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B1 adverb #3,500 가장 일반적인 8분 분량

استنادا

istinadan
연습하기 예시 노트와 팁 استنادا 30초 만에
설명 استنادا in your Level:
At the A1 level, 'استنادا' (istinādan) is quite advanced. You don't need to use it yourself yet, but you might see it in very formal signs or basic news headlines. It simply means 'based on.' Think of it as a way to say 'because of the facts.' For example, if a school is closed because of the weather, a formal notice might say 'closed based on weather reports.' At this stage, just recognize the 'S-N-D' root which means support. If you see this word, look for the word 'ila' (to) right after it. The word after 'ila' is the reason for the action. It's a 'big' word for a beginner, so don't worry if it feels difficult! Just remember: استنادا إلى = Based on.
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At the A2 level, you are starting to read more complex sentences. 'استنادا إلى' (istinādan ila) is a formal way to connect two ideas. Instead of just saying 'because' (li'anna), you can use this to show that an action was taken because of specific information. For example, 'I chose this book based on my friend's advice.' In Arabic, this would be: 'اخترت هذا الكتاب استنادا إلى نصيحة صديقي.' Notice how it makes the sentence sound more serious and professional. You will see this word in short news clips or simple articles about health or technology. It's a great word to help you move from 'street Arabic' to 'school/news Arabic.'
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At the B1 level, you should start using 'استنادا إلى' in your writing and formal speaking. This word is essential for expressing logical conclusions. When you write an essay or give a presentation, you often need to justify your opinions. Using 'istinadan ila' shows that you have evidence. For example, if you are discussing climate change, you might say, 'The temperature is rising based on scientific data' (ترتفع الحرارة استنادا إلى البيانات العلمية). At this level, you should also be careful with the preposition; always use 'ila' (إلى) and never 'ala' (على). It's a key word for the 'argumentative' or 'expository' writing tasks you will face in B1 exams.
At the B2 level, you should be comfortable with the nuance of 'استنادا إلى.' You can distinguish it from synonyms like 'بناءً على' (bina'an 'ala) or 'وفقاً لـ' (wafqan li). While 'bina'an 'ala' is very common, 'istinadan' is preferred in legal, academic, and high-level journalistic contexts because it emphasizes the 'reliance' on a source. You should be able to use it to attribute quotes or data in complex sentences. For instance: 'استنادا إلى التقارير الواردة من الأمم المتحدة، فإن الوضع الإنساني يتطلب تدخلاً عاجلاً.' (Based on reports coming from the UN, the humanitarian situation requires urgent intervention). You should also recognize it when it appears at the beginning of a sentence for emphasis.
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At the C1 level, 'استنادا' is a tool for precision. You understand that it derives from the Form X verb, implying an active seeking of support or authority. You can use it in legal drafting, academic research papers, or deep political analysis. You should also be aware of its historical and cultural weight, linking back to the concept of 'isnad' in classical Arabic scholarship. At this level, you don't just use the word; you use it to create a specific 'tone' of objectivity and undisputed authority. You might use it in complex structures like: 'تمت صياغة هذه الاستراتيجية استنادا إلى رؤية شمولية تأخذ بعين الاعتبار كافة المتغيرات الجيوسياسية.' (This strategy was formulated based on a holistic vision that takes into account all geopolitical variables).
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At the C2 level, you have a masterly command over 'استنادا.' You can use it with subtle rhetorical flair, perhaps even playing with its literal meaning of 'leaning' in a metaphorical literary context. You understand its place in the history of the Arabic language and how its usage has evolved from the physical to the abstract. You can use it in high-level debates to pivot between different evidentiary bases. You are also aware of rare classical usages or how it might be used in complex legal 'ijtihaad' (legal reasoning). It is no longer just a vocabulary word; it is a structural element of your sophisticated linguistic architecture, used to build unassailable logical foundations in your most complex discourses.
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연습하기 예시 노트와 팁

استنادا 30초 만에

  • A formal Arabic adverb meaning 'based on.'
  • Requires the preposition 'ila' (إلى) to link to a source.
  • Common in news, legal documents, and academic writing.
  • Derived from the root S-N-D, meaning support or reliance.
The Arabic word استنادا (istinādan) is a sophisticated adverbial noun, technically a 'maf'ul mutlaq' or 'hal' in grammatical function, derived from the Form X verb istanada (to lean on, to rely on). At its core, it describes the act of using something as a literal or metaphorical pillar. In modern standard Arabic (MSA), it serves as a crucial logical connector, similar to the English 'based on' or 'drawing upon.' When you use this word, you are signaling to your audience that your next statement is not a random thought but is anchored in a specific source, evidence, or authority. It is the linguistic equivalent of pointing to a foundation before describing the house built upon it.
Etymological Root
The root is S-N-D (س-ن-د), which relates to support, backing, or propping something up. A 'sanad' is a support or a document that proves something. By adding the 'Ista' prefix, it implies seeking that support or making oneself lean against it.
Grammatical Role
It is an adverbial accusative (mansub). It almost always requires the preposition 'ila' (إلى) to link it to the object of reliance. Without 'ila', the sentence usually feels incomplete in formal writing.

تم إصدار الحكم استنادا إلى الأدلة المقدمة.

Translation: The verdict was issued based on the evidence provided.
Historically, the concept of 'sanad' was vital in the science of Hadith (prophetic traditions), where the 'isnad' was the chain of narrators providing the foundation for the authenticity of a text. This word carries that weight of 'provenance' and 'authority' into modern legal, scientific, and journalistic contexts. Use it when you want to sound objective, professional, and grounded in facts. It is less common in casual street slang but essential for anyone reading news or participating in business meetings.

نحن نتوقع نجاح المشروع استنادا إلى أبحاث السوق.

Translation: We expect the project's success based on market research.
In a philosophical sense, 'istinadan' represents the human need for intellectual stability; we do not speak from a vacuum, but rather 'lean' on the cumulative knowledge of the past. When a scientist publishes a paper, they write 'istinadan' to previous studies. When a judge rules, they write 'istinadan' to the law. It is the bridge between a premise and a conclusion.
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Formal (Fusha). Highly common in media, law, and academia. Rare in colloquial (Ammiya) speech where '3ala asas' (على أساس) might be used instead.

تم تعديل الجدول استنادا إلى رغبة الجمهور.

Translation: The schedule was modified based on the public's desire.
Ultimately, mastering this word allows you to structure your Arabic arguments with professional clarity, showing that your opinions are supported by a solid 'sanad' or foundation.
Using استنادا correctly requires understanding its relationship with the preposition إلى (ila). Think of 'istinadan' as the 'leaning' and 'ila' as the 'wall' being leaned against. Without the wall, the leaning makes no sense. In a sentence, it usually appears after a verb or a noun to justify an action or a state.
Standard Pattern
[Action/Conclusion] + استنادا إلى + [Source/Evidence]. This creates a logical flow from the result back to its cause.

قرر المدير ترقية الموظف استنادا إلى أدائه المتميز.

Translation: The manager decided to promote the employee based on his distinguished performance.
You can also start a sentence with it to emphasize the basis of your statement, though this is slightly more dramatic and common in journalism. For example: 'استنادا إلى مصادر موثوقة، فإن الحكومة ستعلن عن سياسات جديدة' (Based on reliable sources, the government will announce new policies).

رُفض الطلب استنادا إلى المادة الخامسة من القانون.

Translation: The request was rejected based on Article 5 of the law.
It is also frequently used in scientific writing to cite data. 'تم تحليل النتائج استنادا إلى المعايير الدولية' (The results were analyzed based on international standards). This shows the word's versatility across different professional fields.
Common Source Objects
Commonly follows 'istinadan ila': Al-Qanun (the law), Al-Adilla (the evidence), Al-Bayanat (the data), Al-Taqarir (the reports), Al-Waqi' (reality).

تم تغيير المسار استنادا إلى توقعات الطقس.

Translation: The route was changed based on weather forecasts.
When using it, ensure the 'source' after 'ila' is a noun phrase. You cannot follow it directly with a verb. If you need to follow with a verb phrase, you would use 'istinadan ila ma...' (based on what...).

سأختار هذا اللون استنادا إلى ما رأيته في الكتالوج.

Translation: I will choose this color based on what I saw in the catalog.
In summary, it is a tool for logical attribution, ensuring every claim has its 'sanad' or support.
In the Arab world, استنادا is a staple of the 'Lughat al-I'lam' (Media Language). If you tune into Al Jazeera, Al Arabiya, or read newspapers like Asharq Al-Awsat, you will encounter this word daily. News anchors use it to attribute information to sources without necessarily naming them: 'استنادا إلى مصادر مطلعة' (Based on informed sources). It provides a layer of professional distance and journalistic integrity.

أعلن البنك المركزي رفع الفائدة استنادا إلى معدلات التضخم.

Translation: The Central Bank announced a rate hike based on inflation rates.
Beyond the news, it is the language of the courtroom and the bureaucracy. When a lawyer argues a case in Cairo or Dubai, they cite legal articles using 'istinadan ila.' It is the formal way to say 'as per' or 'according to.' In corporate boardrooms, during a PowerPoint presentation, a manager might say, 'Our strategy for Q4 is built استنادا إلى the Q3 results.'

تم اختيار الموقع استنادا إلى سهولة الوصول إليه.

Translation: The site was chosen based on its ease of access.
You will also find it in university lectures. A professor of sociology might explain a social phenomenon 'istinadan' to a specific theory. It is the hallmark of the 'educated register.' If you use this word in a conversation, you are signaling that you are speaking 'Modern Standard Arabic' seriously.
Domain: Legal
Used to link a court ruling to a specific law: 'Istinadan ila al-madah...' (Based on article...).
Domain: Journalism
Used for source attribution: 'Istinadan ila taqarir' (Based on reports).

صُنفت المدينة كأفضل وجهة استنادا إلى استطلاع رأي.

Translation: The city was ranked as the best destination based on an opinion poll.
In summary, listen for it in any context where evidence, law, or data is being cited to justify a conclusion. It is the sound of professional Arabic.
The most frequent mistake learners make with استنادا is omitting the preposition إلى (ila). Because the English 'based on' uses 'on', learners often try to use 'ala' (على). While 'bina'an 'ala' is correct, 'istinadan' specifically requires 'ila.' Saying 'istinadan 'ala' is a common 'interference' error from English.

خطأ: استنادا على القانون. (Incorrect: Based on the law - using 'ala')
صح: استنادا إلى القانون. (Correct: Based on the law - using 'ila')

Another mistake is using it in highly informal settings. If you are telling a friend why you bought a certain type of milk, saying 'istinadan ila' will sound overly dramatic, like you are reading a legal brief. In daily life, stick to 'li'ann' (because) or '3ala asas' (on the basis of).
Spelling Error
Forgetting the 'alif' of tanween at the end. It must be 'استناداً' with the alif to reflect its adverbial status in writing.
Conceptual Error
Using it to mean 'depending on' in a physical sense (like leaning on a wall). For physical leaning, use the verb 'yastanidu' (يستند) or the active participle 'mustanidan' (مستنداً).

تجنب قول: 'أنا هنا استنادا إلى الحائط' (I am here based on the wall).
قل: 'أنا أستند إلى الحائط' (I am leaning on the wall).

Finally, ensure the word following 'ila' is a definite noun or a construct phrase. 'Istinadan ila malumat' (based on information) sounds weak; 'Istinadan ila al-malumat' (based on the information) is much more natural in the contexts where this word is typically used. Precision is key when using such a formal term.
Arabic is rich with ways to express logical basis. While استنادا إلى is excellent, you should know its peers to vary your writing. The most common alternative is بناءً على (bina'an 'ala), which literally means 'building upon.' It is almost perfectly interchangeable with 'istinadan' but uses 'ala' instead of 'ila.'
بناءً على (Bina'an 'ala)
Very common, slightly more flexible. Used in both formal and semi-formal contexts. Example: 'بناءً على طلبك' (Based on your request).
وفقاً لـ (Wafqan li-)
Meaning 'according to' or 'in accordance with.' Use this when you are following a rule or a specific guideline. Example: 'وفقاً للخطة' (According to the plan).
طبقاً لـ (Tibqan li-)
Very similar to 'wafqan,' often used in legal contexts to mean 'pursuant to.' Example: 'طبقاً للمواصفات' (According to specifications).

المقارنة:
1. استنادا إلى: توحي بالاعتماد على مصدر قوي.
2. بناءً على: توحي بالبناء المنطقي لخطوة تالية.
3. وفقاً لـ: توحي بالمطابقة والامتثال.

Another alternative is بموجب (bi-moujib), which is strictly legal and means 'by virtue of' or 'under the terms of.' You would hear this in a contract: 'بموجب العقد' (By virtue of the contract). For a more general 'on the basis of,' you might use على أساس ('ala asas). Choose 'istinadan' when you want to emphasize that your conclusion is 'supported' by something solid, like a report or evidence. It adds a layer of 'reliance' that other words lack.

How Formal Is It?

재미있는 사실

The term 'Isnad' (the chain of narrators for a Hadith) comes from the same root. In ancient times, it was the 'spine' that held the truth of a story together.

발음 가이드

UK /ɪstɪˈnɑːdæn/
US /ɪstɪˈnɑːdæn/
The primary stress is on the third syllable: is-ti-NA-dan.
라임이 맞는 단어
I'tiqadan (اعتقاداً) I'timadan (اعتماداً) Iqtisadan (اقتصاداً) Isti'dadan (استعداداً) Imtidadan (امتداداً) Istishhadan (استشهاداً) Isti'nadan (استناداً) Irtidadan (ارتداداً)
자주 하는 실수
  • Pronouncing the final 'n' as a separate word.
  • Ignoring the long 'a' in the third syllable.
  • Pronouncing the 'i' in 'is' like 'ee'.
  • Stress on the first syllable.
  • Dropping the 'n' sound entirely in formal reading.

난이도

독해 3/5

Common in texts, but requires understanding the root and the tanween.

쓰기 4/5

Requires remembering the 'ila' preposition and correct spelling.

말하기 4/5

Used mostly in formal speeches or presentations.

듣기 3/5

Clear pronunciation in news and media.

다음에 무엇을 배울까

선수 학습

قانون (Law) دليل (Evidence) إلى (To) بناءً على (Based on - simpler) تقرير (Report)

다음에 배울 것

بموجب (By virtue of) وفقاً لـ (According to) اعتماداً على (Relying on) تأسيساً على (Establishing on) منطلقاً من (Proceeding from)

고급

إسناد (Attribution) مرجعية (Authority/Reference) تفكيك (Deconstruction) منهجية (Methodology) معطيات (Given data)

알아야 할 문법

The Adverbial Accusative (Mansub)

استنادا ends with tanween fat-ha because it describes the state or reason of the action.

Prepositional Linking

Always use 'ila' (إلى) with 'istinadan' to connect it to the object.

The Root System

Understanding S-N-D helps in recognizing related words like 'sanad' and 'musnad'.

Passive Voice Usage

Often used with 'تم' + Masdar (e.g., تم اتخاذ القرار استنادا إلى...).

Sentence Initial Position

Can be placed at the start for emphasis: 'استنادا إلى التقارير، الوضع مستقر.'

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수준별 예문

1

القرار استنادا إلى القانون.

The decision is based on the law.

Simple noun + adverbial phrase.

2

أنا هنا استنادا إلى موعدي.

I am here based on my appointment.

Using 'istinadan' to justify presence.

3

نحن نلعب استنادا إلى القواعد.

We play based on the rules.

Present tense verb followed by the phrase.

4

الخبر استنادا إلى الراديو.

The news is based on the radio.

Attributing information to a source.

5

التغيير استنادا إلى طلبك.

The change is based on your request.

Noun phrase + istinadan.

6

النجاح استنادا إلى العمل.

Success is based on work.

Abstract concept linked to a cause.

7

الخطة استنادا إلى الوقت.

The plan is based on time.

Simple connection.

8

الأكل استنادا إلى الجوع.

Eating is based on hunger.

Basic cause and effect.

1

تم إغلاق المدرسة استنادا إلى حالة الطقس.

The school was closed based on the weather condition.

Passive verb 'تم إغلاق' + istinadan.

2

اخترت هذا المطعم استنادا إلى تقييمات الناس.

I chose this restaurant based on people's reviews.

Past tense verb + istinadan.

3

سافرت إلى مصر استنادا إلى نصيحة أخي.

I traveled to Egypt based on my brother's advice.

Personal decision justified by a source.

4

تم تعديل السعر استنادا إلى السوق.

The price was adjusted based on the market.

Formal business context.

5

رُفضت الفيزا استنادا إلى نقص الأوراق.

The visa was rejected based on lack of papers.

Official administrative usage.

6

فاز الفريق استنادا إلى مجهود اللاعبين.

The team won based on the players' effort.

Linking success to a specific factor.

7

كتبت التقرير استنادا إلى ما قرأته.

I wrote the report based on what I read.

Using 'ma' (what) after 'ila'.

8

اشترت السيارة استنادا إلى ميزانيتها.

She bought the car based on her budget.

Economic justification.

1

يتم اتخاذ القرارات استنادا إلى البيانات الإحصائية.

Decisions are made based on statistical data.

Present passive + technical noun phrase.

2

استنادا إلى الدراسات الحديثة، الرياضة مفيدة للعقل.

Based on recent studies, exercise is good for the mind.

Sentence starting with the adverbial phrase.

3

تم إلغاء الرحلة استنادا إلى تعليمات السلامة.

The flight was canceled based on safety instructions.

Formal justification in a professional setting.

4

يعمل المهندس استنادا إلى المخططات الهندسية.

The engineer works based on the engineering blueprints.

Relating professional work to its foundation.

5

تم اختيار الموظف المثالي استنادا إلى معايير دقيقة.

The ideal employee was chosen based on precise criteria.

Using 'ma'ayir' (criteria), a common collocation.

6

أصدر القاضي حكمه استنادا إلى شهادة الشهود.

The judge issued his ruling based on witness testimony.

Legal context, very common.

7

تم تحديد الموعد استنادا إلى توافر القاعة.

The date was set based on the hall's availability.

Logistical usage.

8

تغيرت السياسة استنادا إلى ضغوط دولية.

The policy changed based on international pressure.

Political context.

1

تم تحديث النظام استنادا إلى ملاحظات المستخدمين الأخيرة.

The system was updated based on recent user feedback.

Complex noun phrase 'malahuzat al-mustakhdimin'.

2

استنادا إلى نظرية النسبية، الزمان والمكان مرتبطان.

Based on the theory of relativity, time and space are linked.

Scientific academic usage.

3

تم توزيع الميزانية استنادا إلى احتياجات كل قسم.

The budget was distributed based on the needs of each department.

Business management context.

4

صِيغَ البيان الختامي استنادا إلى ما تم الاتفاق عليه.

The final statement was drafted based on what was agreed upon.

Formal passive 'siigha' + istinadan ila ma...

5

تم تقييم الأداء استنادا إلى مؤشرات الإنجاز الرئيسية.

Performance was evaluated based on key performance indicators (KPIs).

Corporate jargon 'mu'ashirat al-injaz'.

6

استنادا إلى الدستور، يحق لكل مواطن التصويت.

Based on the constitution, every citizen has the right to vote.

Constitutional law context.

7

تم تحليل العينات استنادا إلى بروتوكولات مخبرية صارمة.

The samples were analyzed based on strict laboratory protocols.

Scientific procedural usage.

8

استُبعد اللاعب استنادا إلى تقرير اللجنة الطبية.

The player was excluded based on the medical committee's report.

Official sports administration.

1

تتحدد قيمة العملة استنادا إلى قوى العرض والطلب في السوق العالمي.

The value of a currency is determined based on the forces of supply and demand in the global market.

Complex economic explanation.

2

استنادا إلى المنهج الاستقرائي، توصل الباحث إلى نتائج مذهلة.

Based on the inductive method, the researcher reached amazing results.

Academic research methodology.

3

تم نقض الحكم استنادا إلى ثغرات قانونية في إجراءات التحقيق.

The verdict was overturned based on legal loopholes in the investigation procedures.

High-level legal terminology.

4

يتم تصنيف الدول استنادا إلى مؤشر التنمية البشرية السنوي.

Countries are classified based on the annual Human Development Index.

International development context.

5

استنادا إلى الموروث الثقافي، تختلف العادات من منطقة لأخرى.

Based on cultural heritage, customs vary from one region to another.

Sociological analysis.

6

تمت صياغة القانون استنادا إلى مبادئ العدالة والمساواة.

The law was drafted based on the principles of justice and equality.

Abstract legal philosophy.

7

استنادا إلى المعطيات المتوفرة، فإن الاحتمالات تظل مفتوحة.

Based on the available data, the possibilities remain open.

Strategic analysis.

8

تم تطوير اللقاح استنادا إلى تقنيات الهندسة الوراثية المتقدمة.

The vaccine was developed based on advanced genetic engineering techniques.

High-tech scientific usage.

1

استنادا إلى فلسفة الوجود، يُعرف الإنسان بأفعاله لا بأقواله.

Based on existential philosophy, man is defined by his actions, not his words.

Philosophical discourse.

2

تتم مراجعة التاريخ استنادا إلى اكتشافات أثرية حديثة تغير المفاهيم السائدة.

History is revised based on recent archaeological discoveries that change prevailing concepts.

Historiographical analysis.

3

استنادا إلى مبدأ السيادة الوطنية، ترفض الدولة أي تدخل خارجي.

Based on the principle of national sovereignty, the state rejects any external interference.

Geopolitical rhetoric.

4

تم بناء القصيدة استنادا إلى بحور الشعر العربي الفصيح.

The poem was constructed based on the meters of eloquent Arabic poetry.

Literary and prosodic analysis.

5

استنادا إلى معطيات الواقع المرير، يبدو الحل السياسي بعيد المنال.

Based on the data of the bitter reality, a political solution seems far-fetched.

Sophisticated political commentary.

6

تم تحليل النص استنادا إلى المنهج التفكيكي المعاصر.

The text was analyzed based on the contemporary deconstructionist method.

Literary theory.

7

استنادا إلى الأعراف الدبلوماسية، تم استقبال الوفد بمراسم رسمية.

Based on diplomatic norms, the delegation was received with official ceremonies.

International relations protocol.

8

يتم تقييم الأعمال الفنية استنادا إلى أبعاد جمالية وتعبيرية معقدة.

Artworks are evaluated based on complex aesthetic and expressive dimensions.

Art criticism.

반의어

ارتجالاً بدون سبب

자주 쓰는 조합

استنادا إلى القانون
استنادا إلى الأدلة
استنادا إلى مصادر
استنادا إلى البيانات
استنادا إلى التقارير
استنادا إلى الواقع
استنادا إلى رغبة
استنادا إلى معايير
استنادا إلى دراسة
استنادا إلى تعليمات

자주 쓰는 구문

استنادا إلى ما سبق

— Based on the aforementioned. Used to summarize a point.

استنادا إلى ما سبق، نؤكد على ضرورة التغيير.

استنادا إلى معلوماتي

— Based on my information. Used to qualify a personal statement.

استنادا إلى معلوماتي، الاجتماع غداً.

استنادا إلى المادة...

— Based on Article (number). Common in legal contexts.

استنادا إلى المادة الرابعة من الدستور.

استنادا إلى العرف

— Based on custom or tradition.

تم حل النزاع استنادا إلى العرف القبلي.

استنادا إلى الخبرة

— Based on experience.

تم التوظيف استنادا إلى الخبرة العملية.

استنادا إلى المبدأ

— Based on the principle.

رفض العرض استنادا إلى مبدأ الأخلاق.

استنادا إلى الإحصائيات

— Based on statistics.

النمو الاقتصادي واضح استنادا إلى الإحصائيات.

استنادا إلى شهادة

— Based on testimony or a certificate.

تم قبوله استنادا إلى شهادته الجامعية.

استنادا إلى التوقعات

— Based on expectations or forecasts.

ارتفع السعر استنادا إلى توقعات السوق.

استنادا إلى الاتفاق

— Based on the agreement.

تم التسليم استنادا إلى الاتفاق المبرم.

자주 혼동되는 단어

استنادا vs بناءً على

Interchangeable but uses 'ala' instead of 'ila'.

استنادا vs استناد

The noun (reliance) vs the adverb (based on).

استنادا vs مستند

Means 'a document' or 'supported,' not the adverbial 'based on'.

관용어 및 표현

"ليس له مستند"

— It has no basis or support; it is baseless.

هذا الكلام ليس له مستند قانوني.

Formal
"وضع النقاط على الحروف استنادا إلى الحقائق"

— To clarify things (put dots on letters) based on facts.

يجب أن نضع النقاط على الحروف استنادا إلى الحقائق المتاحة.

Formal/Journalistic
"قطع الشك باليقين استنادا إلى..."

— To end doubt with certainty based on...

قطعنا الشك باليقين استنادا إلى نتائج التحليل.

Classical/Formal
"بنى قصوراً في الهواء دون استناد"

— To build castles in the air without a basis.

لا تبنِ قصوراً في الهواء دون استناد إلى الواقع.

Literary
"عضد موقفه استنادا إلى..."

— To strengthen one's position based on...

عضد موقفه استنادا إلى دعم حلفائه.

Formal
"استنادا إلى منطق القوة"

— Based on the logic of force (might makes right).

تصرف الجانب الآخر استنادا إلى منطق القوة.

Political
"استنادا إلى روح القانون"

— Based on the spirit of the law (not just the letter).

يجب التعامل مع الحالة استنادا إلى روح القانون.

Legal
"ضرب مثلاً استنادا إلى..."

— To give an example based on...

ضرب مثلاً استنادا إلى تجربته الشخصية.

Neutral
"استنادا إلى رؤية ثاقبة"

— Based on a profound/insightful vision.

تم التخطيط للمشروع استنادا إلى رؤية ثاقبة.

Praising/Formal
"استنادا إلى ما تمليه الضرورة"

— Based on what necessity dictates.

اتخذنا هذا القرار استنادا إلى ما تمليه الضرورة.

Formal

혼동하기 쉬운

استنادا vs بناءً على

Both mean 'based on.'

Bina'an uses 'ala', Istinadan uses 'ila'. Istinadan is slightly more formal.

بناءً على طلبك / استنادا إلى طلبك.

استنادا vs وفقاً لـ

Both link to a source.

Wafqan implies compliance/matching; Istinadan implies reliance/foundation.

وفقاً للجدول / استنادا إلى التقرير.

استنادا vs اعتماداً على

Both imply reliance.

I'timadan is broader and can be physical; Istinadan is usually logical/textual.

اعتماداً على المساعدات / استنادا إلى الوثائق.

استنادا vs بموجب

Both used in law.

Bimoujib is for legal authority; Istinadan is for any evidentiary basis.

بموجب القانون / استنادا إلى الأدلة.

استنادا vs على أساس

Both mean 'on the basis of.'

Ala asas is more neutral/conversational; Istinadan is more academic.

على أساس الكفاءة / استنادا إلى المعايير.

문장 패턴

A2

تم [Action] استنادا إلى [Noun].

تم الإغلاق استنادا إلى المطر.

B1

قرر [Subject] [Action] استنادا إلى [Noun].

قرر المدير الترقية استنادا إلى النجاح.

B1

استنادا إلى [Source], فإن [Fact].

استنادا إلى الراديو، الجو حار.

B2

يتم [Process] استنادا إلى [Criteria].

يتم التقييم استنادا إلى الجودة.

B2

تم [Passive] استنادا إلى ما [Verb].

تم التعديل استنادا إلى ما حدث.

C1

صِيغَت [Abstract Noun] استنادا إلى [Principles].

صيغت الخطة استنادا إلى رؤية بعيدة.

C1

تتحدد [Outcome] استنادا إلى متغيرات [Category].

تتحدد الأسعار استنادا إلى متغيرات السوق.

C2

استنادا إلى فلسفة [Theory], [Conclusion].

استنادا إلى فلسفة الجمال، الفن ضرورة.

어휘 가족

명사

استناد (Reliance/Foundation)
سند (Support/Document/Backing)
مسند (Support/Throne/Hadith collection)
إسناد (Attribution/Assignment)

동사

استند (To lean/rely/be based on)
سند (To support/prop up)
أسند (To attribute/assign)

형용사

مستند (Supported/Based on)
سنيد (Supporting - rare)
مستنداتي (Documentary)

관련

دليل (Evidence)
برهان (Proof)
مرجع (Reference)
أصل (Origin)
قاعدة (Rule/Base)
무료 가입하고 모든 예문 보기

사용법

frequency

Highly frequent in news, law, and academia.

자주 하는 실수
  • استنادا على → استنادا إلى

    The word 'istinadan' requires the preposition 'ila' (to/towards) rather than 'ala' (on).

  • استناد إلى (without tanween) → استناداً إلى

    In an adverbial role, it must have the tanween fat-ha and the final alif.

  • Using it for physical leaning → يستند إلى الحائط

    'Istinadan' is the adverb 'based on'; use the verb 'yastanidu' for the physical act of leaning.

  • Using it in slang → على أساس / عشان

    It is too formal for casual speech and can sound pretentious or robotic.

  • Followed by a verb directly → استنادا إلى ما قاله

    It must be followed by a noun or 'ma' + verb, not just a verb.

팁

The 'Ila' Rule

Always pair 'istinadan' with 'ila'. Think of them as a married couple in the world of formal Arabic.

Business Context

Use it when presenting data to your boss. It makes your conclusions sound researched and objective.

Academic Tone

Replace 'because' with 'istinadan ila' in your essays to immediately boost your formal register.

The Stand Mnemonic

Remember 'i-STi-NA-dan' as 'I STAND on this source.' It helps with both meaning and pronunciation.

The Isnad Connection

Knowing that it shares a root with 'Isnad' (Hadith chains) helps you appreciate its weight of authority.

Formal Debating

When someone challenges you, start your rebuttal with 'استنادا إلى الحقائق...' to command respect.

News Cues

When you hear this word on the news, get ready to hear where the information came from.

Avoid 'Ala'

Don't let 'bina'an 'ala' confuse you. 'Istinadan' is loyal to 'ila'.

The Final Alif

Don't forget the Alif at the end in writing (استناداً). It marks the adverbial status.

Word Family

Learn 'sanad' (document) alongside it. It makes the abstract meaning of 'istinadan' more concrete.

암기하기

기억법

Think of a 'Stand' (like a music stand). 'I-STi-NA-Dan' helps you 'stand' your argument on a source.

시각적 연상

Imagine a person leaning against a strong marble pillar labeled 'FACTS'. The person represents your sentence, and the pillar is 'istinadan ila.'

Word Web

Law Evidence Support Reliance Pillar Source Logic Reference

챌린지

Try to write three sentences about your daily life using 'istinadan ila,' even if it sounds too formal, just to get the 'ila' connection right.

어원

From the Arabic root S-N-D (س-ن-د), which historically refers to physical support or something one leans against. The Form X (istaf'ala) implies seeking or utilizing that support.

원래 의미: Seeking support or leaning against a pillar.

Semitic (Arabic)

문화적 맥락

It is a neutral, professional term with no negative connotations.

Equivalent to 'based on' or 'drawing upon,' but slightly more formal than 'based on' in casual English.

Legal codes in Egypt, UAE, and Saudi Arabia. News headlines in Al Jazeera. Academic papers in Arabic universities.

실생활에서 연습하기

실제 사용 상황

Legal Proceedings

  • استنادا إلى المادة
  • استنادا إلى الشهادة
  • استنادا إلى الأدلة الجنائية
  • استنادا إلى الدستور

Journalism

  • استنادا إلى مصادر مطلعة
  • استنادا إلى وكالات الأنباء
  • استنادا إلى شهود عيان
  • استنادا إلى تصريحات رسمية

Science & Academia

  • استنادا إلى الدراسة
  • استنادا إلى النتائج
  • استنادا إلى المنهج العلمي
  • استنادا إلى الملاحظات

Business

  • استنادا إلى الميزانية
  • استنادا إلى أداء الموظف
  • استنادا إلى خطة العمل
  • استنادا إلى أبحاث السوق

Everyday Decisions (Formal)

  • استنادا إلى نصيحتك
  • استنادا إلى ما رأيته
  • استنادا إلى الوقت المتاح
  • استنادا إلى السعر

대화 시작하기

"لماذا اخترت هذا التخصص استنادا إلى أي معايير؟"

"هل تعتقد أن القرارات يجب أن تُتخذ استنادا إلى العاطفة أم المنطق؟"

"استنادا إلى خبرتك، ما هو أفضل بلد للسياحة؟"

"كيف يتم تقييم الكتب استنادا إلى رأي النقاد أم المبيعات؟"

"استنادا إلى ما سمعته اليوم، هل ستغير خطتك؟"

일기 주제

اكتب عن قرار اتخذته مؤخراً استنادا إلى نصيحة شخص تحبه.

حلل نجاح شخصية مشهورة استنادا إلى مجهوداتها الشخصية.

اكتب مقالاً قصيراً حول قانون تراه مهماً استنادا إلى تأثيره على المجتمع.

صف يوماً مثالياً استنادا إلى هواياتك المفضلة.

ناقش أهمية الصدق في العمل استنادا إلى تجاربك السابقة.

자주 묻는 질문

10 질문

Technically, no. In formal Arabic, 'istinadan' must be followed by 'ila' (إلى). Using 'ala' (على) is a common mistake influenced by English or the synonym 'bina'an 'ala'.

Rarely. It sounds very formal. In a coffee shop, you would say 'li'ann' (because) or '3ala asas' (on the basis of) instead.

The root is S-N-D (س-ن-د), which means support, leaning, or propping something up.

It is spelled with an Alif at the end: استناداً. The tanween sits on the letter before the Alif or the Alif itself depending on the school of orthography.

Yes, it is very common in journalism to start with 'استنادا إلى مصادر...' (Based on sources...).

'Istinad' is the verbal noun (reliance), while 'istinadan' is the adverbial form (based on).

'Bina'an 'ala' is probably more frequent in general use, but 'istinadan' is preferred in high-level legal and academic texts.

No, for physical leaning use the verb 'yastanidu' (يستند) or the participle 'mustanidan' (مستنداً).

It is typically introduced at the B1 level as students move into formal and academic Arabic.

No, it is an adverbial noun and does not have a plural form in this usage.

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셀프 테스트 180 질문

writing

Write a sentence using 'استنادا إلى' and 'القانون'.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
writing

Translate: 'Based on the news, the weather is good.'

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
writing

Write a sentence justifying a promotion based on performance.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
writing

Translate: 'The judge ruled based on the evidence.'

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
writing

Use 'استنادا إلى' to explain why you chose a restaurant.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
writing

Write a journalistic headline about a price change.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
writing

Translate: 'Based on recent studies, reading is important.'

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
writing

Write a sentence using 'استنادا إلى ما' (Based on what...).

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
writing

Describe a scientific result using 'istinadan'.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
writing

Write a formal rejection letter sentence.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
writing

Use 'istinadan' in a sentence about cultural heritage.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
writing

Translate: 'The budget was set based on the company's needs.'

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
writing

Write a sentence about a political change.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
writing

Explain a choice based on a specific criteria.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
writing

Translate: 'Based on Article 5 of the Constitution.'

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
writing

Write a sentence about a medical diagnosis.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
writing

Use 'istinadan' to talk about a sports result.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
writing

Translate: 'The plan was updated based on user feedback.'

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
writing

Write a sentence about a historical fact.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
writing

Use 'istinadan' in a sentence about an economic forecast.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
speaking

Explain why you like your favorite city using 'istinadan ila'.

Read this aloud:

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
speaking

Defend a decision to buy a specific phone using 'istinadan ila'.

Read this aloud:

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
speaking

Give a formal weather report using 'istinadan ila'.

Read this aloud:

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
speaking

Argue for a political change based on human rights.

Read this aloud:

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
speaking

Explain your career choice based on your skills.

Read this aloud:

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
speaking

Discuss the importance of a healthy diet using scientific data as a basis.

Read this aloud:

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
speaking

Tell a story about a judge's decision.

Read this aloud:

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
speaking

Describe a successful project and its foundation.

Read this aloud:

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
speaking

Justify a travel destination based on budget.

Read this aloud:

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
speaking

Explain a rule to a child.

Read this aloud:

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
speaking

Discuss a news headline you saw recently.

Read this aloud:

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
speaking

Talk about your favorite book and why you recommend it.

Read this aloud:

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
speaking

Explain a scientific phenomenon.

Read this aloud:

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
speaking

Describe a historical event and its sources.

Read this aloud:

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
speaking

Argue for a specific investment.

Read this aloud:

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
speaking

Discuss a cultural tradition.

Read this aloud:

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
speaking

Explain a software update to a user.

Read this aloud:

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
speaking

Talk about the importance of education.

Read this aloud:

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
speaking

Justify a change in schedule.

Read this aloud:

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
speaking

Refute an argument using facts.

Read this aloud:

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
listening

Listen for the word 'istinadan' in a news clip. What follows it?

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
listening

Identify the number of syllables in 'istinadan'.

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정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
listening

Which letter has the long 'a' sound?

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정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
listening

Is the final 'n' sound a letter or tanween?

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
listening

Does the speaker sound formal or informal when using this word?

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
listening

Listen to 'istinadan ila al-qanun'. What is the source?

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
listening

Listen for the difference between 'istinadan' and 'istinad'.

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
listening

Identify the root sounds S-N-D in the word.

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정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
listening

Is the stress on the first or third syllable?

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정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
listening

Listen to a legal ruling. What word is used to cite the article?

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
listening

Can you hear the 'hamsa' at the beginning?

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정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
listening

Listen for 'istinadan ila ma...'. What does the 'ma' indicate?

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
listening

Identify the tone of a speaker using 'istinadan'.

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
listening

Does 'istinadan' rhyme with 'i'timadan'?

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
listening

Listen to a weather forecast. What is the basis for the prediction?

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
writing

Write a sentence using 'istinadan' and 'al-waqi' (reality).

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:

/ 180 correct

Perfect score!

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