यह पेज आपकी भाषा में
English فارسی العربية Deutsch Español Français 日本語 한국어 Português 中文
A1 noun 7 मिनट पढ़ने का समय

hanım

Mrs. or lady

At the A1 level, 'hanım' is introduced as a basic social title. Students learn that it follows a woman's first name to show respect. It is the female equivalent of 'bey'. You will use it to address your teacher, a neighbor, or a shopkeeper. The focus is on the word order: [Name] + Hanım. Example: 'Ayşe Hanım'. You also learn it as part of 'ev hanımı' (housewife) which is a common vocabulary item in family units. At this stage, you should simply remember to always use it when addressing an adult woman you are not very close to.
At A2, you begin to see how 'hanım' interacts with Turkish suffixes. Since it ends in a consonant, suffixes like the possessive (-ı), dative (-a), or accusative (-ı) follow standard vowel harmony rules. You also learn 'hanımefendi' as a polite way to address a stranger. You might start noticing it in phrases like 'Hanımlar, beyler' (Ladies and gentlemen). Understanding that 'hanım' can also mean 'wife' in certain contexts (like 'Hanımım' - my wife) is part of this level's expansion of family-related vocabulary.
पूरी व्याख्या पढ़ने के लिए मुफ़्त साइन अप करें
By B1, you should be comfortable using 'hanım' in professional settings. You learn the nuance between 'Bayan' and 'Hanım', realizing that 'Bayan' is often used as a category or with surnames, while 'Hanım' is for direct, respectful address. You may encounter the idiom 'hanım hanımcık', which describes a well-behaved, modest, or lady-like woman. You also learn how to use 'Sayın' (Esteemed) in conjunction with 'hanım' for formal correspondence, such as 'Sayın Merve Hanım'. Your understanding of the word transitions from a simple title to a social tool for managing formality levels.
पूरी व्याख्या पढ़ने के लिए मुफ़्त साइन अप करें
At the B2 level, you explore the historical and cultural weight of the word. You learn about its origins from the title 'Khanum' and its evolution through the Ottoman period to the modern Turkish Republic. You understand that while 'hanım' is standard, its usage can sometimes carry subtle class or regional connotations. You might read literature where 'Hanım' is used for the female head of a household. You also become aware of the sociolinguistic debate regarding the use of 'Bayan' vs. 'Kadın' vs. 'Hanım' in the context of modern Turkish feminism and gender equality.
पूरी व्याख्या पढ़ने के लिए मुफ़्त साइन अप करें
At C1, you master the stylistic use of 'hanım' in complex discourse. You can distinguish between the respectful 'hanım' and the slightly more traditional or patriarchal 'hanımım'. You understand the use of 'hanım' in compound words and specialized terms (e.g., 'hanımeli' - honeysuckle). You can use the word ironically or for specific rhetorical effects in speaking. You also understand the legal and administrative contexts where 'hanım' might be omitted in favor of 'Bayan' or simply the full name, and you can navigate these different registers with ease.
पूरी व्याख्या पढ़ने के लिए मुफ़्त साइन अप करें
At the C2 level, your understanding of 'hanım' includes its full etymological history and its role in the construction of Turkish identity and social hierarchy. You are familiar with its use in classical poetry, historical documents, and high-level diplomatic protocols. You can analyze how the word's meaning has shifted over centuries—from a title of nobility to a common honorific—and you can discuss the nuances of its usage in different Turkic dialects (where it might be 'Xonim' or 'Hanum'). You have a native-like intuition for when to use it, when to substitute it with 'hanımefendi', and when to avoid it to maintain a specific social distance.
पूरी व्याख्या पढ़ने के लिए मुफ़्त साइन अप करें
उदाहरण नोट्स और सुझाव

hanım 30 सेकंड में

  • Used after a woman's first name to show respect (e.g., Ayşe Hanım).
  • Equivalent to 'Mrs.', 'Ms.', or 'Miss' but follows the name.
  • Can also mean 'wife' (hanımım) or 'lady' (hanımefendi).
  • Essential for polite daily and professional interaction in Turkish culture.

The word hanım is one of the most essential honorifics in the Turkish language, primarily used to address or refer to women with respect. Unlike the English titles 'Mrs.', 'Ms.', or 'Miss', which precede the surname, hanım always follows the person's first name. This creates a sense of respectful familiarity that is deeply rooted in Turkish social etiquette. Whether you are in a professional setting, a casual social gathering, or even speaking to a neighbor, using this word correctly is a hallmark of polite communication.

The Honorific Usage
When addressing a woman named Ayşe, you would say 'Ayşe Hanım'. This is the standard way to show respect regardless of her marital status.
The Familial Usage
In a domestic context, particularly among older generations, a man might refer to his wife as 'benim hanım' (my lady/my wife), though 'eşim' is more common in modern urban settings.
The Generic Usage
When used alone as 'hanımefendi', it translates to 'lady' or 'ma'am', used to address a woman whose name you do not know.

Gülten Hanım, toplantı saat ikide başlayacak.

Translation: Ms. Gülten, the meeting will start at two o'clock.

Historically, the term originates from the title 'Khanum', the feminine equivalent of 'Khan'. In the Ottoman era, it was a title for ladies of high social standing. Today, it has been democratized, used for any woman to whom one wishes to show standard courtesy. It is important to note that using just the first name without hanım can be perceived as overly personal or even rude in many contexts, especially if there is an age gap or a professional hierarchy.

Lütfen buyurun, hanımefendi.

Translation: Please, come in, ma'am.

Using hanım requires understanding its grammatical placement and the social nuances it carries. In Turkish grammar, titles follow the noun. This is the opposite of English. Therefore, 'Mrs. Smith' becomes 'Smith Hanım' (though surnames are rarely used with Hanım; first names are the rule). If you use a surname, you would typically use 'Bayan Smith', though 'Bayan' is increasingly seen as formal or slightly dated in speech.

Direct Address
When speaking directly to a woman: 'Fatma Hanım, nasılsınız?' (Fatma Hanım, how are you?)
Third Person Reference
When talking about someone: 'Merve Hanım bugün gelmedi.' (Merve Hanım didn't come today.)
Possessive Usage
When referring to one's wife: 'Hanımım' or 'Benim hanım'. Note: In modern Turkish, 'Eşim' (my spouse) is preferred for gender neutrality and equality.

Annem tam bir ev hanımıdır.

Translation: My mother is a complete housewife.

One interesting grammatical feature is how suffixes attach to 'Hanım'. When you add a case ending, you attach it directly to 'Hanım', not the name. For example, 'Ayşe Hanım'a' (To Ayşe Hanım). The apostrophe is used because 'Ayşe Hanım' as a whole is treated as a proper noun phrase.

Zeynep Hanım'ın kedisi çok sevimli.

Translation: Zeynep Hanım's cat is very cute.

In Turkey, hanım is ubiquitous. You will hear it from the moment you step into a bank to the moment you order tea in a garden. It serves as a social lubricant, smoothing over interactions between strangers and acquaintances. In a professional environment, colleagues of similar rank or those addressing a female supervisor will almost exclusively use '[First Name] Hanım'. It strikes the perfect balance between 'too formal' (Bayan) and 'too informal' (just the name).

Service Industry
Waiters or shop assistants will often address female customers as 'Hanımefendi' to be polite.
Television and Media
News anchors or talk show hosts will refer to guests as 'Sayın [Name] Hanım' (Esteemed Ms. [Name]).
Neighborhood Life
Neighbors will call each other 'Ayşe Hanım' or 'Emine Hanım' as a sign of respect and community bonding.

Buyurun hanımefendi, nasıl yardımcı olabilirim?

Translation: Here you are ma'am, how can I help you?

Interestingly, in very traditional or rural settings, you might hear 'hanım' used as a synonym for 'woman' in general, though this is becoming less common in urban dialects. In literature and period dramas (dizis), you'll encounter 'Hanım' used for the matriarch of a household, often referred to as 'Hanım Anne' (Lady Mother) by her children or 'Hanımım' by the household staff.

Ebru Hanım bugün çok meşgul.

Translation: Ms. Ebru is very busy today.

For English speakers, the most frequent mistake is the placement of the word. Because we are used to 'Mrs. Brown', learners often say 'Hanım Ayşe'. This is incorrect and sounds very confusing to a native speaker. Remember: Name first, Title second. Another common error is using 'Hanım' with a surname. While technically possible in very formal administrative contexts (e.g., 'Sayın Yılmaz Hanım'), it is much more natural to use the first name ('Sayın Ayşe Hanım').

The 'Bayan' Trap
Many learners use 'Bayan' as a direct translation of 'Ms.' or 'Lady'. While 'Bayan' is used on signs (like restrooms) or for surnames, addressing someone as just 'Bayan!' can sound rude or dismissive. 'Hanımefendi' is the polite version.
Vowel Harmony with Suffixes
When adding suffixes to 'hanım', remember it ends in a 'dotted i' sound (ı). So the possessive is 'hanımı', and the dative is 'hanıma'. Don't confuse it with 'hanim' (which isn't a word).

Yanlış: Hanım Elif. Doğru: Elif Hanım.

Note: Never put the title before the name.

A subtle mistake is forgetting that 'hanım' is also used for 'wife'. If you say 'Hanım geldi', it specifically means 'My wife has arrived'. If you meant 'The lady has arrived', you should say 'Hanımefendi geldi'. Context is key! Also, avoid using 'Hanım' for very young girls; for children, it's better to just use their name or 'küçük hanım' if you're being playful.

Yanlış: Bayan Ayşe. Doğru: Ayşe Hanım.

Note: 'Bayan' with a first name is grammatically awkward.

Turkish has several words for 'woman' or 'lady', each with a specific register. Understanding the difference between hanım, kadın, bayan, and hatun is vital for social fluency.

Hanım vs. Kadın
'Kadın' refers to the female gender/sex (woman). 'Hanım' is a title of respect. You wouldn't call someone 'Ayşe Kadın' unless you were referring to her in a very specific, almost historical or descriptive way.
Hanım vs. Bayan
'Bayan' was introduced during the language reforms to be a counterpart to 'Bay' (Mr.). However, it feels more like a label than a title. Use 'Bayan' for surnames (Bayan Yılmaz) and 'Hanım' for first names (Ayşe Hanım).
Hanım vs. Hanımefendi
'Hanımefendi' is the more formal, standalone version. If you don't know the name, use 'Hanımefendi'. If you do know the name, use 'Hanım'.
Hanım vs. Hatun
'Hatun' is an archaic/historical term for a lady or wife. You'll hear it in historical dramas like 'Diriliş: Ertuğrul'. In modern slang, it can sometimes be used like 'chick' or 'babe', so be careful!

Bu koltuk hanımefendiye ait.

Translation: This seat belongs to the lady.

In professional settings, the term 'Sayın' (Esteemed) is often added before the name + Hanım combination to increase the level of formality. For example: 'Sayın Fatma Hanım'. In contrast, 'Abla' (older sister) is used for women slightly older than you in casual settings where 'Hanım' might feel too stiff.

How Formal Is It?

औपचारिक

"Sayın Fatma Hanım, toplantıya katılımınızı bekliyoruz."

तटस्थ

"Ayşe Hanım bugün gelmedi mi?"

अनौपचारिक

"Bizim hanım yine alışverişe çıktı."

Child friendly

"Küçük hanım, sütünü içmek ister misin?"

बोलचाल

"Oğlum, tam bir hanım evladısın ha!"

रोचक तथ्य

In the Ottoman Empire, 'Hanım' was a high-status title. Today, it's used for everyone, effectively making every woman a 'noble' in speech.

उच्चारण मार्गदर्शिका

UK /hɑːˈnɯm/
US /hɑˈnəm/
The stress is typically on the second syllable: ha-NIM.
तुकबंदी
Canım Hanım Tanım Yanım Kanım Anım Şanım Sanım
आम गलतियाँ
  • Pronouncing 'ı' as 'i' (ee). It should be a neutral sound like the 'u' in 'butter' but with the mouth position of 'i'.
  • Placing stress on the first syllable.
  • Pronouncing the 'h' too harshly like in German 'ch'.

कठिनाई स्तर

पठन 1/5

Easy to recognize at the end of names.

लिखना 2/5

Need to remember the 'ı' and apostrophe for suffixes.

बोलना 1/5

Very common and easy to pronounce once 'ı' is mastered.

श्रवण 1/5

Distinctive sound in greetings and introductions.

आगे क्या सीखें

पूर्वापेक्षाएँ

Merhaba Ad Bey Nasılsınız

आगे सीखें

Efendim Sayın Eş Kadın

उन्नत

Hanımefendilik Hanım hanımcık Hanım köylü

ज़रूरी व्याकरण

Titles follow the first name.

Zeynep Hanım (Correct) vs Hanım Zeynep (Incorrect).

Vowel harmony with 'ı'.

Hanım-ı, Hanım-a, Hanım-dan.

Apostrophe with proper noun titles.

Ayşe Hanım'ın çantası.

Possessive forms.

Hanımım (My wife), Hanımın (Your wife).

Capitalization.

Always capitalize when used as a title: Leyla Hanım.

पूरी व्याख्या पढ़ने के लिए मुफ़्त साइन अप करें

स्तर के अनुसार उदाहरण

1

Ayşe Hanım, nasılsınız?

Ms. Ayşe, how are you?

Title follows the first name.

2

Bu, Fatma Hanım.

This is Ms. Fatma.

Used for introduction.

3

Gül Hanım öğretmen mi?

Is Ms. Gül a teacher?

Interrogative sentence.

4

Zeynep Hanım evde.

Ms. Zeynep is at home.

Locative case used with the subject.

5

Lütfen oturun, hanımefendi.

Please sit down, ma'am.

Standalone polite address.

6

Annem bir ev hanımı.

My mother is a housewife.

Compound noun: ev hanımı.

7

Emine Hanım çok nazik.

Ms. Emine is very kind.

Adjective describing the person.

8

Günaydın Elif Hanım.

Good morning Ms. Elif.

Standard greeting.

1

Ayşe Hanım'a bir çay ver.

Give a tea to Ms. Ayşe.

Dative case (-a) with apostrophe.

2

Merve Hanım'ı tanıyor musun?

Do you know Ms. Merve?

Accusative case (-ı).

3

Hanımefendi, çantanızı unuttunuz!

Ma'am, you forgot your bag!

Vocative usage of hanımefendi.

4

Bizim hanım bugün pazara gitti.

My wife went to the market today.

Hanım meaning wife/lady of the house.

5

Hanımlar ve beyler, hoş geldiniz.

Ladies and gentlemen, welcome.

Plural usage in a formal greeting.

6

Derya Hanım'ın evi çok büyük.

Ms. Derya's house is very big.

Genitive case (-ın).

7

Küçük hanım, adın ne?

Little lady, what is your name?

Affectionate title for a child.

8

Sekreter hanım size yardımcı olacak.

The secretary (lady) will help you.

Using title with a profession.

1

O çok hanım hanımcık bir kız.

She is a very well-behaved/proper girl.

Reduplicated adjective phrase.

2

Sayın Leyla Hanım, başvurunuz onaylandı.

Dear Ms. Leyla, your application has been approved.

Formal 'Sayın' + Name + Hanım.

3

Hanımeli bahçemizde çok güzel kokuyor.

The honeysuckle smells very nice in our garden.

Compound word: Hanımeli (Lady's hand).

4

Misafirlerimizi hanımca ağırladık.

We hosted our guests in a lady-like/proper manner.

Adverbial form -ca.

5

Valide Hanım herkesi yemeğe çağırdı.

The 'Lady Mother' invited everyone to dinner.

Traditional title for a mother.

6

Hanımefendilik sadece giyimle olmaz.

Being a lady is not just about clothing.

Noun derivation -lik.

7

Yeni müdürümüz bir hanım.

Our new manager is a woman/lady.

Using hanım as a noun for 'woman'.

8

Hanım köylü olmak bazen zordur.

Being 'henpecked' (living in the wife's village) is sometimes hard.

Idiom: Hanım köylü.

1

Toplumda hanım ve bey ayrımı azalıyor.

The distinction between lady and gentleman is decreasing in society.

Sociological context.

2

Eski İstanbul hanımları çok zarifti.

The old Istanbul ladies were very elegant.

Historical reference.

3

Hanımefendi tavırlarıyla herkesi etkiledi.

She impressed everyone with her ladylike manners.

Descriptive noun phrase.

4

Yazar, kitabında 'hanım' kavramını sorguluyor.

The author questions the concept of 'hanım' in their book.

Academic/Literary context.

5

Sarayda hanımlara özel bir bölüm vardı.

There was a special section for the ladies in the palace.

Plural dative.

6

Onun hanım evladı olması işleri zorlaştırıyor.

Him being a 'mamma's boy' makes things difficult.

Idiom: Hanım evladı.

7

Hanımca bir bakış açısıyla konuyu ele aldı.

She approached the subject from a womanly/lady-like perspective.

Adverbial suffix -ca.

8

Bu dernek, ev hanımlarının haklarını savunuyor.

This association defends the rights of housewives.

Genitive plural compound.

1

Hanımefendiliğinden ödün vermeden cevapladı.

She answered without compromising her ladylike dignity.

Complex noun with multiple suffixes.

2

Osmanlı döneminde 'Hanım Sultan' unvanı kullanılırdı.

The title 'Hanım Sultan' was used in the Ottoman period.

Historical title analysis.

3

Hanım hanımcık oturmak artık bir erdem sayılmıyor.

Sitting 'like a proper lady' is no longer considered a virtue.

Critique of social norms.

4

Metinde 'hanım' kelimesi ironik bir şekilde kullanılmış.

The word 'hanım' was used ironically in the text.

Literary analysis.

5

Hanımefendilerimizin zarafeti dillere destandır.

The elegance of our ladies is legendary.

Possessive plural with high register.

6

Eşim, hanımım, hayat arkadaşım...

My spouse, my lady, my partner for life...

Synonym listing for emphasis.

7

Hanımeli kokusu çocukluğumu hatırlatır.

The scent of honeysuckle reminds me of my childhood.

Sensory description.

8

Protokolde hanımefendilere öncelik tanınır.

Priority is given to the ladies in the protocol.

Formal administrative context.

1

Kelimedeki 'hanım' kökü, kadim Türk devletlerindeki hakan eşlerine dayanır.

The root 'hanım' traces back to the wives of the Khagans in ancient Turkic states.

Etymological analysis.

2

Modernite ile 'hanım' sıfatının semantik kayması dikkat çekicidir.

The semantic shift of the attribute 'hanım' with modernity is noteworthy.

Linguistic academic tone.

3

Yazarın 'hanımefendi' imgesi, Tanzimat edebiyatındaki Batılılaşma sancılarını yansıtır.

The author's image of a 'lady' reflects the pains of Westernization in Tanzimat literature.

Literary criticism.

4

Hanımeli bitkisinin etimolojik serüveni halk ağzında çeşitlilik gösterir.

The etymological adventure of the honeysuckle plant shows diversity in folk speech.

Scientific/Folkloric mix.

5

Toplumsal cinsiyet tartışmalarında 'hanım' hitabının politik doğruculuğu sorgulanmaktadır.

In gender discussions, the political correctness of the address 'hanım' is being questioned.

Advanced sociolinguistic terminology.

6

Hanımefendiliğin ontolojik sınırları, bireysel özgürlükle çatışabilir.

The ontological boundaries of being a lady may conflict with individual freedom.

Philosophical register.

7

Eski metinlerde 'Hanım' kelimesinin 'Hatun' ile olan fonetik geçişleri incelenmelidir.

The phonetic transitions of the word 'Hanım' with 'Hatun' in old texts should be examined.

Philological research.

8

Hanım köylülük olgusu, Anadolu'daki anaerkil kalıntıların bir tezahürü müdür?

Is the phenomenon of 'hanım köylülük' a manifestation of matriarchal remnants in Anatolia?

Anthropological inquiry.

सामान्य शब्द संयोजन

Ev hanımı
Hanım evladı
Hanım hanımcık
Hanımeli
Hanımlar beyler
Küçük hanım
Hanım köylü
Valide hanım
Hanımefendi tavrı
Birinci hanım

सामान्य वाक्यांश

Hanımefendi, bakar mısınız?

Hanım hanımcık oturmak

Hanım köylü olmak

Hanım evladı

Hanımeli gibi kokmak

Hanım sultan

Hanım eli değmek

Hanımlar rehberi

Hanım ağa

Hanım dırdırı

मुहावरे और अभिव्यक्तियाँ

"Hanım evladı"

Spoiled or soft male who grew up protected by women.

Zorluklara gelemez, o tam bir hanım evladı.

Informal

"Hanım köylü"

A man who follows his wife's lead or lives in her village.

Bizimki iyice hanım köylü oldu.

Informal/Playful

"Hanım hanımcık"

Quiet, polite, and well-behaved (usually for girls/women).

Sizin kız çok hanım hanımcık.

Neutral

"Hanım eli değmek"

When a place looks better because a woman cleaned or organized it.

Eve hanım eli değmiş, her yer parlıyor.

Informal

"Hanım dırdırı"

The repetitive complaining of a wife.

Hanım dırdırından kaçıp buraya geldim.

Slang/Patriarchal

"Küçük hanım"

Sarcastic or polite way to address a young girl who acts like an adult.

Küçük hanım, odanı topla!

Informal

"Hanım sultan"

A woman who rules the household with authority.

Evde hanım sultanın sözü geçer.

Neutral

"Bayan değil kadın"

A political slogan emphasizing 'woman' over the polite 'lady' label.

Bayan değil kadın diyeceksiniz!

Political/Social

"Hanımefendi çizgisi"

A standard of behavior that is dignified and polite.

Hanımefendi çizgisini hiç bozmadı.

Formal

"Hanım gibi"

In a lady-like manner (sometimes used for men to imply weakness).

Hanım gibi ağlama!

Informal/Negative

शब्द परिवार

संज्ञा

क्रिया

विशेषण

संबंधित

सभी उदाहरण देखने के लिए मुफ़्त साइन अप करें

याद करें

स्मृति सहायक

Think of a 'Honey' (Hanım) who is a 'Lady'. It sounds a bit like 'Honey-m', and you use it for the ladies you respect.

दृश्य संबंध

Imagine a name tag that says 'Ayşe' and then a crown next to it to represent the 'Hanım' (Lady/Noble) title.

Word Web

Ayşe Respect Lady Wife Bey Title Turkish Etiquette

चैलेंज

Try to address every female character in a Turkish show you watch as '[Name] Hanım' for 10 minutes.

शब्द की उत्पत्ति

Derived from the Old Turkic/Sogdian word 'Khanum' or 'Khatun'. It was the feminine form of 'Khan' (ruler).

मूल अर्थ: A female ruler, noblewoman, or the wife of a Khan.

Turkic (with roots possibly in Sogdian).

सांस्कृतिक संदर्भ

Avoid using 'Bayan' when addressing someone directly; it can be seen as cold or slightly offensive to some modern Turkish women. Stick to 'Hanım' or 'Hanımefendi'.

Unlike the English 'Mrs.' which reveals marital status, 'Hanım' is neutral. It's more like 'Ms.' but used much more frequently.

Halide Edib Adıvar (often referred to as Halide Hanım) Hanım (1989 Turkish movie) Sabiha Hanım (first female pilot)

असल ज़िंदगी में अभ्यास करें

वास्तविक संदर्भ

At the Office

  • Selin Hanım müsait mi?
  • Hanımefendi sizi bekliyor.
  • Müdür Hanım geldi.
  • Sayın Hanımefendi...

At Home

  • Hanım, yemek hazır mı?
  • Ev hanımı olmak zor.
  • Hanımım nerede?
  • Hanım eli değmiş.

In Public

  • Pardon hanımefendi!
  • Hanımlar önceliklidir.
  • Buyurun hanımefendi.
  • Hanımlar reyonu nerede?

Social Events

  • Hanımlar, beyler!
  • Hoş geldiniz hanımefendi.
  • Bu hanım kim?
  • Hanım hanımcık oturun.

Nature/Gardening

  • Hanımeli dikelim.
  • Hanımeli kokusu çok güzel.
  • Hanımeli sarmaşığı.
  • Bahçedeki hanımeli.

बातचीत की शुरुआत

"Ayşe Hanım, bugün nasılsınız?"

"Pardon hanımefendi, saat kaç acaba?"

"Sizin hanım da gelecek mi?"

"Fatma Hanım ile ne zaman tanıştınız?"

"Hanımefendi, bu koltuk boş mu?"

डायरी विषय

Write about a 'Hanım' you respect and why.

Describe the difference between 'Hanım' and 'Kadın' in your own words.

Imagine a conversation with a 'Hanımefendi' at a bus stop.

Do you think 'ev hanımı' is a difficult job? Why?

How does using 'Hanım' change the feeling of a sentence?

सुझाव और नोट्स के लिए मुफ़्त साइन अप करें

संबंधित सामग्री

क्या यह मददगार था?

टिप्पणियाँ (0)

टिप्पणी के लिए लॉगिन करें
अभी तक कोई टिप्पणी नहीं। अपने विचार साझा करने वाले पहले व्यक्ति बनें!