Causative '-kan'
Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
The '-kan' suffix turns an intransitive verb into a causative one, meaning 'to make something happen' or 'to cause'.
- Add -kan to an adjective to make it a verb: 'besar' (big) -> 'besarkan' (to enlarge).
- Use -kan to indicate an action done to an object: 'baca' (read) -> 'bacakan' (read to someone).
- It often implies movement or transfer: 'bawa' (bring) -> 'bawakan' (bring something for someone).
Meanings
The suffix '-kan' is a causative marker that transforms base words into transitive verbs, indicating that the subject is causing an action or state to occur to an object.
Causative
Causing an object to enter a state.
“Dia besarkan rumah itu.”
“Jangan takutkan kucing itu.”
Benefactive
Performing an action for the benefit of someone.
“Bacakan saya buku ini.”
“Belikan saya kopi.”
Transitive marker
Making a verb act upon an object.
“Dia jatuhkan pasu itu.”
“Saya masukkan kunci ke dalam beg.”
Formation of -kan Verbs
| Root | Type | With -kan | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| Besar | Adjective | Besarkan | To enlarge |
| Bawa | Verb | Bawakan | To bring for |
| Jalan | Verb | Jalankan | To run/execute |
| Mati | Adjective | Matikan | To turn off |
| Tulis | Verb | Tuliskan | To write down |
| Naik | Verb | Naikkan | To raise |
| Masuk | Verb | Masukkan | To insert |
| Jelas | Adjective | Jelaskan | To explain |
Reference Table
| Form | Structure | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Affirmative | Subject + Verb-kan + Object | Dia besarkan gambar. |
| Negative | Subject + tidak + Verb-kan + Object | Dia tidak besarkan gambar. |
| Command | Jangan + Verb-kan + Object | Jangan besarkan gambar. |
| Question | Adakah + Subject + Verb-kan + Object? | Adakah dia besarkan gambar? |
| Benefactive | Verb-kan + Person + Object | Bacakan saya buku. |
| Passive | Object + di-Verb-kan + oleh + Subject | Gambar itu dibesarkan oleh dia. |
औपचारिकता का स्तर
Sila bukakan pintu tersebut. (Requesting help)
Tolong bukakan pintu itu. (Requesting help)
Bukakan pintu tu. (Requesting help)
Bukakan pintu! (Requesting help)
The -kan Universe
Function
- Causative Make happen
- Benefactive Do for someone
Target
- Adjectives Big -> Enlarge
- Verbs Bring -> Bring for
Examples by Level
Tolong bukakan pintu.
Please open the door.
Bawakan saya air.
Bring me water.
Tuliskan nama saya.
Write my name.
Bacakan buku ini.
Read this book.
Dia besarkan gambar itu.
He enlarged that picture.
Jangan matikan lampu.
Don't turn off the light.
Dia masukkan kunci.
He inserted the key.
Tunjukkan saya jalan.
Show me the way.
Kami akan jalankan projek ini.
We will run this project.
Dia jelaskan masalah itu.
He explained the problem.
Sila hantarkan e-mel itu.
Please send that email.
Dia naikkan harga barang.
He raised the price of goods.
Keputusan itu akan membesarkan jurang antara mereka.
That decision will widen the gap between them.
Dia cuba menenangkan keadaan.
He tried to calm the situation.
Syarikat itu telah meluaskan pasaran.
The company has expanded the market.
Dia menyedarkan saya tentang bahaya itu.
He made me aware of the danger.
Penulis itu berjaya menghidupkan watak tersebut.
The author succeeded in bringing the character to life.
Dia menguatkuasakan undang-undang baharu.
He enforced the new laws.
Tindakan itu memburukkan lagi keadaan.
That action worsened the situation further.
Dia melambangkan harapan rakyat.
He symbolizes the people's hope.
Pihak berkuasa sedang mempercepatkan proses kelulusan.
The authorities are accelerating the approval process.
Dia memanifestasikan ideologi tersebut dalam karyanya.
He manifested that ideology in his work.
Peristiwa itu menyempurnakan perjalanan hidupnya.
That event perfected his life's journey.
Dia menginstitusikan perubahan tersebut.
He institutionalized those changes.
Easily Confused
Both are transitive suffixes.
Learners forget to add -kan.
Mixing up passive voice.
सामान्य गलतियाँ
Dia baca buku saya.
Dia bacakan buku saya.
Besar gambar itu.
Besarkan gambar itu.
Bawa saya air.
Bawakan saya air.
Tulis nama.
Tuliskan nama.
Jangan mati lampu.
Jangan matikan lampu.
Dia masuk kunci.
Dia masukkan kunci.
Tunjuk jalan.
Tunjukkan jalan.
Dia jelas masalah itu.
Dia jelaskan masalah itu.
Jalan projek ini.
Jalankan projek ini.
Naik harga.
Naikkan harga.
Dia hidup watak.
Dia menghidupkan watak.
Dia kuatkuasa undang.
Dia menguatkuasakan undang.
Dia buruk keadaan.
Dia memburukkan keadaan.
Dia lambang harapan.
Dia melambangkan harapan.
Sentence Patterns
Tolong ___kan ___ saya.
Jangan ___kan ___ itu.
Dia ___kan ___ untuk saya.
Tindakan itu ___kan ___ keadaan.
Real World Usage
Hantarkan dokumen tu.
Saya akan jalankan tugas ini.
Bawakan saya air.
Tunjukkan saya jalan.
Besarkan gambar ni!
Hantarkan ke rumah saya.
Check the object
Don't over-suffix
Benefactive use
Politeness
Smart Tips
Always add -kan to the verb.
Add -kan to the adjective.
Check if it needs -kan.
Use -kan for precise causative meanings.
उच्चारण
Suffix stress
The stress usually remains on the root word, not the suffix.
Command
Bukakan pintu! ↘
Falling intonation for firm commands.
Memorize It
Mnemonic
Kan you do it for me? The -kan suffix makes it happen.
Visual Association
Imagine a tiny 'kan' robot attaching itself to a word, pushing it forward to act on an object.
Rhyme
When you want to make it done, add -kan for all the fun.
Story
Ali wanted to read a book. He said 'baca'. But he wanted his friend to hear it, so he added '-kan'. Now it's 'bacakan'. His friend was happy.
Word Web
चैलेंज
Write 5 sentences using -kan in the next 5 minutes.
सांस्कृतिक नोट्स
Using -kan is essential for politeness when asking for favors.
Similar usage, but sometimes -kan is dropped in very casual speech.
Standard usage, very similar to Malaysia.
The -kan suffix originates from Proto-Austronesian causative markers.
Conversation Starters
Boleh tolong bukakan pintu?
Boleh jelaskan maksud perkataan ini?
Bagaimana cara jalankan projek ini?
Adakah anda sudah besarkan gambar itu?
Journal Prompts
Test Yourself
Tolong ___kan pintu itu.
Which is correct?
Find and fix the mistake:
Dia bawa saya air.
Dia jalan projek.
-kan is used for locations.
A: Boleh tolong ___? B: Ya, tentu.
dia / gambar / besarkan / itu
Match each item on the left with its pair on the right:
Score: /8
अभ्यास प्रश्न
8 exercisesTolong ___kan pintu itu.
Which is correct?
Find and fix the mistake:
Dia bawa saya air.
Dia jalan projek.
-kan is used for locations.
A: Boleh tolong ___? B: Ya, tentu.
dia / gambar / besarkan / itu
Bawa -> ?
Score: /8
अक्सर पूछे जाने वाले सवाल (8)
It is a causative suffix that turns words into transitive verbs.
When you want to cause an action to happen to an object.
Yes, -kan is for objects, -i is for locations.
Yes, it turns them into verbs like 'besarkan'.
It is used in all registers, from informal to formal.
Your sentence might sound incomplete or grammatically incorrect.
Yes, it adds a causative or benefactive meaning.
Yes, it is often used in passive structures.
In Other Languages
Causative verbs (hacer + infinitive)
Malay uses a suffix; Spanish uses a separate verb.
Faire + infinitive
Malay uses a suffix; French uses a separate verb.
Causative verbs (e.g., ver-)
Malay uses suffixes; German uses prefixes.
Causative form (-aseru/-saseru)
Japanese suffixes are more complex and conjugate.
Form IV (Af'ala)
Malay uses suffixation; Arabic uses root-pattern modification.
Causative verbs (e.g., 使, 让)
Malay uses a suffix; Chinese uses separate causative verbs.
