third person singular. It's most commonly employed to add emphasis or to clarify that an action was performed by the subject personally. One of the primary ways 'kendisi' is used is to highlight that the subject acted independently. For example, if a child learns to tie their shoes, you might say:

Çocuk kendisi öğrendi.

This translates to 'The child learned it himself.' The word 'kendisi' emphasizes that the child achieved this skill through their own efforts, without constant help from parents or teachers. Another common scenario is when the subject's presence or action is significant. Consider a situation where a famous person visits a small town. You might hear:

Ünlü yazar kendisi geldi.

This means 'The famous writer himself came.' The inclusion of 'kendisi' underscores the importance of the writer's personal appearance. 'Kendisi' can also be used to indicate that the subject is responsible for a particular state or condition. For instance, if someone is talking about their own health and how they are managing it:

Sağlığına kendisi dikkat ediyor.

This translates to 'He/She is taking care of his/her health himself/herself.' 'Kendisi' highlights the personal responsibility for health management. In many cases, 'kendisi' is used with possessive suffixes to indicate ownership or personal involvement. For example, 'kendi evi' means 'his/her own house,' and 'kendisinin evi' also means 'his/her own house,' with 'kendisinin' being the genitive form. However, when 'kendisi' functions as the subject or object of a sentence, it does not take possessive suffixes in the same way. When referring to plural subjects, the pronoun 'onlar' (they) is used, and while 'kendileri' exists, 'kendisi' is overwhelmingly used for the third person singular. It's rare to hear 'kendisi' used for plural subjects. Remember that the verb conjugation in Turkish often makes the subject clear. Therefore, 'kendisi' is primarily for emphasis. If you omit it, the meaning might remain the same, but the emphasis is lost.
Grammar Note
'Kendisi' typically follows the subject it refers to, or it can be placed at the beginning of a clause for stronger emphasis. The verb in the sentence will agree with the subject, not with 'kendisi'.
Consider these sentence structures: 1. Subject + kendisi + Verb: Ali kendisi geldi. (Ali himself came.) 2. Subject + Object + kendisi + Verb: Ali elmayı kendisi yedi. (Ali ate the apple himself.) 3. For emphasis, 'kendisi' can sometimes precede the subject: Kendisi, Ali geldi. (Less common, but possible for strong emphasis.) Mastering these patterns will help you integrate 'kendisi' naturally into your Turkish sentences.
You'll hear 'kendisi' quite frequently in everyday Turkish conversations, especially when people are talking about personal achievements, responsibilities, or when they want to emphasize that someone acted on their own accord. In informal settings, like chatting with friends or family, 'kendisi' is used to add a personal touch to stories or explanations. For example, if someone is describing how they learned a new skill, they might say:

Yeni bir dil öğrenmeyi kendisi başlattı.

This means 'He/She started learning a new language himself/herself.' The 'kendisi' here emphasizes the self-initiated nature of the learning process. In more formal contexts, such as news reports or official statements, 'kendisi' is used to refer to prominent individuals or to highlight personal accountability. For instance, a news anchor might report:

Cumhurbaşkanı kendisi açıklama yaptı.

This translates to 'The President himself made a statement.' The 'kendisi' adds weight to the announcement, suggesting it was a direct communication from the highest authority. You'll also hear 'kendisi' in discussions about responsibilities and duties. For example, when talking about who is in charge of a particular task:

Projenin sorumlusu kendisi.

This means 'The project manager is himself/herself.' This emphasizes that the manager is personally handling the project. Even in casual conversations about daily life, 'kendisi' pops up. If someone is describing a meal they cooked, they might say:

Bu yemeği kendisi yaptı.

'He/She made this dish himself/herself.' This highlights their personal culinary effort. Furthermore, when people are talking about someone's character or personal qualities, 'kendisi' can be used to emphasize that these are inherent traits. For example, if describing someone as being very independent:

Çok bağımsız bir insan, kendisi her şeyi halleder.

'He/She is a very independent person; he/she handles everything himself/herself.' The use of 'kendisi' is not limited to positive contexts. It can also be used to emphasize personal responsibility for mistakes or negative outcomes, though this is less common than emphasizing personal achievement.
While 'kendisi' is a straightforward pronoun, learners sometimes make a few common mistakes that can affect clarity and naturalness in Turkish. One frequent error is overusing 'kendisi' when it's not necessary for emphasis. Since the verb conjugation in Turkish often makes the subject clear, adding 'kendisi' when there's no need for emphasis can sound redundant or slightly unnatural. For example, in a simple sentence like 'Ali yemek yedi' (Ali ate food), adding 'kendisi' as in 'Ali kendisi yemek yedi' might be acceptable for emphasis, but if the context doesn't demand it, it's often omitted. Another mistake is confusing 'kendisi' with other pronouns or not using it when it is needed for emphasis. For instance, if someone wants to say 'He himself did it,' but they say 'O yaptı' (He did it), the crucial emphasis on personal action is lost. A common pitfall is the incorrect placement of 'kendisi'. While it usually follows the subject, learners might place it elsewhere in the sentence, leading to awkward phrasing. For example, placing it before the object when it should refer to the subject can be confusing.
Incorrect Example
Ali yemek kendisi yedi.
The correct placement is:
Correct Example
Ali kendisi yemek yedi.
Confusion can also arise with possessive forms. While 'kendi' means 'own,' and 'kendisinin' is the genitive form used to show possession (e.g., 'kendisinin arabası' - his/her car), 'kendisi' itself functions as the subject or object and doesn't take the genitive case in the same way when referring to the subject performing an action.
Incorrect Usage
Kendisinin geldiğini gördüm. (This is grammatically correct if 'kendisinin' is acting as a possessive determiner in a subordinate clause, but if you mean 'I saw him himself arrive,' you'd phrase it differently.)
A more direct way to say 'I saw him himself arrive' would often be structured differently, or if referring to the subject arriving:
Correct Usage for emphasis on the subject arriving
Onun kendisinin geldiğini gördüm. (This is still a bit clunky, and often context clarifies. A simpler structure might be preferred depending on the exact nuance.)
A very common error for beginners is to confuse 'kendisi' with 'kendi'. 'Kendi' is an adjective or adverb meaning 'own' or 'self', and it's often used with possessive suffixes (e.g., 'kendi evim' - my own house, 'kendi kendine konuşmak' - to talk to oneself). 'Kendisi' is the pronoun form.
Mistake
Ben kendi yaptım. (Incorrect)
Correction
Ben kendim yaptım. (Correct - 'kendim' is the first-person reflexive pronoun)
Remember that 'kendisi' is primarily for the third person singular. Using it for other persons without the correct reflexive form (kendim, kendin, kendimiz, kendiniz) will lead to errors.
While 'kendisi' is the primary reflexive pronoun for the third person singular in Turkish, there are related words and phrases that convey similar meanings or are used in specific contexts. Understanding these distinctions will help you choose the most appropriate word. The most direct related word is 'kendi'. 'Kendi' functions as an adjective or adverb meaning 'own' or 'self'. It's often used with possessive suffixes to indicate ownership or personal involvement.
'Kendi' vs 'Kendisi'
When you want to say 'his/her own book', you use 'kendi kitabı'. Here, 'kendi' modifies 'kitabı' (book). When you want to say 'He himself read the book', you use 'O kitabı kendisi okudu'. Here, 'kendisi' refers back to 'O' (He) as the subject performing the action.
Another set of alternatives involves the first, second, and plural reflexive pronouns:
Personal Reflexive Pronouns
- Kendim (myself): Ben kendim yaptım. (I did it myself.) - Kendin (yourself - singular): Sen kendin yapmalısın. (You must do it yourself.) - Kendisi (himself/herself): O kendisi geldi. (He/She came himself/herself.) - Kendimiz (ourselves): Biz kendimiz başardık. (We succeeded by ourselves.) - Kendiniz (yourselves - plural): Siz kendiniz karar verdiniz. (You yourselves decided.) - Kendileri (themselves): Onlar kendileri geldiler. (They came themselves.)
While 'kendileri' is the direct plural form of 'kendisi', in some informal contexts, 'kendisi' might be used colloquially to refer to a group, especially if the group is seen as a single entity or if the speaker is being slightly informal. However, for grammatical correctness, 'kendileri' is preferred for plural subjects. In some instances, the emphasis provided by 'kendisi' can be achieved through other means, such as word order or specific adverbs, though these are less direct. For example, emphasizing personal effort might sometimes be conveyed by phrases like 'bizzat' (personally, in person), though 'bizzat' often implies physical presence more strongly than 'kendisi'.
'Bizzat' vs 'Kendisi'
'Bizzat' often means 'personally' in the sense of being physically present and involved. For example, 'Toplantıya bizzat katıldı' (He/She attended the meeting personally). 'Kendisi' is more about the subject acting by themselves. 'Toplantıya kendisi katıldı' (He/She himself/herself attended the meeting) emphasizes that it was that specific person who attended, perhaps implying they didn't send a representative.
When referring to inanimate objects or abstract concepts, the use of 'kendisi' becomes less common and might sound anthropomorphic. In such cases, the possessive form with 'kendi' is more appropriate. For example, 'kendi başına' (on its own) is used for things operating independently.

How Formal Is It?

豆知識

The concept of 'self' is deeply embedded in Turkic languages, reflected in the rich vocabulary related to personal identity and agency. The word 'kendi' and its derivatives like 'kendisi' are fundamental in expressing these ideas.

発音ガイド

UK /kɛndisi/
US /kɛndisi/
First syllable ('ken')
韻が合う語
gölgesi neredeyse babası annesi kardeşi arkadaşı öğrencisi öğretmeni
よくある間違い
  • Pronouncing the 'i' sounds as long vowels.
  • Placing stress on the second syllable.
  • Incorrectly pronouncing the initial 'k' sound.

難易度

読解 3/5

Understanding 'kendisi' in reading requires recognizing its function as a reflexive pronoun emphasizing the subject's personal involvement. At A2 level, learners will encounter it in simple sentences where the context makes its meaning clear. Higher levels will see it used in more complex sentence structures and for nuanced emphasis.

ライティング 3/5

Producing 'kendisi' correctly in writing involves understanding when emphasis is needed and placing it appropriately within the sentence structure. Beginners might overuse it or place it incorrectly. Mastery comes with practice in constructing sentences that require personal attribution.

スピーキング 3/5

Using 'kendisi' in spoken Turkish requires confidence to add emphasis. Learners might initially hesitate or forget to use it, but with practice, they can incorporate it to sound more natural and precise in their communication.

リスニング 3/5

Recognizing 'kendisi' in spoken Turkish is relatively straightforward due to its distinct sound and common usage. The key is to interpret the emphasis it provides within the context of the conversation.

次に学ぶべきこと

前提知識

o (he/she/it) ali (proper noun) ayşe (proper noun) gelmek (to come) yapmak (to do/make)

次に学ぶ

kendi (own) kendim (myself) kendileri (themselves) bizzat (personally)

上級

reflexive verbs emphatic structures personal responsibility

知っておくべき文法

Third-person singular subject-verb agreement.

O geldi. (He/She came.) - 'geldi' agrees with 'O'.

Use of reflexive pronouns to refer back to the subject.

Ben kendim yaptım. (I did it myself.)

Emphasis using pronouns like 'kendisi'.

Ali kendisi geldi. (Ali himself came - emphasis on Ali.)

Possessive suffixes with 'kendi'.

Kendi evi. (His/Her own house.)

Structure of sentences with reflexive pronouns.

Subject + kendisi + Verb.

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レベル別の例文

1

Ali kendisi geldi.

Ali himself came.

'Kendisi' emphasizes that Ali, and not someone else, came.

2

Ayşe kitabı kendisi okudu.

Ayşe read the book herself.

'Kendisi' highlights Ayşe's personal action of reading.

3

Çocuk oyuncağını kendisi buldu.

The child found his toy himself.

'Kendisi' emphasizes the child's independent discovery.

4

Bu elbiseyi kendisi dikti.

He/She sewed this dress himself/herself.

'Kendisi' indicates that the person did the sewing personally.

5

Müdür kendisi konuştu.

The manager himself spoke.

'Kendisi' emphasizes the manager's direct communication.

6

O kendisi çok çalışkan.

He/She is very hardworking himself/herself.

'Kendisi' adds emphasis to the subject's characteristic.

7

Kedi mamaını kendisi yedi.

The cat ate its food itself.

While less common for animals, 'kendisi' can be used for emphasis on self-action.

8

Bu kararı kendisi verdi.

He/She made this decision himself/herself.

'Kendisi' emphasizes the personal nature of the decision.

1

Projenin tüm aşamalarını kendisi yönetti.

He/She managed all stages of the project himself/herself.

'Kendisi' highlights the manager's complete personal oversight.

2

Bu zor görevi kendisi üstlendi.

He/She took on this difficult task himself/herself.

'Kendisi' emphasizes the volunteer nature of taking on the task.

3

Hasta kendisi iyileşmeye başladı.

The patient started to recover himself/herself.

'Kendisi' stresses the patient's own role in their recovery.

4

Olay yerini kendisi terk etti.

He/She left the scene of the incident himself/herself.

'Kendisi' indicates the subject's direct action of leaving.

5

Kendi hatasını kendisi kabul etti.

He/She admitted his/her own mistake himself/herself.

'Kendisi' emphasizes the personal acknowledgment of the mistake.

6

Sanatçı eserini kendisi sergiledi.

The artist exhibited his/her artwork himself/herself.

'Kendisi' highlights the artist's direct involvement in the exhibition.

7

Bu sırrı kendisi saklıyor.

He/She is keeping this secret himself/herself.

'Kendisi' emphasizes that the person is personally responsible for keeping the secret.

8

O, her şeyi kendisi öğreniyor.

He/She is learning everything himself/herself.

'Kendisi' stresses the self-directed nature of the learning.

1

Şirket sahibi, finansal raporları kendisi inceledi.

The company owner reviewed the financial reports himself.

'Kendisi' emphasizes the owner's direct and personal involvement in financial scrutiny.

2

Bu karmaşık problemi kendisi çözmek zorunda kaldı.

He/She had to solve this complex problem himself/herself.

'Kendisi' highlights the personal burden and effort required.

3

Politikacı, halkla doğrudan kendisi temas kurdu.

The politician communicated directly with the public himself.

'Kendisi' emphasizes the politician's personal initiative in connecting with people.

4

Yazar, kitabının ilk baskısını kendisi kontrol etti.

The author checked the first printing of his book himself.

'Kendisi' underscores the author's meticulous personal quality control.

5

Mahkum, cezasını kendisi çekmek istedi.

The convict wanted to serve his sentence himself.

'Kendisi' emphasizes the convict's personal choice and acceptance of consequences.

6

Bu tarihi yapıyı kendisi restore etti.

He/She restored this historic building himself/herself.

'Kendisi' highlights the personal dedication and skill involved in restoration.

7

Bilim insanı, deneylerini kendisi yürüttü.

The scientist conducted his/her experiments himself/herself.

'Kendisi' emphasizes the scientist's direct and hands-on involvement.

8

Her türlü zorluğa kendisi göğüs gerdi.

He/She faced all kinds of difficulties himself/herself.

'Kendisi' highlights the personal resilience and courage.

1

Şirketin vizyonunu kendisi belirledi ve bu doğrultuda ilerledi.

He/She himself defined the company's vision and proceeded in that direction.

'Kendisi' emphasizes the founder's sole authorship of the vision.

2

Bu devrim niteliğindeki icadı kendisi gerçekleştirdi.

He/She himself accomplished this revolutionary invention.

'Kendisi' underscores the singular personal achievement of the invention.

3

Tarihi bir anlaşmayı kendisi müzakere etti.

He/She himself negotiated a historic agreement.

'Kendisi' highlights the individual's pivotal role in the negotiation.

4

Sanat akımının öncüsü olarak kendisi kabul edilir.

He/She is accepted as the pioneer of the art movement himself.

'Kendisi' emphasizes that the recognition is directly attributed to the individual.

5

Kendi kaderini kendisi çizdi.

He/She himself drew his/her own destiny.

'Kendisi' strongly emphasizes self-determination and personal agency.

6

Bu büyük sorumluluğu kendisi üstlenmek istedi.

He/She himself wanted to undertake this great responsibility.

'Kendisi' highlights the voluntary and personal nature of taking on the responsibility.

7

Toplumsal bir soruna kendisi çözüm üretti.

He/She himself produced a solution to a social problem.

'Kendisi' emphasizes the individual's proactive role in problem-solving.

8

Şirketin itibarını kendisi zedeledi.

He/She himself damaged the company's reputation.

'Kendisi' points to the individual's direct culpability for the damage.

1

Tarihin akışını değiştiren kararları kendisi almıştır.

He/She himself made decisions that changed the course of history.

'Kendisi' emphasizes the profound personal agency in shaping historical events.

2

Kendi felsefesini kendisi inşa etti ve takipçilerini etkiledi.

He/She himself built his/her own philosophy and influenced followers.

'Kendisi' highlights the individual's self-creation of their philosophical system.

3

Bilimsel devrimin itici gücü kendisiydi.

He/She himself was the driving force of the scientific revolution.

'Kendisi' asserts the individual's paramount role as the catalyst for revolution.

4

İmparatorluğun yükselişini kendisi başlattı.

He/She himself initiated the rise of the empire.

'Kendisi' emphasizes the individual's foundational role in empire building.

5

Kendi kaderini kendisi yazan bir kahraman olarak anılır.

He/She is remembered as a hero who himself wrote his/her own destiny.

'Kendisi' reinforces the theme of absolute self-determination in shaping one's legacy.

6

Bu sanatsal manifestoyu kendisi kaleme aldı.

He/She himself penned this artistic manifesto.

'Kendisi' emphasizes the singular authorship and personal imprint on the manifesto.

7

Toplumsal değişimin öncüsü olarak kendisi ön plana çıktı.

He/She himself emerged as the leader of social change.

'Kendisi' highlights the individual's initiative and prominence in driving change.

8

Kendi başarılarını kendisi inşa etti.

He/She himself built his/her own successes.

'Kendisi' underscores the complete self-reliance and personal effort behind all accomplishments.

よく使う組み合わせ

kendisi yaptı
kendisi geldi
kendisi söyledi
kendisi karar verdi
kendisi öğrendi
kendisi tamamladı
kendisi istedi
kendisi başlattı
kendisi anlattı
kendisi geliştirdi

よく使うフレーズ

Kendisi söyledi.

— He/She said so himself/herself.

Bu haberi bana kendisi söyledi.

Kendisi geldi.

— He/She came himself/herself.

Onu bekliyorduk, sonunda kendisi geldi.

Kendisi yaptı.

— He/She did it himself/herself.

Bu harika yemeği kendisi yaptı.

Kendisi istedi.

— He/She wanted it himself/herself.

Bu arabayı kendisi istedi ve aldı.

Kendisi başlattı.

— He/She started it himself/herself.

Tartışmayı kendisi başlattı.

Kendisi tamamladı.

— He/She completed it himself/herself.

Ödevini kendisi tamamladı.

Kendisi öğrendi.

— He/She learned it himself/herself.

Bu sanatı kendisi öğrendi.

Kendisi karar verdi.

— He/She decided it himself/herself.

Seyahate gitmeye kendisi karar verdi.

Kendisi anlattı.

— He/She explained it himself/herself.

Problemi kendisi anlattı.

Kendisi söyledi, ben de inandım.

— He/She said it himself/herself, and I believed him/her.

Olayı kendisi söyledi, ben de inandım.

よく混同される語

kendisi vs kendi

'Kendi' is primarily an adjective or adverb meaning 'own' or 'self', often used with possessive suffixes (e.g., 'kendi evi' - his own house). 'Kendisi' is the pronoun form referring to the subject performing an action.

kendisi vs kendim / kendin / kendimiz / kendiniz / kendileri

These are the reflexive pronouns for the first and second persons (singular and plural) and the third person plural. 'Kendisi' is exclusively for the third person singular.

kendisi vs o

'O' is the third-person singular pronoun (he/she/it). 'Kendisi' is used in conjunction with or to refer back to 'o' for emphasis on personal action.

慣用句と表現

"kendi ipiyle kuyuya inmek"

— To go down a well with one's own rope. This idiom means to get into trouble through one's own actions or by relying on one's own flawed methods, often implying self-inflicted misfortune. While 'kendisi' isn't directly in this idiom, the concept of personal agency is central.

Bu hatayı yapacağını biliyordum, kendi ipiyle kuyuya indi.

General
"kendi başınalıktan kurtulmak"

— To be freed from being on one's own. This idiom refers to becoming independent or self-sufficient. The word 'kendi' is key here, emphasizing self-reliance.

Artık kendi başınalıktan kurtuldu ve iş buldu.

General
"kendini bilmek"

— To know oneself. This idiom refers to self-awareness, understanding one's strengths and weaknesses. 'Kendini' is the accusative form of 'kendisi'.

Gerçekten kendini bilen insan başarılı olur.

General
"kendi kendine konuşmak"

— To talk to oneself. This describes the act of speaking aloud without addressing anyone else, often when thinking through a problem.

Yolda giderken kendi kendine konuşuyordu.

General
"kendi kuyusunu kazmak"

— To dig one's own grave. Similar to 'kendi ipiyle kuyuya inmek', this idiom means to bring about one's own downfall through one's actions.

Yaptığı hatalarla kendi kuyusunu kazdı.

General
"kendi suyuna gitmek"

— To go with one's own flow/water. This idiom means to act according to one's own wishes or nature, to not be influenced by others.

O her zaman kendi suyuna gider, kimseyi dinlemez.

General
"kendi dilinden konuşmak"

— To speak in one's own language. This idiom can refer to speaking one's native language or speaking in a way that is easily understood by a particular group.

Onunla kendi dilinden konuşursan anlar.

General
"kendi zekasına güvenmek"

— To trust one's own intelligence. This implies self-reliance in intellectual matters.

Her zaman kendi zekasına güvenir ve problemleri çözer.

General
"kendi yolunu çizmek"

— To chart one's own course. This idiom means to make one's own decisions and follow one's own path in life.

Gençler kendi yollarını çizmek isterler.

General
"kendi işine bakmak"

— To mind one's own business. This is a common imperative phrase telling someone not to interfere in matters that do not concern them.

Başkalarının işine karışma, kendi işine bak!

General

間違えやすい

kendisi vs kendi

Both relate to the concept of 'self' or 'own'.

'Kendi' is typically used as an adjective or adverb, modifying nouns or describing how an action is done (e.g., 'kendi arabası' - his own car, 'kendi başına' - by oneself). 'Kendisi' is a pronoun that stands in for the subject, emphasizing their personal involvement in an action (e.g., 'O kendisi geldi' - He himself came).

Kendi kitabını okudu. (He read his own book.) vs. O kitabı kendisi okudu. (He read that book himself.)

kendisi vs kendim

Both are reflexive pronouns related to 'self'.

'Kendim' means 'myself' and is used when the subject is 'I' (ben). 'Kendisi' means 'himself/herself' and is used when the subject is 'he/she' (o).

Bu resmi kendim çizdim. (I drew this picture myself.) vs. Bu resmi kendisi çizdi. (He/She drew this picture himself/herself.)

kendisi vs başkası

Both relate to who performs an action.

'Kendisi' emphasizes that the subject performed the action personally. 'Başkası' means 'someone else' or 'another person', indicating that the action was performed by a different individual, not the subject.

Bu işi kendisi yaptı. (He/She did this job himself/herself.) vs. Bu işi başkası yaptı. (Someone else did this job.)

kendisi vs bizzat

Both imply personal involvement.

'Kendisi' emphasizes that the subject acted personally, often highlighting self-reliance or directness. 'Bizzat' typically means 'personally' or 'in person', often implying physical presence and direct participation, and can sometimes be used in more formal contexts or when confirming direct involvement.

Toplantıya kendisi katıldı. (He/She himself/herself attended the meeting.) vs. Toplantıya bizzat katıldı. (He/She attended the meeting personally/in person.)

kendisi vs kendi kendine

Both relate to independent action.

'Kendi kendine' is an adverbial phrase meaning 'by oneself' or 'on one's own', describing the manner of an action. 'Kendisi' is a pronoun referring to the subject performing the action personally. While related, 'kendi kendine' describes the method, and 'kendisi' emphasizes the actor.

Çocuk kendi kendine uyudu. (The child fell asleep by himself/herself.) vs. Çocuk kendisi uyudu. (The child himself/herself fell asleep - emphasizing the child's action.)

文型パターン

A2

Subject + kendisi + Verb.

Ayşe kendisi geldi.

A2

Subject + Object + kendisi + Verb.

Ali kitabı kendisi okudu.

B1

Subject + kendisi + Verb + Object.

O kendisi projeyi tamamladı.

B1

Noun + kendisi + Verb.

Öğrenci kendisi çalıştı.

B2

Adverbial phrase + Subject + kendisi + Verb.

Dün gece kendisi dışarı çıktı.

B2

Subject + kendisi + Adjective/Noun.

O kendisi çok akıllı.

C1

Complex clause with kendisi emphasizing the subject.

Bu büyük başarıyı kendisi elde etti.

C1

Sentence starting with 'kendisi' for strong emphasis.

Kendisi olmasa, bu işi kimse yapamazdı.

語族

名詞

kendi (own, self - used adjectivally)
kendilik (selfhood, identity)

形容詞

kendi (own)

関連

kendim (myself)
kendin (yourself)
kendimiz (ourselves)
kendiniz (yourselves)
kendileri (themselves)
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使い方

frequency

High

よくある間違い
  • Using 'kendisi' for first or second person. → Using 'kendim' (myself) or 'kendin' (yourself).

    'Kendisi' is only for the third person singular (he/she). For 'I', use 'kendim'. For 'you' (singular), use 'kendin'. Example: 'I did it myself' is 'Ben kendim yaptım,' not 'Ben kendisi yaptım.'

  • Confusing 'kendi' and 'kendisi'. → Using 'kendi' as an adjective/adverb and 'kendisi' as a pronoun.

    'Kendi' modifies nouns (e.g., 'kendi evim' - my own house) or describes manner ('kendi başına' - by oneself). 'Kendisi' refers to the subject performing an action (e.g., 'O kendisi geldi' - He himself came).

  • Overusing 'kendisi' when emphasis is not needed. → Omitting 'kendisi' when the subject is clear from the verb ending.

    Turkish verbs agree with the subject. Adding 'kendisi' when it's not for emphasis can sound redundant. For example, 'Ali geldi' is sufficient; 'Ali kendisi geldi' adds specific emphasis.

  • Incorrect sentence placement. → Placing 'kendisi' after the subject and before the verb for standard emphasis.

    While flexible, the most common and clear placement for emphasis is Subject + kendisi + Verb. Placing it elsewhere can lead to awkward phrasing or ambiguity.

  • Using 'kendisi' for plural subjects. → Using 'kendileri' for plural subjects.

    'Kendisi' is strictly singular. For 'they', the correct pronoun is 'kendileri'. Example: 'They came themselves' is 'Onlar kendileri geldiler,' not 'Onlar kendisi geldiler.'

ヒント

Emphasize Personal Action

Use 'kendisi' when you want to highlight that the subject performed an action personally, without external help or by their own will. It adds a layer of emphasis similar to 'himself' or 'herself' in English.

Third Person Singular Only

Remember that 'kendisi' is strictly for the third-person singular subject ('he', 'she'). For other persons or plural subjects, use the corresponding reflexive pronouns: 'kendim' (myself), 'kendin' (yourself), 'kendimiz' (ourselves), 'kendiniz' (yourselves), 'kendileri' (themselves).

Listen for Emphasis

When listening to Turkish, pay attention to when 'kendisi' is used. It often signals that the speaker wants to draw attention to the subject's direct involvement or self-reliance in a particular action or situation.

'Kendi' vs. 'Kendisi'

Distinguish between 'kendi' (own, self - adjective/adverb) and 'kendisi' (himself/herself - pronoun). 'Kendi' modifies nouns or describes manner ('kendi arabası'), while 'kendisi' refers to the subject performing an action ('O kendisi yaptı').

Sentence Construction

Practice creating sentences where 'kendisi' adds meaningful emphasis. Try describing personal achievements or instances of self-reliance using this pronoun.

Beyond Simple Translation

Think of 'kendisi' not just as a direct translation of 'himself/herself', but as a tool to convey personal agency, self-sufficiency, or direct involvement, adding richness to your expression.

Everyday Usage

'Kendisi' is a very common word in everyday Turkish. You will encounter it frequently in conversations, stories, and informal writing, making it essential for natural communication.

Placement in Sentence

Generally, 'kendisi' follows the subject it refers to, often placed before the main verb. For example: 'Ali kendisi okudu.' (Ali read it himself.)

Use When Needed

While common, avoid overusing 'kendisi' when the subject is already clear and no specific emphasis is required. The verb conjugation often suffices. Use it when you truly want to stress personal action.

Personal Responsibility

The use of 'kendisi' aligns with a cultural appreciation for personal responsibility and self-reliance in Turkish society. It's a way to acknowledge and highlight individual effort.

暗記しよう

記憶術

Imagine a person pointing to themselves with a confident smile and saying, 'I did it myself!' In Turkish, that emphatic 'myself' for a third person is 'kendisi'. Think of 'ken-DI-si' sounding like 'can-DO-it-see?' when they point to themselves.

視覚的連想

Picture someone standing alone on a stage, taking a bow after a solo performance. They are the center of attention, and the act was entirely their own. This solitary figure represents 'kendisi'.

Word Web

Self Himself Herself Personal Own Individual Subject Action Emphasis

チャレンジ

Try to describe three actions you observed someone else doing today, using 'kendisi' to emphasize that they did it personally. For example, 'My neighbor himself watered his garden.' (Komşum bahçesini kendisi suladı.)

語源

The word 'kendisi' is derived from the Old Turkic word 'kän', meaning 'self' or 'own'. Over time, it evolved into 'kendi' in modern Turkish, which also carries the meaning of 'own' or 'self'. The suffix '-si' is a third-person singular possessive suffix. Thus, 'kendisi' literally translates to 'his/her own self'.

元の意味： Own self

Turkic

文化的な背景

Using 'kendisi' is generally neutral and focuses on the subject's personal action. It does not carry inherent positive or negative connotations unless the action itself is viewed that way.

In English-speaking cultures, the emphasis on 'himself' or 'herself' is similar, often used for emphasis or to avoid ambiguity. However, Turkish might use 'kendisi' slightly more frequently to highlight personal agency in everyday actions.

The concept of 'kendi' (own) is fundamental in Turkish philosophy and literature, emphasizing self-discovery and individual paths. Many Turkish proverbs highlight the importance of self-reliance, indirectly related to the emphasis 'kendisi' provides. In historical accounts, 'kendisi' is often used to denote the direct involvement of key figures in significant events.

実生活で練習する

実際の使用場面

Personal Achievements

  • Bu ödülü kendisi kazandı.
  • Kendi işini kendisi kurdu.
  • Bu zorlu projeyi kendisi bitirdi.

Daily Actions

  • O yemeği kendisi pişirdi.
  • Çocuk kendisi giyindi.
  • Kedi mamasını kendisi yedi.

Decision Making

  • Bu kararı kendisi aldı.
  • Seyahate kendisi gitmek istedi.
  • Kendi bölümünü kendisi seçti.

Responsibility

  • Hatasını kendisi kabul etti.
  • Bu işin sorumlusu kendisi.
  • Kendi sağlığına kendisi dikkat ediyor.

Emphasizing Presence

  • Toplantıya kendisi katıldı.
  • Olay yerinde kendisi vardı.
  • Başkan kendisi konuştu.

会話のきっかけ

"Did you hear that [person's name] did [action] all by himself/herself? (Duydun mu, [isim] [eylem] kendisi yapmış?)"

"When did you learn to do that yourself? (O şeyi kendin ne zaman öğrendin?)"

"What's something you're proud of accomplishing on your own? (Kendi başına başardığın ve gurur duyduğun bir şey nedir?)"

"Is it better to do things yourself or get help? (İşleri kendin mi yapmak daha iyi, yoksa yardım almak mı?)"

"Tell me about a time you had to rely only on yourself. (Sadece kendine güvendiğin bir zamanı anlatır mısın?)"

日記のテーマ

Write about a recent accomplishment you achieved entirely on your own. Describe the process and how it felt to succeed by yourself.

Reflect on a time when you had to take personal responsibility for a mistake. How did you handle it, and what did you learn from the experience?

Describe a skill you learned independently. What motivated you, and what challenges did you overcome?

Consider the importance of self-reliance in your life. In what areas do you feel most independent, and where do you seek help?

Imagine a situation where you had to make a difficult decision without any external advice. How did you approach it, and what was the outcome?

よくある質問

10 問

Use 'kendisi' when you want to emphasize that the third-person singular subject (he/she) performed an action or is in a certain state personally and independently. It's like saying 'himself' or 'herself' in English for emphasis. For example, 'Ali kendisi geldi' means 'Ali himself came', highlighting that Ali, and not someone else, made the effort to come.

No, 'kendisi' is not always necessary. Turkish verbs often indicate the subject through their endings. 'Kendisi' is used for emphasis. If the context is clear and emphasis isn't needed, you can often omit it. For example, 'Ali geldi' simply means 'Ali came'.

No, 'kendisi' is specifically for the third-person singular (he/she). For plural subjects ('they'), you should use 'kendileri'. For example, 'Onlar kendileri geldiler' means 'They came themselves'.

'Kendi' is usually an adjective or adverb meaning 'own' or 'self' (e.g., 'kendi evi' - his own house, 'kendi başına' - by oneself). 'Kendisi' is a pronoun that refers back to the subject performing an action (e.g., 'O kitabı kendisi okudu' - He read the book himself).

While primarily used for people, 'kendisi' can sometimes be used for animals or even objects for emphasis, especially in informal contexts or when anthropomorphizing. For example, 'Kedi sütünü kendisi içti' (The cat drank its milk itself). However, it's less common and might sound unusual in formal settings.

Typically, 'kendisi' follows the subject it refers to, often before the verb. For example: 'Ayşe kendisi geldi.' (Ayşe herself came.) It can also appear after an object for emphasis. For stronger emphasis, it might sometimes be placed at the beginning of a clause.

'Kendisi' itself does not change form for case (nominative, accusative, etc.) when referring to the subject performing an action. However, related forms like 'kendim', 'kendin', 'kendileri' exist for other persons and numbers, and 'kendi' takes possessive suffixes.

'Kendisi' is similar to 'himself' or 'herself'. For 'myself', you use 'kendim'. For 'yourself' (singular), you use 'kendin'.

You can say 'O çok bağımsızdır' (He is very independent). If you want to emphasize that his independence means he does things himself, you could say 'O kendisi her şeyi yapar' (He himself does everything).

You can translate this as 'O işi kendisi yaptı' (He did that job himself) or 'O işi kendi başına yaptı' (He did that job by himself). 'Kendisi' emphasizes the person, while 'kendi başına' emphasizes the manner of doing it independently.

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