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A1 noun #2,500 सबसे आम 6 मिनट पढ़ने का समय

消費

shouhi
इसका अभ्यास करें उदाहरण नोट्स और सुझाव 消費 30 सेकंड में
व्याख्या 消費 in your Level:
At the A1 level, you should recognize '消費' (Shōhi) primarily in the context of 'spending money' or 'using resources' in a very simple way. You might see it on price tags or receipts as '消費税' (Shōhizei), which is the 10% tax added to your purchases. Think of it as a formal way to say 'using up' something. For example, 'spending money' can be 'お金を消費する'. While you usually use '使う' (tsukau) for 'to use' at this level, '消費' is your first step into more formal, adult Japanese. You will see it on food packaging too, specifically '消費期限' (Shōhikigen), which tells you when you must eat the food by. Learning this word helps you navigate Japanese shops and understand basic financial transactions. Just remember: 消費 = using something until it's gone.
At the A2 level, you begin to use '消費' (Shōhi) to describe daily habits and simple environmental or health topics. You might talk about 'カロリー消費' (calorie consumption) when discussing exercise or '電力の消費' (electricity consumption) when talking about saving energy at home. You should understand that '消費する' is a verb that describes the act of using a resource. You will also encounter '消費者' (Shōhisha), meaning 'consumer.' This is useful when reading simple news articles or advertisements that talk about what 'consumers' want. You are moving beyond just 'using' things to 'consuming' resources in a measurable way. You can now distinguish between 'using a tool' (使う) and 'consuming a resource' (消費する).
पूरी व्याख्या पढ़ने के लिए मुफ़्त साइन अप करें
At the B1 level, '消費' (Shōhi) becomes a key term for discussing social issues and economic trends. You will use it to describe '消費動向' (consumption trends) or '消費社会' (consumer society). You should be comfortable using it in the passive voice or in complex sentences, such as '資源が大量に消費されている' (Resources are being consumed in large quantities). You will also learn related terms like '浪費' (waste) and '消耗' (exhaustion) and start to see the subtle differences between them. In business contexts, you might discuss '消費者のニーズ' (consumer needs). Your understanding of the word shifts from a simple 'spending' to a broader concept of how society functions through the exchange and use of goods and services.
पूरी व्याख्या पढ़ने के लिए मुफ़्त साइन अप करें
At the B2 level, you use '消費' (Shōhi) with precision in academic or professional discussions. You can analyze '消費支出' (consumption expenditure) and its impact on the '国内総生産' (GDP). You understand the nuance of '消費' in different fields—from 'biological consumption' in science to 'media consumption' in sociology. You can participate in debates about '持続可能な消費' (sustainable consumption) and the environmental impact of '大量消費' (mass consumption). You are expected to use the word naturally in written reports, choosing it over '使う' to maintain a formal and objective tone. You also recognize idiomatic-like uses, such as '時間を消費する' (to consume time) in the context of productivity and efficiency.
पूरी व्याख्या पढ़ने के लिए मुफ़्त साइन अप करें
At the C1 level, your grasp of '消費' (Shōhi) includes its abstract and metaphorical applications. You can discuss the '消費される文化' (culture that is consumed/disposable) or how information is '消費' in the digital age. You understand the socio-economic theories behind '過剰消費' (over-consumption) and can articulate complex arguments regarding '消費者心理' (consumer psychology). You use the word to describe the depletion of intangible assets like '信頼' (trust) or '意欲' (motivation) in specific literary or high-level business contexts. Your vocabulary includes specialized compounds like '自己消費' (self-consumption/internal use) and '最終消費支出' (final consumption expenditure). You can switch between registers effortlessly, using '消費' to provide a sophisticated, analytical perspective on human behavior.
पूरी व्याख्या पढ़ने के लिए मुफ़्त साइन अप करें
At the C2 level, '消費' (Shōhi) is a tool for philosophical and high-level structural analysis. You can critique the '消費主義の弊害' (the evils of consumerism) with the nuance of a native scholar. You understand how '消費' functions as a semiotic act—where the consumption of a product is also the consumption of a sign or status. You can navigate dense legal or economic texts where '消費' is defined with extreme legal precision (e.g., in the '消費者契約法' or Consumer Contract Act). You are capable of using the word in creative writing to evoke a sense of entropy or the relentless passage of time ('命を消費する' - consuming one's life). Your mastery is such that you can play with the word's connotations, using it to describe the very nature of modern existence as a cycle of perpetual consumption and depletion.
पूरी व्याख्या पढ़ने के लिए मुफ़्त साइन अप करें
इसका अभ्यास करें उदाहरण नोट्स और सुझाव

消費 30 सेकंड में

  • Consumption: The formal act of using up resources like money, fuel, or time.
  • Economics: A key indicator of market health, often linked to 'Consumption Tax' (Shōhizei).
  • Health: Used for 'burning calories' (Calorie Shōhi) and 'food expiration' (Shōhikigen).
  • Nuance: More formal than 'tsukau'; implies depletion or systematic resource flow.

The term 消費 (Shōhi) is a fundamental Japanese noun and suru-verb that translates primarily to 'consumption' or 'spending.' At its core, it describes the process of using up resources—whether they be tangible like food and electricity, or intangible like time and money—to satisfy a specific need or desire. In the landscape of Japanese linguistics, it sits as a more formal and technical counterpart to the common verb 使う (tsukau), which simply means 'to use.' When you use 消費, you are often implying a systematic or economic process where something is being depleted or transformed into value.

Etymological Breakdown
The first kanji, 消 (shō), means to extinguish, disappear, or erase. The second kanji, 費 (hi), refers to expense, cost, or waste. Together, they create the image of 'spending until something disappears.'
Economic Context
In macroeconomics, it refers to the aggregate demand of households. It is the 'C' in the GDP formula (Y = C + I + G + NX).
Biological Context
It refers to the burning of calories (エネルギー消費) or the intake of nutrients by an organism.

「現代社会は大量消費に基づいています。」(Modern society is based on mass consumption.)

— Common sociological observation

Understanding 消費 requires recognizing its scale. While you might 'use' (使う) a pen, a nation 'consumes' (消費する) oil. It suggests a flow of resources. In daily Japanese life, the most frequent encounter with this word is through 消費税 (Shōhizei), the consumption tax that applies to almost every purchase. This reinforces the word's strong link to the exchange of money for goods.

「このエアコンは電力をあまり消費しません。」(This air conditioner does not consume much electricity.)

Grammatical Function
It functions as a noun (消費) and a suru-verb (消費する). As a noun, it often pairs with other nouns like 消費者 (consumer) or 消費量 (amount of consumption).

「一日のカロリー消費量を計算する。」(Calculate the daily calorie consumption.)

Using 消費 (Shōhi) correctly involves understanding its formal tone and its specific collocations. Unlike the generic verb 使う (tsukau), 消費 is almost always paired with measurable resources. You don't 'consume' a person's kindness in Japanese; you 'consume' their time (時間を消費する) or their energy (エネルギーを消費する). It is a word of quantification and objective reporting.

1. The Suru-Verb Form (消費する)

When used as a verb, it follows the pattern [Resource] + を + 消費する. This is common in scientific, technical, and economic writing. For example, 'The car consumes fuel' is 車が燃料を消費する. In business, you might hear 予算を消費する (to spend/exhaust the budget).

「この作業は多くの時間を消費します。」(This task consumes a lot of time.)

2. Compound Nouns

消費 is incredibly productive in forming compound nouns. These are essential for N3-N1 level proficiency. Common ones include:

  • 消費者 (Shōhisha): Consumer (The person who consumes).
  • 消費税 (Shōhizei): Consumption tax (VAT/Sales tax).
  • 消費量 (Shōhiryō): Consumption amount/volume.
  • 消費期限 (Shōhikigen): Expiration date (literally 'consumption time limit'—used for perishable foods).

「消費者のニーズに応える。」(Meet the needs of consumers.)

3. Social and Economic Contexts

In news reports, you will hear about 個人消費 (personal consumption), which is a key indicator of economic health. If personal consumption is high, the economy is usually doing well. Conversely, 消費が冷え込む (consumption cools down) means people are spending less money.

You will encounter 消費 (Shōhi) in various specific environments, ranging from the mundane to the highly academic. Because it is a 'kango' (Sino-Japanese word), it carries a weight of authority and precision.

1. At the Supermarket

Every time you look at a receipt, you see 消費税 (10%). You will also see it on food labels. Look for 消費期限 on milk, meat, and bento boxes. This is the most practical, daily application of the word for anyone living in Japan.

「このパンの消費期限は明日までです。」(The expiration date of this bread is until tomorrow.)

2. In the News and Media

News anchors frequently discuss 消費動向 (consumption trends). During an economic downturn, you'll hear about 消費の落ち込み (a drop in consumption). If you watch health programs, they will talk about カロリー消費 (calorie burning) and how to increase it through exercise.

3. In Business Meetings

When discussing resources, managers might say, 「リソースを無駄に消費してはいけない」 (We must not wastefully consume resources). It sounds much more professional than using 'tsukau'. It implies a strategic view of company assets.

「水の使用量を抑え、資源の消費を減らしましょう。」(Let's limit water usage and reduce the consumption of resources.)

While 消費 (Shōhi) is a versatile word, learners often misapply it in contexts where simpler or different words are required. Here are the most frequent pitfalls:

1. Overusing it for 'Using' Tools

You cannot say 「ペンを消費する」 to mean 'I am using a pen to write.' 消費 implies the pen is being used up or depleted. Unless you are talking about the ink specifically (インクを消費する), use 使う (tsukau) for tools and instruments.

2. Confusing with 消耗 (Shōmō)

Both words involve 'using up,' but 消耗 (Shōmō) specifically refers to wear and tear or exhaustion. You 消費 electricity, but you 消耗 your physical strength (体力を消耗する) or a battery's health. 消費 is about the act of using; 消耗 is about the resulting state of being worn out.

❌ 「マラソンでカロリーを消耗した。」 (While understandable, '消費' is better for calories.)
✅ 「マラソンで体力を消耗した。」 (Used up physical strength/exhausted.)

3. Confusing with 支出 (Shishutsu)

支出 (Shishutsu) means 'expenditure' or 'outgoings.' While 消費 is the act of consuming goods/services, 支出 is the actual accounting entry of money leaving your pocket. You can have high 支出 (spending) without necessarily high 消費 (if you are paying off debt, for example).

To truly master 消費 (Shōhi), you must understand its neighbors in the Japanese vocabulary. Here is a comparison of similar terms:

使う (Tsukau)
The general word for 'to use.' It is neutral and can be used for tools, people, time, and money. 消費 is a subset of 使う used for depletion/economics.
消耗 (Shōmō)
To wear out or exhaust. Often used for physical stamina, batteries, or parts that need replacement due to friction.
浪費 (Rōhi)
To waste. This has a negative connotation. While 消費 is neutral (you need to consume to live), 浪費 implies spending more than necessary or on useless things.
費やす (Tsuiyasu)
A native Japanese verb (kun-yomi) meaning to spend or devote. Often used for time, effort, or money. 「多額の資金を費やす」(Spend a large amount of funds).

「時間を消費する」(Consume time - neutral/economic)
「時間を浪費する」(Waste time - negative)
「時間を費やす」(Devote time - purposeful)

In a professional setting, choosing between these words shows your level of nuance. If you are talking about a project's budget, 消費 sounds like a report, 浪費 sounds like a criticism, and 費やす sounds like an investment.

How Formal Is It?

कठिनाई स्तर

ज़रूरी व्याकरण

Suru-verbs (Noun + する)

Compound Nouns (熟語)

Transitive Verb patterns (〜を〜する)

Nominalization (Verb-stem + 量/期限)

Formal vs. Informal register (使う vs 消費する)

पूरी व्याख्या पढ़ने के लिए मुफ़्त साइन अप करें

स्तर के अनुसार उदाहरण

1

スーパーで消費税を払います。

I pay consumption tax at the supermarket.

消費税 (Shōhizei) is a common A1 compound noun.

2

このパンの消費期限はいつですか？

When is the expiration date of this bread?

消費期限 is essential for daily life.

3

毎日、お水をたくさん消費します。

I consume a lot of water every day.

Using 消費する for resources like water.

4

お金を使いすぎないで、消費を抑えます。

I will limit my spending and curb consumption.

消費 can be used as a noun meaning 'spending/consumption'.

5

車はガソリンを消費します。

Cars consume gasoline.

Classic 'Resource + を + 消費する' pattern.

6

電気の消費を減らしましょう。

Let's reduce electricity consumption.

Noun + の + 消費 (Consumption of...).

7

彼は多くの時間をゲームに消費した。

He consumed a lot of time on games.

Time can be an object of 消費.

8

消費者は安い商品を好みます。

Consumers like cheap products.

消費者 (Shōhisha) means 'consumer'.

1

運動してカロリーを消費しましょう。

Let's exercise and burn (consume) calories.

カロリーを消費する is a very common health phrase.

2

日本の米の消費量は減っています。

The amount of rice consumption in Japan is decreasing.

消費量 (Shōhiryō) means 'consumption amount'.

3

新しい冷蔵庫は電力をあまり消費しません。

The new refrigerator doesn't consume much power.

Negating the verb: 消費しません.

4

冬は暖房でエネルギーを多く消費します。

In winter, we consume a lot of energy for heating.

Contextual use of energy consumption.

5

このアプリはバッテリーを激しく消費する。

This app consumes the battery heavily.

Informal but common technical usage.

6

消費者の意見を聞くことは大切です。

It is important to listen to consumers' opinions.

Possessive: 消費者の (Consumer's).

7

一ヶ月の生活費の半分を食費が消費している。

Food expenses consume half of the monthly living costs.

Metaphorical consumption of a budget.

8

紙の消費を抑えるために、電子メールを使います。

To curb paper consumption, we use email.

Purpose clause: ~ために.

1

若者の間で、モノよりコトの消費が増えている。

Among young people, consumption of experiences (koto) is increasing over things (mono).

Abstract consumption of 'experiences'.

2

政府は消費を刺激するために減税を検討している。

The government is considering tax cuts to stimulate consumption.

Economic term: 消費を刺激する (stimulate consumption).

3

大量消費社会の問題点について話し合った。

We discussed the problems of a mass-consumption society.

Compound: 大量消費社会 (Mass-consumption society).

4

この製品は環境に優しく、資源の消費も少ない。

This product is eco-friendly and consumes few resources.

資源の消費 (Resource consumption).

5

無駄なエネルギー消費を省く工夫が必要です。

We need to find ways to eliminate wasteful energy consumption.

無駄な (wasteful) modifying 消費.

6

消費税率の引き上げが家計に響いている。

The hike in the consumption tax rate is affecting household finances.

消費税率 (Consumption tax rate).

7

ネットショッピングの普及で、消費行動が変わった。

With the spread of online shopping, consumption behavior has changed.

消費行動 (Consumption behavior).

8

彼は自分の才能を無意味なことに消費してしまった。

He consumed (wasted) his talent on meaningless things.

Abstract use: consuming talent/potential.

1

景気後退により、個人消費が著しく冷え込んでいる。

Due to the recession, personal consumption has cooled down significantly.

Economic collocation: 消費が冷え込む.

2

持続可能な消費と生産のパターンを確保する。

Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns.

SDGs terminology: 持続可能な消費.

3

このエンジンは燃料消費効率が非常に高い。

This engine has very high fuel consumption efficiency.

Technical term: 燃料消費効率.

4

消費者の購買意欲を高めるための戦略を練る。

Develop a strategy to increase consumers' willingness to buy.

購買意欲 (Willingness to buy/purchase intent).

5

情報過多の時代、私たちは日々膨大な情報を消費している。

In an era of information overload, we consume vast amounts of information daily.

Information consumption (情報の消費).

6

国内の石油消費量は、前年比で5%減少した。

Domestic oil consumption decreased by 5% compared to the previous year.

前年比 (Compared to the previous year).

7

過剰な消費は、地球温暖化を加速させる要因となる。

Excessive consumption becomes a factor that accelerates global warming.

過剰な消費 (Excessive consumption).

8

その映画は、単なるエンターテインメントとして消費されるには惜しい。

It's a pity for that movie to be consumed as mere entertainment.

Passive: 消費される (to be consumed).

1

記号としてのブランド品を消費する現代人の心理。

The psychology of modern people who consume brand-name goods as symbols.

Sociological context: consuming symbols.

2

この政策は、将来の世代の資源を先食いして消費しているに過ぎない。

This policy is merely consuming the resources of future generations in advance.

Metaphorical: consuming the future.

3

デジタル・ネイティブ世代のメディア消費スタイルを分析する。

Analyze the media consumption style of the digital native generation.

Media consumption (メディア消費).

4

彼は、創作活動のために全精力を消費し尽くした。

He consumed all his energy for his creative activities.

消費し尽くす (to consume completely/exhaust).

5

消費者物価指数（CPI）は、経済の健全性を測る重要な指標だ。

The Consumer Price Index (CPI) is an important indicator for measuring economic health.

消費者物価指数 (Consumer Price Index).

6

コンテンツが瞬時に消費され、忘れ去られていく現状を憂慮する。

I am concerned about the current situation where content is consumed instantly and forgotten.

Describing the 'disposable' nature of modern content.

7

自己消費目的での栽培は、法律で認められている場合がある。

Cultivation for the purpose of self-consumption may be permitted by law.

Legal/Technical: 自己消費 (Self-consumption).

8

そのアイドルの人気は、大衆文化のシステムによって消費された結果だ。

The idol's popularity is the result of being consumed by the system of mass culture.

Abstract: consumption of fame/people.

1

資本主義の本質は、絶え間ない消費の創出にある。

The essence of capitalism lies in the creation of constant consumption.

Philosophical/Economic analysis.

2

我々は、存在そのものが環境負荷を消費し続けるプロセスであると言える。

It can be said that our very existence is a process of continually consuming environmental load.

Deep philosophical usage.

3

消費税の累進性欠如が、低所得者層に与える逆進的影響を論じる。

Discuss the regressive impact that the lack of progressivity in consumption tax has on low-income groups.

Advanced economic/legal terminology.

4

物語の消費から、体験の共有へとパラダイムがシフトしている。

The paradigm is shifting from the consumption of stories to the sharing of experiences.

Cultural theory context.

5

その政治家は、国民の期待を短期間で消費し尽くしてしまった。

That politician completely consumed (exhausted) the public's expectations in a short time.

Metaphorical: consuming expectations/political capital.

6

内生的な消費関数の変動をモデル化し、予測精度を高める。

Model the fluctuations of the endogenous consumption function to improve prediction accuracy.

Econometric terminology: 消費関数 (Consumption function).

7

エシカルな消費が、グローバルなサプライチェーンを浄化する鍵となる。

Ethical consumption is the key to purifying global supply chains.

Ethical/Social context: エシカルな消費.

8

虚無的な消費行動の果てに、何が残るのだろうか。

What remains at the end of nihilistic consumption behavior?

Literary/Existential usage.

समानार्थी शब्द

使用 消耗 費消 活用 費やす

विलोम शब्द

生産 貯蓄 保存

सामान्य शब्द संयोजन

消費を抑える (Curb consumption)
消費を刺激する (Stimulate consumption)
エネルギーを消費する (Consume energy)
時間を消費する (Consume time)
大量に消費する (Consume in large quantities)
消費が冷え込む (Consumption cools down)
消費が伸びる (Consumption grows)
カロリーを消費する (Burn calories)
資源を消費する (Consume resources)
予算を消費する (Exhaust a budget)

सामान्य वाक्यांश

消費税 (Consumption tax)
消費者 (Consumer)
消費期限 (Expiration date)
消費量 (Consumption amount)
消費行動 (Consumer behavior)
個人消費 (Personal consumption)
消費社会 (Consumer society)
消費動向 (Consumption trends)
消費者物価 (Consumer prices)
自己消費 (Self-consumption)

अक्सर इससे भ्रम होता है

消費 vs 消耗 (Shōmō)

消費 vs 浪費 (Rōhi)

消費 vs 支出 (Shishutsu)

मुहावरे और अभिव्यक्तियाँ

"時間を消費する (To kill time/spend time - neutral)"
"命を消費する (To spend one's life/vitality)"
"期待を消費する (To exhaust expectations)"
"言葉を消費する (To use words meaninglessly/disposably)"
"文化を消費する (To consume culture as a commodity)"
"若さを消費する (To spend one's youth)"
"信頼を消費する (To use up/erode trust)"
"記号を消費する (To consume signs/status symbols)"
"コンテンツを消費する (To consume digital content)"
"イメージを消費する (To use up a public image/reputation)"

आसानी से भ्रमित होने वाले

消費 vs

消費 vs

消費 vs

消費 vs

消費 vs

वाक्य संरचनाएँ

AはBを消費する

人間は酸素を消費する。

Bの消費量が増える/減る

肉の消費量が増えている。

消費をAに抑える

消費を最小限に抑える。

सभी उदाहरण देखने के लिए मुफ़्त साइन अप करें

इसे कैसे इस्तेमाल करें

vs Rōhi

Rōhi is always negative (waste); Shōhi is neutral.

vs Tsukau

Tsukau is general; Shōhi is for depletion.

vs Shōmō

Shōmō is for wear/exhaustion; Shōhi is for the act of using.

सामान्य गलतियाँ
  • Using 消費 for tools (e.g., using a hammer).
  • Confusing 消費期限 with 賞味期限.
  • Forgetting the 'suru' in the verb form.
  • Using it for 'spending time with friends' (use 過ごす instead).
  • Confusing the kanji 費 with 備 (preparation).

सुझाव

Learn the compounds

Focus on Shōhizei and Shōhisha first; they are the most useful.

Check the labels

Look for 消費期限 on your next trip to a Japanese convenience store.

Object Marker

Always use the particle 'を' with '消費する'.

Formal tone

Use 消費 instead of 使う in academic essays to sound more professional.

Pitch Accent

Keep it flat (Heiban style) for a natural sound.

News keywords

This is a high-frequency word in the Nikkei and other financial news.

Depletion

Remember that 消費 implies the resource is being used up.

Calorie Burning

Use 'カロリー消費' when talking about your workout routine.

GDP

In economic contexts, 消費 refers to household spending.

Sustainability

Pair it with '抑える' (curb) to talk about saving resources.

याद करें

शब्द की उत्पत्ति

Sino-Japanese (Kango) compound used to describe the depletion of value or resources.

सांस्कृतिक संदर्भ

Consumption tax is often included in the displayed price (総額表示).

Japanese consumers are extremely sensitive to 'Shōhikigen' dates.

Consumable gifts (消え物 - kiemono) like food or soap are preferred for certain occasions because they don't clutter the home.

असल ज़िंदगी में अभ्यास करें

वास्तविक संदर्भ

बातचीत की शुरुआत

"最近、消費税が上がって大変ですね。(The consumption tax hike lately is tough, isn't it?)"

"カロリーを消費するために、どんな運動をしていますか？(What kind of exercise do you do to burn calories?)"

"このパン、消費期限が切れてるよ。(This bread is past its expiration date.)"

"最近の消費者のトレンドは何だと思いますか？(What do you think are the recent consumer trends?)"

"電気代を節約するために、消費電力をチェックしています。(I'm checking power consumption to save on electricity bills.)"

डायरी विषय

今日、一番お金を消費したものは何ですか？ (What did you spend the most money on today?)

あなたの国と日本で、消費者の行動に違いはありますか？ (Are there differences in consumer behavior between your country and Japan?)

時間を無駄に消費してしまったと感じる時はいつですか？ (When do you feel you have wastefully consumed time?)

環境のために、資源の消費をどう減らせると思いますか？ (How do you think we can reduce resource consumption for the environment?)

「大量消費社会」についてどう思いますか？ (What do you think about 'mass consumption society'?)

अक्सर पूछे जाने वाले सवाल

10 सवाल

消費期限 (Shōhikigen) is the 'expiry date' for safety (eat by). 賞味期限 (Shōmikigen) is the 'best before' date for quality (tastes best by).

In Japanese, you would say '本を読んだ' (read) or 'コンテンツを消費した' (consumed the content), but '本を消費した' sounds like you burned it or used it as fuel.

No, it is a neutral economic and biological term. We must consume food and energy to survive.

It is '消費者' (Shōhisha). The 'sha' (者) means person.

As of 2024, it is generally 10%, with a reduced rate of 8% for food and drinks (take-out).

Yes, '時間を消費する' is common, meaning to spend or use up time.

Yes, it is very common in news, business, and daily shopping.

It means 'consumption is cooling down,' referring to a decrease in consumer spending.

Yes, '消費する' (shōhi-suru).

消 (extinguish) and 費 (expense).

सुझाव और नोट्स के लिए मुफ़्त साइन अप करें

खुद को परखो 95 सवाल

/ 95 correct

Perfect score!

अभ्यास करने के लिए मुफ़्त साइन अप करें

संबंधित सामग्री

economics के और शब्द

累積

B1

समय के साथ जमा होने की क्रिया या संचित होने की अवस्था।

付加価値

B2

मूल्यवर्धन वह अतिरिक्त मूल्य है जो किसी उत्पाद या सेवा में प्रसंस्करण के माध्यम से जोड़ा जाता है।

便益

B2

किसी सेवा, उत्पाद या नीति से व्यक्तियों या समाज को मिलने वाला लाभ या उपयोगिता। अक्सर औपचारिक लागत-लाभ विश्लेषण में उपयोग किया जाता है।

資本主義

B2

उत्पादन के साधनों के निजी स्वामित्व पर आधारित एक आर्थिक प्रणाली।

徴収

B2

किसी प्राधिकरण द्वारा कर या शुल्क जैसे धन को इकट्ठा करने की क्रिया।

貨幣

B1

मुद्रा सिक्कों और बैंक नोटों के रूप में विनिमय का एक माध्यम है।

債務不履行

B2

ऋण का भुगतान न करना; चूक (डिफ़ॉल्ट)।

先進国

B2

एक संप्रभु राष्ट्र जिसमें जीवन की उच्च गुणवत्ता, एक विकसित अर्थव्यवस्था और उन्नत तकनीकी बुनियादी ढांचा होता है। इन राष्ट्रों की तुलना आम तौर पर अकादमिक चर्चाओं में विकासशील देशों से की जाती है।

発展途上国

B2

एक विकासशील देश। उदाहरण: विकासशील देशों को और अधिक निवेश की आवश्यकता है।

分配

B2

किसी चीज़ को कई लोगों या समूहों के बीच विभाजित करने और साझा करने की क्रिया।

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