It is difficult to... (-기가 어렵다)
-기가 어렵다 to describe actions that are complicated, tricky, or unlikely to happen.
Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Use the -기 nominalizer followed by 어렵다 to express that an action is hard to perform.
- Attach -기 to the verb stem: 먹다 -> 먹기.
- Add the particle -가 after -기: 먹기가.
- End with 어렵다 (or 힘들다): 먹기가 어렵다.
Overview
The Korean grammatical pattern -기가 어렵다 (V-gi eoryeopda) is an essential intermediate structure used to express that an action is objectively difficult or challenging to perform. This difficulty stems from external circumstances, inherent complexity, practical limitations, or a lack of access. Unlike simple negation (못 하다 – “cannot do”), this pattern emphasizes the nature of the action itself as presenting difficulty, rather than the speaker’s personal inability or refusal.
It allows for a nuanced expression of impediments, focusing on the external factors that make an action hard, complicated, or nearly impossible.
For learners at the B1 level, mastering -기가 어렵다 significantly enhances the ability to articulate obstacles and explain why certain tasks are problematic. It shifts focus from personal struggle to describing a state of affairs where an action is inherently problematic. This structure is particularly valuable in contexts where one needs to politely decline, explain delays, or describe complex processes.
For instance, if your internet connection is poor, you would use -기가 어렵다 to describe the objective difficulty of streaming, not your personal skill issue. This pattern highlights the external conditions creating the impediment.
How This Grammar Works
-기가 어렵다 is a composite structure built upon fundamental Korean grammatical principles, combining a verb stem, the nominalizing suffix -기, and the descriptive adjective 어렵다 (to be difficult), often accompanied by the subject particle 가.-기. This suffix transforms an action verb into a noun, allowing it to function as a subject. For example, 하다 (to do) becomes 하기 (the act of doing), and 먹다 (to eat) becomes 먹기 (the act of eating).어렵다 requires a noun as its subject. Thus, Verb Stem + -기 forms the nominalized action, which is then described as difficult. In 읽기가 어렵다 (It is difficult to read), 읽기 functions as “the act of reading,” which is qualified by 어렵다, similar to an English gerund phrase.가. This particle typically marks the subject of a sentence. When -기 nominalizes an action, 가 often attaches to it, emphasizing that this specific action is the subject experiencing the difficulty.(명사)가 어렵다 (The noun is difficult) structurally becomes (동사 + -기)가 어렵다. While 가 can frequently be omitted in casual speech when context is clear, its presence formally identifies the nominalized verb phrase as the sentence’s grammatical subject. For example, 이 책은 읽기가 어렵다 (This book, the reading of it is difficult) clearly identifies 읽기 as the subject.어렵다 is a descriptive adjective meaning “to be difficult,” “to be hard,” or “to be challenging.” It describes the inherent nature or state of the nominalized action. 어렵다 is a ㅂ irregular adjective, meaning its final consonant ㅂ changes to 우 when followed by a vowel-initial ending (e.g., -아요/어요). This irregularity is key to its conjugation.어렵다 specifically implies an objective difficulty, often related to complexity, lack of access, or challenging circumstances, rather than subjective physical or mental strain. This distinction is crucial for appropriate usage.-기가 어렵다 constructs a statement where “the act of [verb]” is characterized by difficulty. This structural choice highlights the objective nature of the impediment, making it a powerful tool for explaining why something is not easily accomplished. It transforms a dynamic verb into a static concept that can be described.Formation Pattern
-기가 어렵다 is straightforward, primarily involving the attachment of -기 to a verb stem, followed by 어렵다 conjugated to the appropriate politeness level. The pattern does not involve vowel harmony or specific rules based on whether the verb stem ends in a vowel or consonant, making it consistent.
Verb Stem + -기 + (가) + 어렵다
다 from the dictionary form of the verb.
하다 (to do) → 하-
먹다 (to eat) → 먹-
-기: This nominalizes the verb stem.
하- + 기 → 하기
먹- + 기 → 먹기
가: The subject particle 가 can be added after -기 for emphasis but is frequently omitted in informal and semi-formal speech.
하기가 or 하기
어렵다: 어렵다 is a ㅂ irregular adjective. Its stem is 어렵-. When followed by a vowel ending (like -아요/어요), the ㅂ changes to 우.
어렵- + -어요 → 어려우어요 → 어려워요 (polite, common)
어렵- + -어 → 어려워 (casual, informal)
어렵- + -습니다 → 어렵습니다 (formal, declarative)
어렵다:
-어 | 어려워 | eoryeowo | Close friends, subordinates, family |
-아요/어요 | 어려워요 | eoryeowoyo | General polite conversation |
-ㅂ니다/습니다 | 어렵습니다 | eoryeopseumnida | Formal settings, public announcements, writing |
-기 | + 어렵다 (Polite) | Meaning |
하다 | 하- | 하기 | 하기 어려워요 | It's difficult to do |
먹다 | 먹- | 먹기 | 먹기 어려워요 | It's difficult to eat |
찾다 | 찾- | 찾기 | 찾기 어려워요 | It's difficult to find |
이해하다 | 이해하- | 이해하기 | 이해하기 어려워요 | It's difficult to understand |
이 소프트웨어는 사용하기가 어렵습니다. (This software is difficult to use.)
너무 복잡해서 이해하기가 어려워. (It's too complicated, so it's difficult to understand.)
When To Use It
-기가 어렵다 is deployed in specific scenarios where the objective nature of an action presents significant hurdles. It is not about a personal lack of ability or will, but rather the intrinsic or circumstantial challenges associated with the act itself.- 1Objective Complexity or Intricacy:
-기가 어렵다 when an action is inherently complex, intricate, or requires a high degree of skill, knowledge, or precision. The difficulty stems from the nature of the task itself.- Example:
이론만으로는 설명하기가 어려워요.(It's difficult to explain with theory alone.) – The concept itself is complex. - Example:
혼자서 이 프로젝트를 완성하기가 어렵습니다.(It is difficult to complete this project alone.) – The project scope makes it objectively challenging for one person.
- 1Circumstantial Impediments or Practical Limitations:
-기가 어렵다 describes situations where external factors, conditions, or a lack of resources make an action difficult or impractical. The action could be done, but the current reality makes it challenging.- Example:
퇴근 시간에는 길이 막혀서 제시간에 도착하기가 어려워요.(During rush hour, the roads are jammed, so it's difficult to arrive on time.) – Traffic creates difficulty. - Example:
이런 작은 글씨는 읽기가 어려워요.(Such small print is difficult to read.) – Small size creates difficulty.
- 1Availability, Access, or Rarity:
- Example:
그 콘서트 티켓은 구하기가 하늘의 별 따기예요.(Getting tickets for that concert is like trying to catch a star from the sky.) – Extremely difficult to obtain due to rarity/demand. - Example:
인기 있는 제품이라서 재고를 찾기가 어려워요.(It’s a popular product, so finding inventory is difficult.) – Difficulty due to high demand.
- 1Social or Interpersonal Challenges:
- Example:
상사에게 솔직한 의견을 말하기가 어려웠어요.(It was difficult to tell my boss my honest opinion.) – Social hierarchy and potential consequences make it hard. - Example:
친구의 부탁을 거절하기가 어려웠다.(It was difficult to refuse my friend's request.) – Emotional or social pressure makes it hard.
-기가 어렵다 establishes an objective evaluation of an action's feasibility. It frames the action itself as the locus of difficulty, distinct from the actor's personal feelings of strain or lack of capability. This makes it a highly versatile expression for articulating challenges.Common Mistakes
-기가 어렵다, primarily revolving around distinctions with similar-sounding expressions and incorrect applications. Avoiding these errors is crucial for accurate and natural communication.- 1Confusing
어렵다with힘들다:
어렵다 and 힘들다 translate to "difficult" or "hard," but they describe different types of difficulty.어렵다(eoryeopda): Objective difficulty, complexity, intricacy, or circumstantial impediment. It implies the task itself is complex, requires skill, or external conditions make it challenging.- Example:
수학 문제는 풀기가 어렵다.(Math problems are difficult to solve.) – Intellectual effort/skill. 힘들다(himdeulda): Subjective difficulty, physical exertion, mental strain, or emotional burden. It implies the task causes you to feel tired, exhausted, strained, or stressed.- Example:
매일 10km 뛰기가 힘들어요.(Running 10km every day is difficult/tiring.) – Causes physical fatigue. - The Mistake: Using
-기가 어렵다when the actual meaning is physical or mental exertion. - Incorrect:
김치를 만들기가 어려워요.(If you mean it's physically demanding). - Correct:
김치를 만들기가 힘들어요.(If physical effort is the main point). - Correct:
김치 레시피는 배우기가 어려워요.(If the recipe is complicated to learn).
- 1Using
-기가 어렵다with Adjectives:
-기 nominalizer attaches to action verbs only. It cannot directly attach to descriptive adjectives.- The Mistake:
예쁘기가 어려워요.(Incorrect. "It's difficult to be pretty.") - Why it's wrong:
예쁘다is an adjective. You cannot perform "the act of being pretty." - Correction: To express difficulty related to an adjective, rephrase with a verb, often using
Verb Stem + -아/어지다(to become [adjective]). - Correct:
예뻐지기가 어려워요.(It's difficult to become pretty.)
- 1Confusing
어렵다with곤란하다(gonranhada):
곤란하다 also means "difficult" or "troublesome," but specifically refers to situations that are awkward, embarrassing, or ethically challenging. It implies a social or moral predicament, or an inconvenience.어렵다: Objective task difficulty.곤란하다: Situational awkwardness or moral dilemma.- Example:
다른 팀의 일을 도와주기가 곤란해요.(It’s awkward/difficult/inconvenient to help another team's work.) – Implies an interpersonal or organizational issue.
- 1Over-reliance on
가particle:
가 is grammatically correct, constantly including it in natural, colloquial speech can sound stiff.- The Mistake: Always saying
읽기가 어려워요even in very casual contexts. - Correction: In informal conversations, omitting
가is more natural:읽기 어려워.(It's difficult to read.) The meaning is preserved, and the flow is smoother.
어렵다, 힘들다, and 곤란하다, and understanding the strict verb-only application of -기, learners can avoid common errors and use -기가 어렵다 with precision.Real Conversations
Understanding how -기가 어렵다 is applied in authentic Korean dialogue is crucial for truly mastering its usage. This pattern appears frequently in both formal and informal contexts.
1. Explaining Professional Challenges (Formal/Semi-Formal):
In a workplace setting, use -기가 어렵다 to politely convey difficulties without sounding like you're making excuses.
- Dialogue Snippet:
- A: 이번 프로젝트 마감 기한을 맞출 수 있을까요? (Will we be able to meet the deadline for this project?)
- B: 죄송하지만 현재 인력으로는 모든 요구사항을 충족시키기가 어렵습니다. (I'm sorry, but with the current manpower, it is difficult to meet all requirements.)
- Analysis: Speaker B highlights an objective obstacle (limited manpower) that makes fulfilling the requirements hard.
2. Describing Technical or Conceptual Difficulty (General):
When discussing anything complex, from a new gadget to an academic concept, -기가 어렵다 is a common phrase.
- Dialogue Snippet (Friends discussing a new app):
- A: 이 앱 사용법이 너무 복잡해. 메뉴 찾기가 어려워. (This app's usage is too complicated. Finding the menu is difficult.)
- B: 맞아, 직관적으로 디자인되지 않아서 처음에는 익숙해지기 어려울 거야. (Right, it's not designed intuitively, so it will probably be difficult to get used to at first.)
- Analysis: They are discussing the objective design flaw of the app and the difficulty of adaptation.
3. Expressing Difficulty in Social Situations (Informal):
This pattern is ideal for conveying social awkwardness or the difficulty of performing certain actions due to interpersonal dynamics.
- Text Message Exchange:
- Friend 1: 야, 민준이가 나한테 돈 빌려달라고 하는데 어떡하지? (Hey, Minjun asked me to lend him money, what should I do?)
- Friend 2: 난 친한 친구한테 돈 빌려주기가 좀 그래... 거절하기도 어렵고. (I feel a bit iffy about lending money to close friends... And it's difficult to refuse, too.)
- Analysis: 빌려주기가 implies social discomfort. 거절하기도 어렵고 highlights the social difficulty of saying no to a friend.
4. Discussing Scarcity or Access Problems (General):
When something is hard to get or access due to external circumstances like demand or limited supply.
- Conversation Snippet (Planning a trip):
- A: 제주도 비행기 표 미리 예매해야겠어. 주말 표는 구하기가 너무 어렵더라. (I should book Jeju Island flight tickets in advance. Weekend tickets were really difficult to get, I found.)
- B: 응, 성수기 때는 호텔 예약하기도 만만치가 않아. (Yeah, during peak season, reserving hotels isn't easy either.)
- Analysis: Speaker A is explaining the objective difficulty of acquiring tickets due to demand.
These examples demonstrate the versatility and natural application of -기가 어렵다 in everyday Korean. Notice the frequent omission of the 가 particle in informal settings, and the appropriate conjugation of 어렵다 according to the level of politeness.
Quick FAQ
- Q: Can I really omit the
가particle? - A: Yes, absolutely. In spoken Korean, especially in casual and semi-formal contexts (
해체and해요체), the subject particle가is very frequently omitted. For example,찾기 어려워요is more common and sounds more natural than찾기가 어려워요when speaking. In formal or written contexts, including가can add clarity or a slightly more formal tone, but its omission does not change the core meaning.
- Q: Is this pattern formal or informal?
- A: The pattern
Verb Stem + -기 + 어렵다itself is neutral in formality. Its formality is determined entirely by how you conjugate어렵다at the end of the sentence. 어려워(casual, informal speech)어려워요(polite, general speech)어렵습니다(formal, declarative)
- Q: Can I use this pattern with descriptive adjectives (형용사)?
- A: No, this pattern is strictly for action verbs (동사). The nominalizing suffix
-기transforms an action into a noun phrase, which can then be described as어렵다. Adjectives inherently describe a state or quality. If you want to express difficulty related to an adjective, you often need to use a verb form likeVerb Stem + -아/어지다(to become [adjective]) or rephrase the sentence entirely. - Incorrect:
예쁘기가 어려워요. - Correct:
예뻐지기가 어려워요.(It's difficult to become pretty.)
- Q: Are there other patterns similar to
-기가 어렵다? - A: Yes, Korean has several related patterns that express ease or difficulty:
-기 쉽다(V-gi swipda): The direct opposite, meaning "easy to do." (이해하기 쉬운 설명이에요.- It's an easy explanation to understand.)-기 힘들다(V-gi himdeulda): Expresses physical or mental strain, "tiring to do," "personally hard to do." (See Common Mistakes for detailed comparison.)-기 불편하다(V-gi bulpyeonhada): Means "uncomfortable/inconvenient to do." It implies a physical discomfort or an inconvenience in usage/interaction. (쓰기가 불편한 의자.- A chair that is uncomfortable to use.)
- Q: Does
-기가 어렵다imply impossibility? - A: Not necessarily absolute impossibility, but rather a very high degree of difficulty. It suggests that while theoretically possible, practically it is extremely hard, impractical, or requires extraordinary effort/circumstances. For absolute impossibility, other patterns like
-을/ㄹ 수가 없다(it is impossible to...) are more appropriate.-기가 어렵다often leans towards "difficult to the point of near impossibility" or "not easily achievable."
Verb to Nominalized Difficulty
| Verb | Stem | Nominalized | Full Pattern |
|---|---|---|---|
|
먹다
|
먹
|
먹기
|
먹기가 어렵다
|
|
가다
|
가
|
가기
|
가기가 어렵다
|
|
하다
|
하
|
하기
|
하기가 어렵다
|
|
읽다
|
읽
|
읽기
|
읽기가 어렵다
|
|
보다
|
보
|
보기
|
보기가 어렵다
|
|
듣다
|
듣
|
듣기
|
듣기가 어렵다
|
Meanings
This pattern is used to describe the level of difficulty associated with performing a specific action.
General Difficulty
Expressing that an action is not easy to complete.
“한국어 말하기가 어려워요.”
“이 문제를 풀기가 어려워요.”
Social/Situational Difficulty
Expressing that a situation makes an action hard.
“지금은 가기가 어려워요.”
“내일은 시간이 없어서 만나기가 어려워요.”
Reference Table
| Form | Structure | Example |
|---|---|---|
|
Affirmative
|
Verb-기 + 가 어렵다
|
가기가 어렵다
|
|
Negative
|
Verb-기 + 가 어렵지 않다
|
가기가 어렵지 않다
|
|
Question
|
Verb-기 + 가 어려워요?
|
가기가 어려워요?
|
|
Past
|
Verb-기 + 가 어려웠다
|
가기가 어려웠다
|
|
Polite
|
Verb-기 + 가 어려워요
|
가기가 어려워요
|
|
Formal
|
Verb-기 + 가 어렵습니다
|
가기가 어렵습니다
|
Formality Spectrum
가기가 어렵습니다. (Declining an invitation.)
가기가 어려워요. (Declining an invitation.)
가기가 어려워. (Declining an invitation.)
가기 빡세. (Declining an invitation.)
The -기 Nominalization Path
Step 1
- 먹다 to eat
Step 2
- 먹기 eating
Step 3
- 먹기가 어렵다 It is hard to eat
Examples by Level
한국어 공부하기가 어려워요.
Studying Korean is difficult.
이것은 먹기가 어려워요.
This is hard to eat.
가기가 어려워요.
It is hard to go.
읽기가 어려워요.
It is hard to read.
그를 만나기가 어려워요.
It is hard to meet him.
이 문제를 풀기가 어려워요.
It is hard to solve this problem.
지금은 말하기가 어려워요.
It is hard to talk right now.
집을 찾기가 어려워요.
It is hard to find the house.
그 제안을 받아들이기가 어려워요.
It is difficult to accept that proposal.
상황을 이해하기가 어려워요.
It is difficult to understand the situation.
결정을 내리기가 어려워요.
It is difficult to make a decision.
그를 설득하기가 어려워요.
It is difficult to persuade him.
그의 의도를 파악하기가 어려워요.
It is difficult to grasp his intentions.
이론을 적용하기가 어려워요.
It is difficult to apply the theory.
데이터를 분석하기가 어려워요.
It is difficult to analyze the data.
변화를 감지하기가 어려워요.
It is difficult to detect the change.
사회적 합의를 도출하기가 어려워요.
It is difficult to reach a social consensus.
본질을 규명하기가 어려워요.
It is difficult to identify the essence.
관습을 타파하기가 어려워요.
It is difficult to break the tradition.
경계를 획정하기가 어려워요.
It is difficult to define the boundaries.
미묘한 뉘앙스를 포착하기가 어려워요.
It is difficult to capture the subtle nuances.
역사적 맥락을 간과하기가 어려워요.
It is difficult to overlook the historical context.
복잡한 역학을 규명하기가 어려워요.
It is difficult to clarify the complex dynamics.
언어적 장벽을 극복하기가 어려워요.
It is difficult to overcome the linguistic barriers.
Easily Confused
Both mean 'hard to do'.
Both are nominalizers.
Adverb vs Predicate.
Common Mistakes
가 어렵다
가기가 어렵다
가기 어렵다
가기가 어렵다
먹다 어렵다
먹기가 어렵다
어렵기 가다
가기가 어렵다
공부하기가 힘들어요
공부하기가 어려워요
가기 어렵습니다
가기가 어렵습니다
먹는 것이 어렵다
먹기가 어렵다
가기 어렵게
가기가 어렵다
가기가 어려웠어요
가기가 어려워요
만나기 어렵다
만나기가 어렵다
가기 어려움이 있다
가기가 어렵다
어려운 가기
가기가 어렵다
가기 어렵다 한다
가기가 어렵다고 한다
Sentence Patterns
___기가 어렵다.
지금은 ___기가 어려워요.
이것은 ___기가 정말 어려워요.
___기가 어려워서 고민이에요.
Real World Usage
지금은 만나기가 어려워.
그 제안을 수락하기가 어렵습니다.
요즘 공부하기가 너무 어려워요.
지금은 주문하기가 어렵습니다.
길을 찾기가 어려워요.
이론을 증명하기가 어렵다.
Drop the Particle
-기 어려워요 without the 가. It sounds more natural and fluent!Irregular Alert
어렵다 is a ㅂ irregular! It conjugates to 어려워요, not 어렵어요.Social Softener
약속 지키기가 어려워요) is a polite, indirect way to cancel plans or reject a request.Smart Tips
Use -기가 어렵습니다 instead of just saying 'no'.
Use -기가 어려워요 for daily situations.
Use 어렵다 for the task, 힘들다 for the person's effort.
Use -기가 어렵다 as a complete sentence structure.
Pronunciation
Linking
The '가' particle often links smoothly to the next word.
Statement
가기가 어려워요 ↘
Neutral statement of fact.
Question
가기가 어려워요 ↗
Asking for confirmation.
Memorize It
Mnemonic
Think of 'G' as 'Goal'. You need a 'Goal' (-기) to reach the 'Difficulty' (어렵다).
Visual Association
Imagine a giant '기' (key) trying to open a heavy door labeled '어렵다'. You need the key to get through the difficulty.
Rhyme
Add a '기' to the verb, then '가 어렵다' to the curb.
Story
Min-su wanted to climb a mountain. He realized that 'climbing' (올라가기) was hard. He told his friend, '올라가기가 어려워요.' Now he knows how to express his struggle.
Word Web
Challenge
Write 3 sentences about things you find hard to do in Korean today.
Cultural Notes
Using -기가 어렵다 is a standard way to decline a request without saying 'no' directly, which is considered rude.
Friends often use this to express shared struggles.
Teachers use this to describe the difficulty of a curriculum.
The -기 nominalizer has been used in Korean since the Middle Korean period to turn verbs into nouns.
Conversation Starters
한국어 공부하기가 어때요?
오늘 저녁에 만날 수 있어요?
이 문제를 해결하기가 어때요?
새로운 기술을 배우기가 어때요?
Journal Prompts
Common Mistakes
Test Yourself
한국어 공부___가 어려워요.
Which is correct?
Find and fix the mistake:
먹다 어렵습니다.
Arrange the words in the correct order:
All words placed
Click words above to build the sentence
It is hard to meet him.
Answer starts with: 그를 ...
Use '이해하다' and '어렵다'.
Match each item on the left with its pair on the right:
Which is more formal?
Score: /8
Practice Exercises
8 exercises한국어 공부___가 어려워요.
Which is correct?
Find and fix the mistake:
먹다 어렵습니다.
어렵다 / 가기가 / 지금
It is hard to meet him.
Use '이해하다' and '어렵다'.
Match '읽다'.
Which is more formal?
Score: /8
Practice Bank
11 exercises눈이 많이 와서 ___ 어려워요. (It snowed a lot, so it's hard to walk.)
If you are speaking to your boss, how should you end 'It is hard to believe'?
사과는 껍질을 깎기를 어려워요.
어려워요 / 그 / 질문은 / 대답하기가
Match the verb to the situation where it would be 'hard to' do.
Translate: 'Parking is hard here.' (Use 주차하다)
이 학교는 ___ 어려워요. (It's hard to get into/enter this school.)
Select the sentence that uses the 'effort' nuance.
어제는 날씨 때문에 운전하기가 어려워요.
어려워요 / 외국어는 / 배우기가
Match the phrases.
Score: /11
FAQ (8)
Yes, it is very common. It just adds a nuance of effort.
In formal speech, yes. In casual speech, it is sometimes dropped.
No, this pattern is for verbs.
Change 어렵다 to 어려웠다.
No, it is a polite way to express difficulty.
Yes, e.g., '그는 가기가 어려워요'.
It is the exact opposite: 'easy to do'.
Yes, it is very common in formal writing.
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
Es difícil + infinitive
Korean requires a nominalizer; Spanish uses the infinitive.
C'est difficile de + infinitive
Korean uses a nominalizer suffix.
Es ist schwierig zu + infinitive
Korean uses a suffix instead of a preposition.
～するのが難しい
The nominalizer particle is different.
من الصعب أن + verb
Korean uses a noun-like form.
很难 + verb
Word order is reversed.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
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