응용
응용 30 सेकंड में
- 응용 refers to the practical application of theoretical knowledge or principles in real-world contexts, bridging the gap between abstract ideas and concrete actions.
- It is commonly used in academic and technical fields to describe 'applied' sciences or software applications, but also in daily life for creative tasks.
- The word is often paired with '하다' (to apply) or '되다' (to be applied), and '응용력' describes one's ability to adapt knowledge creatively.
- It differs from simple 'use' (사용) by implying a deeper understanding of the underlying principles being adapted for a specific purpose or situation.
The Korean noun 응용 (Eung-yong) is a sophisticated term primarily used to describe the process of taking a theoretical principle, a scientific discovery, or a specific technique and putting it into practical use. At its core, it represents the bridge between 'knowing' and 'doing.' While 'knowledge' (지식) might exist in a vacuum or a textbook, 'application' (응용) is the active effort to make that knowledge solve a real-world problem or enhance a specific situation. In an academic context, it is the 'Applied' in 'Applied Sciences' (응용 과학), distinguishing it from 'Pure' or 'Basic' sciences (기초 과학) which focus on theory alone.
- Hanja Root: 應 (응)
- Meaning 'to respond' or 'to answer.' In this context, it implies responding to a specific need or situation.
- Hanja Root: 用 (용)
- Meaning 'to use' or 'to employ.' This is the same root found in words like 사용 (use) and 이용 (utilize).
"이 기술은 의료 분야에 응용될 가능성이 매우 높습니다." (This technology has a very high potential to be applied in the medical field.)
When we talk about 응용, we are often talking about creativity and adaptability. It isn't just about following instructions; it's about taking a rule you learned in one context and figuring out how it works in a completely different one. For example, if you learn a mathematical formula and then use it to calculate the structural integrity of a bridge, you are performing an act of 응용. It requires a deep understanding of the underlying principle to ensure that the application is successful and safe.
"배운 문법을 대화에 응용해 보세요." (Try applying the grammar you learned to your conversations.)
- Practical Scope
- From software engineering (application software) to culinary arts (applying a basic sauce to a complex dish).
In modern Korean society, this word is ubiquitous in technology and education. Students are often tested not just on their ability to memorize facts, but on their '응용력' (ability to apply knowledge). This 'application power' is considered a key metric of intelligence and professional competence. It suggests that the person can think critically and solve problems that they haven't encountered exactly in that form before.
"기초가 튼튼해야 응용 문제도 잘 풀 수 있다." (Only when the basics are strong can you solve applied problems well.)
Using 응용 correctly involves understanding its grammatical versatility. As a noun, it often pairs with the verb 하다 to form 응용하다 (to apply). It can also be used in the passive form 응용되다 (to be applied). When you want to describe someone's ability to apply things, you add the suffix -력 (power/ability) to create 응용력.
"그는 응용력이 뛰어나서 새로운 도구도 금방 익힌다." (He has great application skills, so he learns new tools quickly.)
In professional settings, you will frequently encounter the term 응용 프로그램 (application program/software). While English speakers often just say 'app,' in formal Korean technical documents, the full term is used. In the context of exams, 응용 문제 refers to questions that require you to use a formula or concept in a complex, non-straightforward way. These are usually the 'hard' questions that separate top students from the rest.
- Common Verb Patterns
- A를 B에 응용하다 (Apply A to B)
- 이론을 실제에 응용하다 (Apply theory to reality)
- 기술을 산업에 응용하다 (Apply technology to industry)
When speaking, you can use it to encourage someone to be creative. If a friend learns a new cooking technique, you might say, "그걸 다른 요리에도 응용해 봐" (Try applying that to other dishes too). It implies a level of mastery where the person is no longer just mimicking but is now creating based on principles. It is a very positive word that suggests intelligence and flexibility.
"이 디자인은 전통 문양을 현대적으로 응용한 것입니다." (This design is a modern application of traditional patterns.)
You will hear 응용 in several distinct environments, each with a slightly different flavor. In a university classroom, professors will emphasize the importance of 응용 to ensure students aren't just rote-memorizing. You'll hear phrases like "이 원리는 다양한 분야에 응용될 수 있습니다" (This principle can be applied to various fields). This is common in STEM subjects but also in linguistics and social sciences.
"이번 시험에는 기초 문제보다 응용 문제가 많이 나왔어요." (There were more applied problems than basic ones in this exam.)
In the tech industry, '응용' is part of the daily vocabulary. Software developers talk about '응용 계층' (Application Layer) in networking or '응용 소프트웨어' (Application Software). When a new AI model is released, the discussion immediately shifts to its '응용 사례' (application cases or use cases). It’s the word of choice when discussing how a new discovery will actually change the world or make money.
- Workplace Context
- Planning meetings: "이 아이디어를 마케팅에 어떻게 응용할까요?" (How shall we apply this idea to marketing?)
- News & Media
- Reporting on breakthroughs: "연구팀은 이 신소재를 배터리에 응용하는 데 성공했습니다." (The research team succeeded in applying this new material to batteries.)
In creative fields like fashion, architecture, and cooking, '응용' describes the act of taking an inspiration and turning it into a functional product. A chef might '응용' a traditional fermentation method to create a new dessert. A designer might '응용' the structure of a leaf to create a more aerodynamic roof. In these contexts, it carries a sense of artistic 'reinterpretation.'
"전통 한복의 선을 응용한 현대적인 드레스입니다." (It's a modern dress that applies the lines of traditional Hanbok.)
The most frequent mistake learners make with 응용 is confusing it with other 'use' words like 사용 (sayong), 활용 (hwallyong), and 이용 (iyong). While they all translate to 'use' in English, their nuances are strictly separated in Korean. Using '응용' when you just mean 'to use a tool' sounds very unnatural and overly academic.
- 응용 vs. 사용
- 사용 is for physical tools or simple functions. You '사용' a phone. You '응용' the technology inside the phone to create a new security system.
- 응용 vs. 활용
- 활용 means 'to utilize' or 'to make full use of' something to get a benefit. It's about efficiency. 응용 is about the 'method' or 'principle' being put into a new context.
Wrong: "젓가락을 응용해서 밥을 먹어요." (I apply chopsticks to eat rice.)
Right: "젓가락을 사용해서 밥을 먹어요." (I use chopsticks to eat rice.)
Another mistake is failing to use the correct particle. People often use ~를 (object particle) for the target, but ~에 (destination/field particle) is usually required for the area of application. For example, '이론을 실제에 응용하다' is correct, whereas '이론을 실제를 응용하다' is grammatically awkward.
"배운 내용을 실생활에 응용하는 것이 중요합니다." (It is important to apply what you've learned to real life.)
Finally, learners sometimes over-complicate simple sentences. If you are just using a feature on an app, use '사용'. If you are a developer taking a specific algorithm and putting it into a new app, then '응용' is the perfect word. Always ask yourself: "Am I talking about a principle/theory being used in a new way?" If yes, use 응용.
Understanding words related to 응용 helps define its boundaries. The most closely related word is 적용 (Jeogyong). While 응용 is about 'practical application' (often creative or technical), 적용 is about 'applying' a rule, a law, or a standard. You '적용' a discount code or a new law to a case. It is more administrative and less about the 'methodology' than 응용.
- 적용 (Application/Implementation)
- Used for rules, laws, and standards. "새로운 규정을 적용하다" (Apply new regulations).
- 활용 (Utilization)
- Focuses on using resources effectively. "시간을 잘 활용하다" (Utilize time well).
- 실용 (Practical Use)
- Focuses on the 'utility' or 'usefulness' of something. "실용적인 디자인" (Practical design).
"이 이론은 실제 사례에 적용하기가 어렵습니다." (This theory is difficult to apply to actual cases - focus on the rule/fit.)
Another word is 이용 (Iyong). This is often used for public facilities or taking advantage of a situation. You '이용' the subway or '이용' a weakness. It lacks the 'transformation of theory' that defines 응용. Then there is 사용 (Sayong), which is the most generic term for 'use.' If you are unsure, '사용' is the safest, but '응용' is the most precise for technical or creative contexts.
"폐자재를 활용하여 예술 작품을 만들었습니다." (I utilized waste materials to create an artwork.)
Lastly, 원용 (Wonyong) is a very formal, legal term meaning to quote or apply a precedent or principle in an argument. You will rarely hear this outside of a courtroom or a very high-level academic paper, but it shares the 'yong' (use) root.
How Formal Is It?
कठिनाई स्तर
ज़रूरी व्याकरण
~에 (Target particle)
~를 통해 (Through/Via)
-(으)로써 (As a means of)
~기 위해 (In order to)
-(으)ㄹ 수 있다 (Possibility)
स्तर के अनुसार उदाहरण
이것은 응용 문제예요.
This is an applied problem.
Noun + 이다 (to be)
응용해서 말해 보세요.
Try to speak by applying (what you learned).
-아서/어서 (reason/sequence)
수학 응용이 어려워요.
Math application is difficult.
Noun + 이/가 (subject particle)
응용 질문이 있어요?
Do you have any applied questions?
Noun + 이/가 있다 (to have)
이 이론을 응용해요.
Apply this theory.
Present tense polite
응용은 재미있어요.
Application is fun.
Noun + 은/는 (topic particle)
응용 연습을 해요.
Do application practice.
Object particle 을/를
단어를 응용하세요.
Please apply the words.
-(으)세요 (polite command)
배운 문법을 응용해서 문장을 만들었어요.
I made a sentence by applying the grammar I learned.
Past tense + -아서/어서
이 레시피를 응용하면 더 맛있어요.
If you apply (modify) this recipe, it's more delicious.
-(으)면 (if)
그는 응용력이 좋은 학생이에요.
He is a student with good application skills.
Adjective modifying noun
컴퓨터 응용 프로그램을 배워요.
I am learning computer application programs.
Compound noun
이 기술을 어디에 응용할 수 있을까요?
Where can we apply this technology?
-(으)ㄹ 수 있다 (can)
기초를 알면 응용하기 쉬워요.
If you know the basics, it's easy to apply.
-기 쉽다 (easy to do)
선생님이 응용 방법을 설명해 주셨어요.
The teacher explained the method of application.
-아/어 주다 (do for someone)
다양한 상황에 응용해 보세요.
Try applying it to various situations.
-아/어 보다 (try doing)
이 소프트웨어는 다양한 분야에 응용되고 있습니다.
This software is being applied to various fields.
Passive voice + -고 있다 (progressive)
과학적 원리를 실생활에 응용하는 것이 중요합니다.
It is important to apply scientific principles to real life.
-는 것 (nominalization)
응용 미술은 실용성과 아름다움을 동시에 추구합니다.
Applied arts pursue both practicality and beauty.
Subject particle + 동시에
그 이론을 실제 사례에 응용하기는 쉽지 않습니다.
It is not easy to apply that theory to actual cases.
-기는 쉽지 않다
이 디자인은 자연의 형태를 응용한 것입니다.
This design is an application of natural forms.
Past participle + 것
새로운 기술을 산업 현장에 응용해야 합니다.
We must apply new technology to industrial sites.
-아/어야 하다 (must)
응용 능력을 키우기 위해 노력하고 있어요.
I am working hard to develop my application skills.
-기 위해 (in order to)
이 공식은 여러 문제에 응용될 수 있어요.
This formula can be applied to many problems.
Passive + -(으)ㄹ 수 있다
연구 결과가 의료 기술에 어떻게 응용될지 기대됩니다.
I am looking forward to how the research results will be applied to medical technology.
Indirect question -(으)ㄹ지
이 제품은 최신 나노 기술을 응용하여 만들어졌습니다.
This product was made by applying the latest nanotechnology.
-아/어/여서 (method/reason)
이론에만 그치지 말고 실제 상황에 응용해 보는 자세가 필요합니다.
We need an attitude of trying to apply it to real situations rather than just stopping at theory.
-지 말고 (don't do A, but B)
응용 소프트웨어 개발자로서의 경력을 쌓고 싶습니다.
I want to build a career as an application software developer.
-로서 (as a/status)
심리학적 원리를 마케팅 전략에 응용하는 사례가 늘고 있습니다.
Cases of applying psychological principles to marketing strategies are increasing.
Noun-modifying form -는
그의 발명품은 기초 과학의 원리를 창의적으로 응용한 결과물입니다.
His invention is the result of creatively applying the principles of basic science.
Adverbial form -게/-적으로
이 기법은 다른 예술 장르에도 충분히 응용 가능합니다.
This technique is fully applicable to other art genres as well.
Noun + 가능 (possibility)
전통적인 건축 양식을 현대적으로 응용하여 건물을 지었습니다.
The building was constructed by applying traditional architectural styles in a modern way.
Past tense result
빅데이터 분석 기술을 도시 계획에 응용함으로써 효율성을 높일 수 있습니다.
Efficiency can be increased by applying big data analysis technology to urban planning.
-(으)ㅁ으로써 (by doing/means)
인문학적 통찰을 경영에 응용하려는 시도가 학계에서 주목받고 있습니다.
Attempts to apply humanistic insights to management are gaining attention in academia.
-(으)려는 (intention to)
이 모델은 복잡한 사회 현상을 설명하기 위해 물리학 이론을 응용한 것입니다.
This model applies physics theory to explain complex social phenomena.
Explanatory ending -ㄴ 것입니다
기존의 기술을 새로운 맥락에서 응용하는 것이 혁신의 핵심입니다.
Applying existing technology in a new context is the core of innovation.
Subject nominalization
법적 원칙을 구체적인 사건에 응용할 때 판사의 재량이 중요하게 작용합니다.
When applying legal principles to specific cases, a judge's discretion plays an important role.
-(으)ㄹ 때 (when)
이 연구는 뇌과학의 성과를 교육 현장에 응용하는 데 초점을 맞추고 있습니다.
This research focuses on applying the achievements of neuroscience to the educational field.
-는 데 (in doing/place)
전통 철학을 현대 사회의 문제 해결에 응용하려는 노력이 필요합니다.
Efforts to apply traditional philosophy to solving modern social problems are necessary.
Adjective ending -ㄴ/은
고전 문학의 서사 구조를 현대 영화에 응용한 사례를 분석해 봅시다.
Let's analyze cases where the narrative structure of classical literature was applied to modern films.
-(으)ㅂ시다 (suggestion)
추상적인 수학적 공리를 물리적 실재에 응용하는 과정에서 발생하는 괴리에 주목해야 합니다.
We must pay attention to the discrepancy that arises in the process of applying abstract mathematical axioms to physical reality.
-는 과정에서 (in the process of)
현상학적 방법론을 질적 연구에 응용함으로써 인간 경험의 본질에 다가갈 수 있습니다.
By applying phenomenological methodology to qualitative research, we can approach the essence of human experience.
Advanced formal particle
포스트모더니즘 담론을 건축 비평에 응용하는 것은 구조의 해체를 의미합니다.
Applying postmodern discourse to architectural criticism signifies the deconstruction of structure.
Gerund subject
유전학적 지식의 무분별한 응용이 초래할 윤리적 파장에 대해 심도 있게 논의해야 합니다.
We must discuss in depth the ethical repercussions that the indiscriminate application of genetic knowledge may cause.
Future-oriented modifier
이 학설은 진화론적 관점을 언어의 변화 과정에 응용하여 독창적인 해석을 제시합니다.
This theory presents an original interpretation by applying an evolutionary perspective to the process of language change.
Adverbial use of -하여
양자 역학의 원리를 컴퓨팅 기술에 응용하려는 시도는 정보 처리의 패러다임을 바꿀 것입니다.
Attempts to apply the principles of quantum mechanics to computing technology will change the paradigm of information processing.
Future tense prediction
미학적 가치를 산업 디자인에 응용함에 있어 기능성과의 조화는 영원한 과제입니다.
In applying aesthetic values to industrial design, harmony with functionality is an eternal challenge.
-(으)ㅁ에 있어 (in/regarding)
동양의 명상 기법을 현대 심리 치료에 응용한 프로그램이 임상적으로 유의미한 효과를 보였습니다.
Programs that applied Eastern meditation techniques to modern psychotherapy showed clinically significant effects.
Past participle modifier
सामान्य शब्द संयोजन
सामान्य वाक्यांश
अक्सर इससे भ्रम होता है
적용 is for rules/laws; 응용 is for theories/methods.
활용 is about efficiency/benefit; 응용 is about methodology/transformation.
사용 is generic use; 응용 is specific, principled application.
मुहावरे और अभिव्यक्तियाँ
आसानी से भ्रमित होने वाले
वाक्य संरचनाएँ
इसे कैसे इस्तेमाल करें
응용 implies a level of intelligence and adaptation that '사용' lacks.
Very high in academic, professional, and educational settings.
응용력 is a very common way to praise someone's smarts.
- Using 응용 instead of 사용 for simple tools.
- Using the object particle 를 for the target field instead of 에.
- Confusing 응용 (application of theory) with 적용 (application of rules).
- Using 응용 to mean 'hiring' or 'using' a person.
- Thinking 응용 only applies to computers because of 'apps'.
सुझाव
Focus on Hanja
Learning the Hanja 應 (respond) and 用 (use) helps you understand that this word is about responding to a situation by using a specific method. This makes it easier to distinguish from other 'use' words. It also connects to words like 반응 (reaction) and 사용 (use).
Use with ~에
Always remember to use the particle ~에 for the field of application. Saying '수학을 과학에 응용하다' is the natural way to structure your sentence. This clearly shows the source (수학) and the target (과학).
Professionalism
In a resume, use '응용력' to describe your problem-solving skills. Phrases like '이론적 지식을 실무에 응용하는 능력이 뛰어남' (Excellent ability to apply theoretical knowledge to practical work) are very effective. It sounds much more professional than just saying you are good at your job.
Exam Context
When a Korean student says '응용이 안 돼요', they mean they understand the theory but can't solve the complex problems. Understanding this frustration helps you empathize with Korean learners. It's a common struggle in the competitive education system.
Passive Voice
Pay attention to '응용되다'. It's used when talking about how technology or ideas are used by the world at large. For example, '이 기술은 스마트폰에 응용됩니다' (This technology is applied to smartphones).
Software
Remember that 'App' comes from 'Application'. In Korean, '응용 프로그램' is the formal way to say this. Knowing this helps you bridge your English and Korean tech vocabulary.
The Bridge
Visualize a bridge named '응용' connecting a library (theory) to a factory (practice). To get the books to the factory, you must cross the '응용' bridge. This visual helps cement the meaning.
Context Clues
If you hear '응용' in a kitchen, think 'recipe adaptation'. If you hear it in a lab, think 'scientific application'. The context always dictates the specific type of application.
Avoid Simple Use
Don't use '응용' for using a fork or a pen. That is '사용'. Only use '응용' when there is a 'method' or 'principle' involved. This is the most common mistake for intermediate learners.
Applied Sciences
Learn the names of applied sciences like 응용 화학 (Applied Chemistry) or 응용 물리학 (Applied Physics). This expands your academic vocabulary significantly.
याद करें
शब्द की उत्पत्ति
Derived from Middle Chinese. 應 (respond) + 用 (use). Historically used to describe responding to circumstances by using appropriate means.
सांस्कृतिक संदर्भ
In language learning, '응용' is the goal of every 'Free Talking' class.
The term '응용 문제' is a source of stress for many Korean students, as these are the hardest questions on the Suneung (CSAT).
Korea's identity as a tech hub is built on '응용 기술' (applied technology), particularly in semiconductors and electronics.
असल ज़िंदगी में अभ्यास करें
वास्तविक संदर्भ
बातचीत की शुरुआत
"이 기술을 우리 생활에 어떻게 응용할 수 있을까요?"
"배운 문법을 실생활에서 응용해 본 적이 있나요?"
"요리할 때 레시피를 그대로 따르나요, 아니면 응용하나요?"
"응용력이 좋다는 말을 들어본 적이 있나요?"
"가장 흥미로운 과학 응용 사례는 무엇인가요?"
डायरी विषय
오늘 배운 새로운 지식을 내일 어떻게 응용할 수 있을지 써 보세요.
자신이 가진 기술을 다른 분야에 응용해 본 경험에 대해 서술하세요.
응용력이 왜 현대 사회에서 중요한지 자신의 생각을 적어 보세요.
전통 문화를 현대적으로 응용한다면 어떤 아이디어가 있을까요?
어려운 응용 문제를 해결했을 때의 기분을 묘사해 보세요.
अक्सर पूछे जाने वाले सवाल
10 सवाल적용 is usually for applying a rule, law, or standard to a specific case (e.g., applying a discount). 응용 is for applying a theory, principle, or technique to a practical task (e.g., applying physics to build a bridge). Think of 적용 as 'fitting' and 응용 as 'using the logic of'.
Yes, but usually as part of the term '응용 프로그램' (application program). If you are just using it, say '앱을 사용해요'. If you are talking about the category of software, use '응용 소프트웨어'.
It translates to 'application power' or 'ability to apply knowledge'. It is a highly valued skill in Korea, meaning you can take what you learned and use it to solve new, unfamiliar problems.
Yes, especially in hobbies. You can '응용' a recipe, a DIY method, or a workout routine. It implies you didn't just copy it exactly but adapted it.
It is '응용 수학' (Eung-yong Su-hak).
Yes, by adding '하다' to make '응용하다' (to apply).
It is an 'applied problem' or 'word problem' in school. It requires you to use a formula you learned to solve a real-world scenario.
It is a standard word used in both formal and informal settings, but it sounds more intellectual than '사용'.
No, you cannot apply a person. You can utilize a person's skills (활용) or hire them (고용).
In an academic sense, it is '기초' (basic/pure) or '이론' (theory).
खुद को परखो 180 सवाल
/ 180 correct
Perfect score!
Summary
응용 is more than just 'using' a tool; it is the intellectual and practical act of adapting a principle or theory to solve a specific problem. It signifies a transition from passive learning to active, creative problem-solving in science, technology, and everyday life.
- 응용 refers to the practical application of theoretical knowledge or principles in real-world contexts, bridging the gap between abstract ideas and concrete actions.
- It is commonly used in academic and technical fields to describe 'applied' sciences or software applications, but also in daily life for creative tasks.
- The word is often paired with '하다' (to apply) or '되다' (to be applied), and '응용력' describes one's ability to adapt knowledge creatively.
- It differs from simple 'use' (사용) by implying a deeper understanding of the underlying principles being adapted for a specific purpose or situation.
Focus on Hanja
Learning the Hanja 應 (respond) and 用 (use) helps you understand that this word is about responding to a situation by using a specific method. This makes it easier to distinguish from other 'use' words. It also connects to words like 반응 (reaction) and 사용 (use).
Use with ~에
Always remember to use the particle ~에 for the field of application. Saying '수학을 과학에 응용하다' is the natural way to structure your sentence. This clearly shows the source (수학) and the target (과학).
Professionalism
In a resume, use '응용력' to describe your problem-solving skills. Phrases like '이론적 지식을 실무에 응용하는 능력이 뛰어남' (Excellent ability to apply theoretical knowledge to practical work) are very effective. It sounds much more professional than just saying you are good at your job.
Exam Context
When a Korean student says '응용이 안 돼요', they mean they understand the theory but can't solve the complex problems. Understanding this frustration helps you empathize with Korean learners. It's a common struggle in the competitive education system.
उदाहरण
기초 과학의 원리를 실생활에 응용하는 기술이 발전하고 있다.
संबंधित सामग्री
technology के और शब्द
가속화하다
B2किसी प्रक्रिया या प्रवृत्ति को तेज़ करना।
접근성
B2पहुंच (Accessibility). किसी स्थान, सेवा या जानकारी तक पहुंचने या उसका उपयोग करने में आसानी।
정확도
B1The degree to which a measurement, calculation, or statement is correct or precise. It is a critical metric in data science and engineering.
채택
B1कई विकल्पों में से किसी निश्चित योजना, तकनीक या विचार को चुनने और अपनाने की क्रिया। सरकार ने नई शिक्षा नीति को अपनाया है।
첨단
B1किसी क्षेत्र में सबसे उन्नत या अग्रणी स्थिति; अत्याधुनिक। कंपनियां प्रतिस्पर्धा में बने रहने के लिए अत्याधुनिक तकनीकों में निवेश करती हैं। संग्रहालय अत्याधुनिक कला पर प्रदर्शनियां प्रस्तुत करता है।
고도화
B2किसी चीज़ को अधिक उन्नत और परिष्कृत बनाने की प्रक्रिया।
가전제품
B1Electrical machines used in the home to perform household functions such as cooking, cleaning, or food preservation.
적용하다
B2किसी नियम, सिद्धांत या तकनीक को किसी विशिष्ट स्थिति में लागू करना।
응용하다
B2किसी सिद्धांत या ज्ञान को व्यावहारिक स्थितियों में लागू करना। उदाहरण के लिए, गणितीय सूत्रों को वास्तविक समस्याओं पर लागू करना।
인공지능
B2कृत्रिम बुद्धिमत्ता कंप्यूटर सिस्टम द्वारा मानव बुद्धि प्रक्रियाओं का अनुकरण है।