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कड़वा

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कड़वा

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At the A1 level, 'कड़वा' (kaṛvā) is introduced as a basic vocabulary word for tastes. Students learn it alongside 'meetha' (sweet) and 'khatta' (sour). The focus is on literal, physical tastes. A beginner should be able to identify common bitter foods and use the word in simple 'Subject + Adjective + Verb' sentences. For example, 'Karela kaṛvā hai' (Bitter gourd is bitter). At this stage, the most important thing is learning the correct pronunciation and the basic masculine/feminine change (kaṛvā/kaṛvī). You don't need to worry about complex metaphors yet. Just focus on describing what you eat or drink. If you drink coffee without sugar, you can say 'Chai kaṛvī hai' or 'Coffee kaṛvī hai.' This level is about survival communication—expressing your likes and dislikes regarding food. You might also learn it in the context of medicine, as children are often told a medicine is 'kaṛvī' but will make them better. The goal is to build a foundation of sensory adjectives that allow you to describe the world around you in simple terms.

At the A2 level, you begin to use 'कड़वा' (kaṛvā) to make comparisons and describe slightly more abstract situations. You will learn to use 'se' for comparison, such as 'Yeh dawa us dawa se zyada kaṛvī hai' (This medicine is more bitter than that medicine). You also start to encounter the word in common collocations like 'kaṛvā sach' (bitter truth), though you might only use it in a literal sense. You will become more comfortable with the plural form 'kaṛve' (masculine plural) and the feminine form 'kaṛvī' in various sentence structures. For instance, you might describe a whole plate of food: 'Sabhi karele kaṛve hain' (All the bitter gourds are bitter). At this stage, you should also be able to use the word in the past tense, such as 'Kal ka khana kaṛvā tha' (Yesterday's food was bitter). The focus shifts from just identifying the taste to describing experiences and making basic judgments about things you encounter in daily life.

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By the B1 level, you should be comfortable using 'कड़वा' (kaṛvā) metaphorically. This is where you start talking about 'kaṛvī baatein' (bitter words) or 'kaṛvī yaadein' (bitter memories). You understand that the word isn't just about the tongue but also about the heart and mind. You can participate in conversations about feelings and past experiences using this word. For example, 'Usne mujhe bahut kaṛvī baatein kahin' (He said many bitter things to me). You will also start using the noun form 'कड़वाहट' (kaṛvāhaṭ) to describe the atmosphere in a room or a relationship: 'Dono doston ke beech kaṛvahāṭ aa gayi' (Bitterness has come between the two friends). Your grammar should be precise, correctly handling the oblique case: 'Kadvī dawa peene ke baad...' (After drinking the bitter medicine...). At B1, you are moving beyond simple descriptions into the realm of expressing nuance and emotional weight in your storytelling and daily interactions.

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At the B2 level, you can use 'कड़वा' (kaṛvā) in complex sentence structures and understand its use in media and literature. You can discuss social issues or political changes using the term as a metaphor for harsh realities. For example, you might say, 'Yeh naya kanoon garibon ke liye ek kaṛvā ghoot hai' (This new law is a bitter pill/gulp for the poor). You are familiar with common idioms like 'kaṛvā ghoot peena' (to endure something unpleasant silently). You can also distinguish between 'kaṛvā' and its synonyms like 'kasailā' or 'teekha' in specific contexts. Your ability to use the word in the passive voice or in conditional sentences is well-developed: 'Agar sach kaṛvā na hota, toh sab use pasand karte' (If the truth weren't bitter, everyone would like it). At this level, you are no longer just using the word; you are using it to persuade, describe complex emotions, and analyze situations critically.

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At the C1 level, your use of 'कड़वा' (kaṛvā) is sophisticated and culturally grounded. You understand the philosophical implications of 'bitterness' in Indian thought, such as its role in health (Ayurveda) and its necessity in personal growth. You can use the word in formal writing, such as essays or reports, to describe a 'bitter' irony or a 'bitter' struggle. You might explore the nuance of 'kaṛvī muskan' (a bitter smile) or 'kaṛvā anubhav' (a bitter experience) in creative writing. You are also sensitive to the register of the word—knowing when to use the colloquial 'kaṛvā' versus more formal Sanskrit-derived terms like 'kaṭu' (though 'kaṛvā' is very common even in formal Hindi). You can engage in deep discussions about literature where the theme of bitterness is central, and you can explain the cultural weight of 'kaṛvā sach' in various social contexts. Your command over the word is such that you can use it to create specific moods and tones in your speech.

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At the C2 level, you have a near-native grasp of 'कड़वा' (kaṛvā) and all its subtle connotations. You can use it in highly abstract philosophical contexts, perhaps discussing the 'bitterness' of existence or the 'bitter' dualities of life. You can appreciate and use the word in classical Hindi poetry or high-level academic discourse. You understand how the word interacts with other high-level vocabulary to create intricate meanings. Your usage is effortless, and you can even play with the word—using it ironically or in puns. You are aware of the historical evolution of the word from its Sanskrit roots and how its meaning has branched out in various Indian dialects. At this stage, 'कड़वा' is not just a word in your vocabulary; it is a tool you can use with precision to express the most delicate and complex shades of meaning, whether in a high-stakes negotiation, a literary analysis, or a deep personal reflection.

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Kaṛvā primarily describes the bitter taste of foods and medicines in Hindi.
It is also a common metaphor for harsh truths and painful experiences.
The word changes endings (kaṛvā/kaṛvī/kaṛve) based on the gender and number of the noun.
Culturally, bitterness is often associated with health and purifying qualities in India.

The Hindi word कड़वा (kaṛvā) is a sensory powerhouse in the Hindi language, primarily used to describe the taste of bitterness. While in English, 'bitter' can sometimes feel like a secondary flavor, in the Indian culinary and linguistic landscape, it occupies a central position. From the sharp bite of a Karela (bitter gourd) to the medicinal punch of neem leaves, कड़वा is the word that captures that sharp, often unpleasant, but sometimes sought-after sensation on the back of the tongue. However, its utility extends far beyond the kitchen. It is a deeply evocative term used to describe human emotions, harsh realities, and the sting of sharp words.

Literal Taste: In its most basic form, it describes the flavor profile of foods like dark chocolate, coffee, or specific Indian vegetables. It is the opposite of 'meetha' (sweet).

यह दवा बहुत कड़वा है। (This medicine is very bitter.)

Beyond the physical sensation, कड़वा is frequently used as a metaphor for truth. In Indian culture, there is a common saying that 'truth is bitter' (sach kaṛvā hota hai). This reflects a philosophical acceptance that reality is often difficult to swallow, much like a medicinal tonic. When someone speaks 'bitter words' (kaṛvī baatein), they aren't necessarily lying; rather, they are delivering a harsh reality without the 'sugar-coating' of politeness. This metaphorical usage is essential for intermediate and advanced learners because it appears constantly in literature, news, and daily arguments.

Metaphorical Truth: Refers to unpleasant facts or experiences that are difficult to accept but are nonetheless true.

सच हमेशा कड़वा होता है। (Truth is always bitter.)

When discussing relationships, कड़वा describes the resentment or acrimony that can develop between people. A 'bitter relationship' or 'bitter memories' (kaṛvī yaadein) suggests a lingering unpleasantness that stays with a person long after an event has passed. This versatility makes it one of the most important descriptive adjectives to master. Whether you are complaining about a burnt cup of coffee or discussing a difficult breakup, this word provides the necessary emotional and sensory weight.

Emotional Resonance: Used to describe memories, experiences, or words that cause emotional pain or discomfort.

उसकी कड़वी बातों ने मुझे दुखी कर दिया। (His bitter words made me sad.)

In a cultural context, the concept of bitterness is often associated with health in Ayurveda. Bitterness is seen as a purifying quality. Thus, while 'kaṛvā' is often unpleasant, it is not always 'bad.' This nuance is important for understanding why a Hindi speaker might tell you to drink something 'kaṛvā' for your own good. It bridges the gap between physical sensation and moral or health-related benefits.

Using कड़वा (kaṛvā) correctly requires an understanding of Hindi's grammatical gender and number system. As an adjective ending in '-ā', it is highly flexible but must agree with the noun it modifies. This section will guide you through the various grammatical permutations and contexts where this word shines.

Masculine Singular Agreement: When the noun is masculine and singular, use 'कड़वा' (kaṛvā). Example: 'कड़वा फल' (bitter fruit).

यह जूस बहुत कड़वा है। (This juice is very bitter.)

When the noun is feminine (singular or plural), the ending changes to '-ī'. This is a crucial rule for words like 'chai' (tea), 'dawa' (medicine), or 'baat' (talk/word). Even if you are talking about multiple feminine items, the form remains 'कड़वी' (kaṛvī).

Feminine Agreement: Use 'कड़वी' (kaṛvī) for feminine nouns. Example: 'कड़वी यादें' (bitter memories).

नीम की पत्तियां कड़वी होती हैं। (Neem leaves are bitter.)

For masculine plural nouns, the ending changes to '-e'. This is used when referring to multiple masculine objects, such as 'करेले' (bitter gourds). It is also used in the 'oblique' case, which occurs when a preposition (like 'mein', 'par', 'se') follows the noun-adjective pair.

Masculine Plural/Oblique: Use 'कड़वे' (kaṛve) for masculine plural nouns or before postpositions. Example: 'कड़वे सच से मत डरो' (Don't be afraid of the bitter truth).

बाज़ार में कड़वे बादाम भी मिलते हैं। (Bitter almonds are also found in the market.)

Advanced usage often involves the noun form 'कड़वाहट' (kaṛvāhaṭ), which means 'bitterness.' While 'kaṛvā' describes an object, 'kaṛvāhaṭ' describes the quality or the abstract feeling. For example, 'रिश्ते में कड़वाहट आ गई' (Bitterness has entered the relationship). Mastering the transition between the adjective and the noun form will greatly enhance your fluency.

In India, you will encounter the word कड़वा (kaṛvā) in three primary settings: the kitchen, the doctor's office, and in heated interpersonal discussions. Understanding these contexts will help you recognize the word in the wild.

The Kitchen and Dining Table: Indian cuisine famously utilizes the bitter taste. You will hear mothers telling children that 'Karela' is 'kaṛvā' but healthy. You might also hear it when coffee is brewed too strong or if oil has gone rancid.

यह कॉफी बहुत कड़वी है, थोड़ी चीनी डालो। (This coffee is very bitter, add some sugar.)

In medical contexts, the word is ubiquitous. Traditional Ayurvedic medicine often relies on bitter herbs (like Neem or Chirata). Doctors and parents often use the word to prepare a patient for the unpleasant taste of a syrup or a pill. There is a cultural understanding that 'kaṛvī dawa' is effective.

Health and Medicine: Used to describe the taste of traditional medicines and the idea that healing often requires enduring discomfort.

बीमारी ठीक करने के लिए कड़वा काढ़ा पीना पड़ेगा। (To get well, you'll have to drink the bitter decoction.)

Finally, in social and political discourse, 'kaṛvā' is used to describe harsh criticisms or the 'bitter' reality of societal issues. News anchors might describe a new policy as a 'kaṛvī ghoot' (bitter gulp/pill) for the public, meaning it's a necessary but painful measure. In daily life, if you have an argument with a friend, they might say, 'Tumhari baatein bahut kaṛvī hain' (Your words are very bitter/harsh).

For English speakers, the most common mistakes when using कड़वा (kaṛvā) involve confusing it with other 'unpleasant' tastes or failing to apply gender agreement. Let's break down these pitfalls to ensure your Hindi sounds natural.

Confusing 'Kaṛvā' with 'Teekha': English speakers often use 'spicy' and 'bitter' interchangeably when they just mean 'it burns' or 'it's too strong.' In Hindi, 'Teekha' (तीखा) is for chili-hot, while 'Kaṛvā' is for coffee-bitter. Using 'Kaṛvā' for a spicy curry is a major error.

गलत: यह मिर्च बहुत कड़वी है। (Wrong: This chili is very bitter.)
सही: यह मिर्च बहुत तीखी है। (Right: This chili is very spicy.)

Another mistake is the lack of adjective agreement. Because 'bitter' is invariable in English, learners often forget to change 'kaṛvā' to 'kaṛvī' or 'kaṛve.' This is particularly tricky with abstract nouns where the gender isn't immediately obvious to a beginner.

Gender Mismatch: Learners often say 'Kaṛvā chai' or 'Kaṛvā dawa.' Since 'chai' and 'dawa' are feminine, it must be 'Kaṛvī'.

सावधान: 'सच' (truth) masculine है, इसलिए 'कड़वा सच'। 'बात' (talk) feminine है, इसलिए 'कड़वी बात'।

Finally, learners sometimes use 'kaṛvā' when they mean 'sour' (khatta). Lemon juice is 'khatta,' not 'kaṛvā.' Bitterness is the taste of the peel (zest), while the juice is sour. Distinguishing between these four—Meetha (sweet), Khatta (sour), Teekha (spicy), and Kaṛvā (bitter)—is fundamental to basic Hindi fluency.

While कड़वा (kaṛvā) is the general term for bitterness, Hindi offers several nuances depending on the intensity and nature of the sensation. Understanding these synonyms and related terms will help you express yourself with more precision.

कसैला (Kasailā): This describes an 'astringent' or 'pungent' taste, like that of an unripe banana or certain nuts. It’s slightly different from pure bitterness as it causes a puckering sensation in the mouth.

If you want to talk about the *feeling* of bitterness or a grudge, you should use the noun कड़वाहट (kaṛvāhaṭ). This is often used in the context of relationships or a lingering aftertaste in a dish.

तीखा (Teekhā): While usually meaning 'spicy,' it can also mean 'sharp' or 'piercing.' A 'teekhi nazar' (sharp look) or 'teekhi baatein' (sharp words) is similar to 'kaṛvī baatein' but implies more of an aggressive sting rather than a lingering unpleasantness.

तुलना: 'कड़वा' (bitter) vs 'कसैला' (astringent). कड़वा जीभ के पिछले हिस्से में महसूस होता है, जबकि कसैला पूरी जीभ को सिकोड़ देता है।

In a metaphorical sense, you might use अप्रिय (apriya) which means 'unpleasant' or 'distasteful.' If a truth is 'kaṛvā,' it is specifically a 'bitter truth,' but if it's just 'apriya,' it's something you simply don't like hearing. Another alternative is कठोर (kaṭhor), meaning 'harsh' or 'hard.' Harsh words are 'kaṭhor shabd,' which often overlap with 'kaṛvī baatein.'

Finally, when describing a person's nature, you might hear बदमिज़ाज (bad-mizāj), which means ill-tempered. While not a direct synonym for 'kaṛvā,' a 'bad-mizāj' person is likely to speak 'kaṛvī baatein.' Understanding these connections helps build a semantic web in your mind.

How Formal Is It?

Wusstest du?

In ancient India, the 'bitter' taste was considered one of the six essential tastes (Rasas) necessary for a balanced diet and emotional health.

Aussprachehilfe

UK /ˈkəɽ.ʋɑː/

US /ˈkʌd.vɑː/

The stress is on the first syllable 'Kaṛ-'.

Reimt sich auf

भड़वा (bhaṛvā) चड़वा (chaṛvā) पड़वा (paṛvā) हलवा (halvā - partial) जलवा (jalvā - partial) मलवा (malvā) तलवा (talvā) बलवा (balvā)

Häufige Fehler

Pronouncing 'ṛ' as a normal 'r'.
Pronouncing 'v' as a heavy English 'v' instead of a soft 'v/w' sound.
Missing the vowel length at the end.

Schwierigkeitsgrad

Lesen 1/5

Easy to recognize the script and common usage.

Schreiben 2/5

Requires remembering the retroflex 'ṛ'.

Sprechen 2/5

Requires mastering the flap 'ṛ' sound.

Hören 1/5

Commonly used and easily distinguishable.

Was du als Nächstes lernen solltest

Voraussetzungen

मीठा स्वाद सच दवा होना

Als Nächstes lernen

कड़वाहट कसैला अनुभव हकीकत ज़हर

Fortgeschritten

कटु तिक्त विद्रूप विडंबना प्रतिशोध

Wichtige Grammatik

Adjective Gender Agreement

कड़वा (M) vs कड़वी (F)

Retroflex Consonants

The 'ड़' (ṛ) sound in कड़वा.

Oblique Case with Adjectives

कड़वे सच को (To the bitter truth)

Noun Formation with -ahat

कड़वा + आहट = कड़वाहट

Comparison with 'se'

नीम करेले से कड़वा है।

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Beispiele nach Niveau

यह करेला कड़वा है।

This bitter gourd is bitter.

Karela is masculine, so we use 'kaṛvā'.

चाय कड़वी है।

The tea is bitter.

Chai is feminine, so we use 'kaṛvī'.

दवा कड़वी होती है।

Medicine is bitter.

General statement using 'hotī hai' (is/becomes).

मुझे कड़वा खाना पसंद नहीं है।

I don't like bitter food.

'Khana' is masculine, so 'kaṛvā' agrees with it.

क्या यह कॉफी कड़वी है?

Is this coffee bitter?

Interrogative sentence structure.

नीम के पत्ते कड़वे हैं।

Neem leaves are bitter.

Plural masculine agreement (patte -> kaṛve).

यह बहुत कड़वा है!

This is very bitter!

Use of 'bahut' (very) as an intensifier.

बिना चीनी के चाय कड़वी लगती है।

Tea tastes bitter without sugar.

'Lagti hai' means 'feels' or 'tastes' here.

यह दवा उस दवा से ज़्यादा कड़वी है।

This medicine is more bitter than that medicine.

Comparative structure using 'se zyada'.

कल का जूस थोड़ा कड़वा था।

Yesterday's juice was a bit bitter.

Past tense 'tha' agreeing with 'juice' (masculine).

क्या आपने कभी कड़वा फल खाया है?

Have you ever eaten a bitter fruit?

Present perfect tense with 'kabhi' (ever).

मुझे कड़वी चीज़ें अच्छी नहीं लगतीं।

I don't like bitter things.

Plural feminine agreement (cheezein -> kaṛvī).

यह कड़वा सच है कि हमें जाना होगा।

It is a bitter truth that we have to go.

Introduction of the metaphor 'kaṛvā sach'.

माँ ने कड़वे करेले बनाए।

Mother made bitter bitter-gourds.

Adjective-noun agreement in plural (kaṛve karele).

इस दवा का स्वाद कड़वा है।

The taste of this medicine is bitter.

'Swaad' (taste) is masculine, so 'kaṛvā'.

ज़्यादा उबालने से चाय कड़वी हो जाती है।

Tea becomes bitter by boiling too much.

Cause and effect using 'se' and 'ho jati hai'.

उनकी कड़वी बातों ने मेरा दिल दुखाया।

Their bitter words hurt my heart.

Metaphorical use for speech.

पुराने दोस्तों के बीच कड़वी यादें नहीं होनी चाहिए।

There shouldn't be bitter memories between old friends.

Use of 'honi chahiye' (should be).

हार का स्वाद हमेशा कड़वा होता है।

The taste of defeat is always bitter.

Abstract concept as a noun phrase.

उसने कड़वा घूँट पीकर सब कुछ सह लिया।

He endured everything by swallowing a bitter pill.

Idiomatic expression 'kaṛvā ghoot peena'.

रिश्ते में कड़वाहट आने से पहले बात कर लो।

Talk before bitterness enters the relationship.

Using the noun 'kaṛvāhaṭ'.

वह हमेशा कड़वा सच बोलने के लिए जाना जाता है।

He is known for always speaking the bitter truth.

Passive structure 'jana jata hai'.

उसकी आवाज़ में एक कड़वापन था।

There was a bitterness in his voice.

Another noun form 'kaṛvāpan'.

इतनी कड़वी भाषा का प्रयोग मत करो।

Don't use such bitter language.

Imperative 'mat karo'.

राजनीति में कड़वे अनुभवों से सीखना ज़रूरी है।

In politics, it is necessary to learn from bitter experiences.

Plural oblique case (anubhavon -> kaṛve).

उसकी सफलता के पीछे कई कड़वे सच छिपे हैं।

Behind his success, many bitter truths are hidden.

Complex prepositional phrase 'ke peeche'.

समाज की कड़वी हकीकत को नज़रअंदाज़ नहीं किया जा सकता।

The bitter reality of society cannot be ignored.

Passive potential 'kiya ja sakta'.

बंटवारे की कड़वी यादें आज भी ताज़ा हैं।

The bitter memories of the partition are still fresh today.

Historical/Cultural context.

उसने बहुत कड़वाहट के साथ जवाब दिया।

He replied with a lot of bitterness.

Adverbial use with 'ke saath'.

यह फैसला जनता के लिए एक कड़वा घूँट साबित हुआ।

This decision proved to be a bitter pill for the public.

Metaphorical 'saabit hua' (proved to be).

लेखक ने युद्ध की कड़वी सच्चाई को दर्शाया है।

The author has depicted the bitter truth of war.

Present perfect 'darshaya hai'.

बिना किसी कड़वाहट के हमें अलग हो जाना चाहिए।

We should separate without any bitterness.

Negative prepositional phrase 'bina kisi'.

उसकी बातों में छिपी कड़वाहट को पहचानना मुश्किल नहीं था।

It wasn't hard to recognize the bitterness hidden in his words.

Infinitive as subject 'pehchanna'.

वैश्वीकरण के कुछ कड़वे परिणाम भी सामने आए हैं।

Some bitter consequences of globalization have also emerged.

Academic/Economic context.

उसने अपने जीवन के कड़वे अनुभवों को एक किताब में पिरोया है।

He has woven the bitter experiences of his life into a book.

Poetic verb 'piroya' (woven/strung).

न्याय की प्रक्रिया कभी-कभी बहुत कड़वी और लंबी होती है।

The process of justice is sometimes very bitter and long.

Abstract noun 'nyay' (justice).

उनकी मुस्कान में एक कड़वा व्यंग्य था।

There was a bitter sarcasm in his smile.

Nuanced description 'kaṛvā vyangya'.

इतिहास के कड़वे पन्नों को पलटना हमेशा दुखद होता है।

Turning the bitter pages of history is always sad.

Metaphorical 'panne' (pages).

इस कड़वे सच को स्वीकार करना ही एकमात्र रास्ता है।

Accepting this bitter truth is the only way.

Emphasis using 'hi' (only/itself).

उसकी आलोचना कड़वी तो थी, पर निष्पक्ष थी।

His criticism was bitter, but it was fair.

Contrast using 'to... par' (was... but).

अस्तित्व की कड़वी विडंबना यह है कि हम अंत जानते हुए भी जीते हैं।

The bitter irony of existence is that we live despite knowing the end.

Philosophical complexity.

उसकी लेखनी में समाज के प्रति एक गहरी कड़वाहट झलकती है।

A deep bitterness toward society is reflected in his writing.

High-level verb 'jhalakti hai' (is reflected/evident).

राजनीतिक प्रतिशोध ने सार्वजनिक विमर्श में कड़वाहट घोल दी है।

Political vendetta has dissolved bitterness into public discourse.

Metaphorical 'ghol di' (dissolved/mixed).

क्या मानवीय संवेदनाएं कड़वे यथार्थ के आगे दम तोड़ देंगी?

Will human emotions give up before the bitter reality?

Rhetorical question with 'dam tod dena' (to die/give up).

साहित्य में कड़वापन अक्सर यथार्थवाद की पहचान माना जाता है।

In literature, bitterness is often considered a hallmark of realism.

Literary analysis register.

उसने अपनी हार को बड़े ही कड़वे मन से स्वीकार किया।

He accepted his defeat with a very bitter heart/mind.

Idiomatic 'kaṛve man se'.

सत्य का कड़वा स्वाद ही उसे भ्रम से अलग करता है।

It is the bitter taste of truth that separates it from delusion.

Philosophical distinction.

विभाजन की कड़वी विरासत आज भी उपमहाद्वीप को प्रभावित करती है।

The bitter legacy of partition still affects the subcontinent today.

Sociopolitical terminology 'virasat' (legacy).

Synonyme

कटु तीखा कषैला अप्रिय नीम-सा

Gegenteile

मीठा मधुर सुहावना

Häufige Kollokationen

कड़वा सच

कड़वी यादें

कड़वी दवा

कड़वा घूँट

कड़वी बातें

कड़वा तेल

कड़वा अनुभव

कड़वी मुस्कान

कड़वा घूँट पीना

कड़वाहट घोलना

Häufige Phrasen

सच हमेशा कड़वा होता है

— The truth is always hard to accept.

जब मैंने उसे सच बताया, तो वह गुस्सा हो गया; सच हमेशा कड़वा होता है।

कड़वी ज़ुबान

— A person who speaks harshly or rudely.

उसकी कड़वी ज़ुबान की वजह से उसके कोई दोस्त नहीं हैं।

कड़वा घूँट

— An unpleasant situation one must endure.

नौकरी खोना उसके लिए एक कड़वा घूँट था।

कड़वी यादें मिटाना

— To forget or move past painful memories.

वह नई शुरुआत करके अपनी कड़वी यादें मिटाना चाहता है।

कड़वा स्वाद छोड़ना

— To leave a bad impression or lingering bad feeling.

उस बहस ने सबके मन में एक कड़वा स्वाद छोड़ दिया।

कड़वे वचन

— Harsh or stinging words.

क्रोध में उसने कड़वे वचन कहे।

कड़वाहट पैदा करना

— To create resentment or ill-will.

पैसों के मामले अक्सर रिश्तों में कड़वाहट पैदा करते हैं।

कड़वा नीम

— A reference to the very bitter but healthy Neem tree.

कड़वा नीम बीमारियों के लिए अच्छा होता है।

कड़वे फल

— The bad results of a wrong action.

बुराई के हमेशा कड़वे फल ही मिलते हैं।

कड़वा सच बोलना

— To be blunt and honest even if it hurts.

वह हमेशा कड़वा सच बोलने की हिम्मत रखता है।

Wird oft verwechselt mit

कड़वा vs तीखा (Teekhā)

Teekhā is spicy/chili-hot. Kaṛvā is bitter like coffee/neem.

कड़वा vs खट्टा (Khaṭṭā)

Khaṭṭā is sour like lemon. Kaṛvā is bitter.

कड़वा vs कसैला (Kasailā)

Kasailā is astringent (tongue-puckering). Kaṛvā is purely bitter.

Redewendungen & Ausdrücke

"कड़वा घूँट पीना"

— To tolerate an insult or a painful situation without complaining.

अपमान का कड़वा घूँट पीकर वह चुप रहा।

Common

"ज़हर उगलना"

— To speak very bitter or hateful things (literally: to spit poison).

वह हमेशा दूसरों के खिलाफ ज़हर उगलता है।

Informal

"दिल में कड़वाहट होना"

— To hold a grudge or have resentment.

इतने सालों बाद भी उसके दिल में कड़वाहट है।

Emotional

"कड़वे घूँट भरना"

— To endure repeated hardships.

गरीबी में उसने कई कड़वे घूँट भरे हैं।

Literary

"नीम चढ़ा होना"

— Something already bad getting even worse (literally: a bitter gourd vine growing on a neem tree).

एक तो वह बदतमीज़ है, ऊपर से गुस्सा; यह तो करेला और नीम चढ़ा वाली बात हुई।

Proverbial

"मुँह कड़वा करना"

— To have an unpleasant experience or conversation.

उससे बात करके मेरा मुँह कड़वा हो गया।

Informal

"कड़वी गोली निगलना"

— To accept a difficult necessity.

टैक्स बढ़ाना सरकार के लिए एक कड़वी गोली निगलने जैसा था।

Modern

"कड़वाहट घोलना"

— To spoil an atmosphere with negativity.

उसने अपनी बातों से पार्टी में कड़वाहट घोल दी।

Neutral

"कड़वा सच आईना दिखाना"

— To force someone to face a harsh reality.

दोस्त ने उसे कड़वा सच बोलकर आईना दिखा दिया।

Metaphorical

"कड़वे अनुभव की पाठशाला"

— Learning through difficult life lessons.

उसने कड़वे अनुभवों की पाठशाला से बहुत कुछ सीखा है।

Literary

Leicht verwechselbar

कड़वा vs कड़ा

Sounds similar.

Kada means hard or stiff. Kaṛvā means bitter.

यह पत्थर कड़ा है, पर यह फल कड़वा है।

कड़वा vs कड़वा

Gender forms.

Kaṛvā is masculine, Kaṛvī is feminine.

कड़वा सच, कड़वी बात।

कड़वा vs कूड़ा

Similar phonetics.

Kūṛā means trash/garbage.

कूड़ा बाहर फेंको, कड़वा खाना नहीं।

कड़वा vs कौवा

Vowel similarity.

Kauvā means crow.

कौवा काला है, करेला कड़वा है।

कड़वा vs कढ़ी

Similar start.

Kaṛhī is a type of yogurt-based curry.

कढ़ी मीठी है, पर नीम कड़वा है।

Satzmuster

[Noun] [Adjective] hai.

करेला कड़वा है।

Mujhe [Adjective] [Noun] pasand nahi.

मुझे कड़वी चाय पसंद नहीं।

[Noun] ka swaad [Adjective] hai.

इस फल का स्वाद कड़वा है।

[Noun] hamesha [Adjective] hota hai.

सच हमेशा कड़वा होता है।

[Noun] mein [Noun-form] jhalakti hai.

उसकी बातों में कड़वाहट झलकती है।

[Noun] ke aage [Noun] ne dam tod diya.

कड़वे यथार्थ के आगे उसने दम तोड़ दिया।

[Noun] ne [Noun] ghol di.

उसने रिश्तों में कड़वाहट घोल दी।

Yeh [Noun] usse zyada [Adjective] hai.

यह दवा उससे ज़्यादा कड़वी है।

Wortfamilie

Substantive

कड़वाहट (kaṛvāhaṭ - bitterness)

कड़वापन (kaṛvāpan - bitter quality)

Verben

कड़वाना (kaṛvānā - to make bitter)

कड़वा होना (kaṛvā honā - to be/become bitter)

Adjektive

कड़वा (kaṛvā)

कड़वी (kaṛvī)

कड़वे (kaṛve)

Verwandt

नीम

करेला

दवा

सच

ज़हर

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So verwendest du es

frequency

Very high in both daily conversation and literature.

Häufige Fehler

Using 'kaṛvā' for spicy food. → Using 'teekha'.
Kaṛvā is for bitterness (coffee), teekha is for heat (chili).
Saying 'kaṛvā chai'. → Saying 'kaṛvī chai'.
Chai is feminine, so the adjective must end in -ī.
Saying 'kaṛvā memories'. → Saying 'kaṛvī yaadein'.
Yaadein (memories) is feminine plural, requiring 'kaṛvī'.
Confusing 'kaṛvā' with 'khatta'. → Knowing the difference.
Khatta is sour (lemon), kaṛvā is bitter (neem).
Using 'kaṛvā' for a hard surface. → Using 'kaṭhor' or 'sakht'.
Kaṛvā is only for taste or metaphorical bitterness, not physical hardness.

Tipps

Check the Noun Gender

Always determine if the noun is masculine or feminine before choosing between kaṛvā and kaṛvī.

Health Benefits

Remember that in India, bitterness is often linked to health, so don't be surprised if someone offers you 'kaṛvī' tea for a cold.

The Retroflex Flap

The 'ṛ' sound is key. Don't pronounce it like a rolling 'r'; it's a quick tap on the roof of the mouth.

Learn the Noun

Learning 'kaṛvāhaṭ' (bitterness) along with 'kaṛvā' will help you talk about emotions more effectively.

Metaphorical Truth

Use 'kaṛvā sach' when you want to sound profound or serious about a difficult reality.

Cooking Terms

If food tastes 'off' or bitter because it's burnt, 'kaṛvā' is the right word to use.

K-K Pair

Remember Karela = Kaṛvā. They both start with K and both represent bitterness.

Not Spicy!

Never use 'kaṛvā' for chili-hot food. That's 'teekha'.

Be Careful

Calling someone's words 'kaṛvī' can be taken as a serious insult or a deep observation of their character.

Media Context

Listen for this word in news reports about 'bitter' political rivalries.

Einprägen

Eselsbrücke

Think of a 'Curva' (curve) in your mouth when you taste something bitter—your tongue curls back! Kaṛvā sounds like 'Curve-a'.

Visuelle Assoziation

Imagine a bright green bitter gourd (Karela) with a giant 'X' over it, representing the sharp 'Kaṛvā' taste.

Word Web

Karela Neem Medicine Truth Memories Coffee Words Grudge

Herausforderung

Try to find three things in your kitchen today that are 'kaṛvā' and label them in Hindi.

Wortherkunft

Derived from the Sanskrit word 'कटुक' (kaṭuka) meaning sharp, pungent, or bitter.

Ursprüngliche Bedeutung: Originally referred to the sharp sting of certain plants and spices.

Indo-Aryan

Kultureller Kontext

Be careful when calling someone's words 'kaṛvī'; it can be seen as a direct accusation of being hurtful.

In English, 'bitter' often implies resentment. In Hindi, 'kaṛvā' is more frequently used for literal tastes and 'harsh truths' specifically.

The proverb: 'Sach kaṛvā hota hai' (Truth is bitter). The movie 'Kaṛvī Hawa' (Bitter Wind) about climate change. Kabir's poetry often mentions 'kaṭu vachan' (bitter words).

Im Alltag üben

Kontexte aus dem Alltag

Dining

यह सब्जी कड़वी है।
ज़्यादा चाय पत्ती से चाय कड़वी हो गई।
क्या इसमें कुछ कड़वा है?
कड़वा स्वाद पसंद नहीं।

Medical

दवा कड़वी है पर ज़रूरी है।
मुँह का स्वाद कड़वा हो गया है।
कड़वा काढ़ा पियो।
गोली कड़वी नहीं है।

Relationships

कड़वी बातें मत करो।
हमारे बीच कड़वाहट आ गई।
पुरानी कड़वी यादें।
उसका स्वभाव कड़वा है।

Philosophy/Truth

सच कड़वा होता है।
कड़वा सच स्वीकार करो।
जीवन का कड़वा अनुभव।
इतिहास की कड़वी सच्चाई।

Kitchen/Cooking

करेला बहुत कड़वा है।
तेल कड़वा हो गया।
कड़वापन कैसे निकालें?
कड़वे बादाम फेंक दो।

Gesprächseinstiege

"क्या आपको कड़वा खाना पसंद है, जैसे करेला?"

"क्या आपने कभी जीवन में कोई कड़वा सच सुना है?"

"अगर चाय कड़वी हो जाए, तो आप क्या करते हैं?"

"आपके देश में सबसे कड़वी चीज़ क्या मानी जाती है?"

"क्या आपको लगता है कि कड़वी यादें समय के साथ मीठी हो सकती हैं?"

Tagebuch-Impulse

आज मैंने एक कड़वा सच महसूस किया कि...

मेरे जीवन का सबसे कड़वा अनुभव तब था जब...

क्या आपको लगता है कि कड़वी बातें बोलना हमेशा गलत होता है? क्यों?

एक ऐसी घटना के बारे में लिखें जिसने आपके मन में कड़वाहट छोड़ दी।

कड़वी दवा और कड़वा सच—दोनों में से क्या ज़्यादा ज़रूरी है?

Häufig gestellte Fragen

10 Fragen

Not necessarily. In the context of health and Ayurveda, 'kaṛvā' is often seen as beneficial and purifying, even if the taste is unpleasant.

You can use 'khaṭṭa-meetha' for flavor, but for emotions, you might say 'kaṛvā-meetha' or 'dukh-sukh bhara'.

The feminine form is 'kaṛvī' (कड़वी). Use it for feminine nouns like 'chai', 'dawa', or 'yaad'.

Yes, but usually we describe their 'zubaan' (tongue) or 'baatein' (words) as bitter, rather than the person themselves as 'kaṛvā'.

'Kaṛvā' is the adjective (bitter), while 'kaṛvāhaṭ' is the noun (bitterness).

Coffee is 'kaṛvī'. 'Teekhi' is reserved for things that have a chili-like burn.

Because it is the most famous 'kaṛvā' vegetable in India. 'Karela' and 'kaṛvā' are inseparable concepts.

For masculine nouns, use 'kaṛve' (e.g., kaṛve phal). For feminine nouns, it stays 'kaṛvī' (e.g., kaṛvī yaadein).

There is a very strong cultural proverb 'Sach kaṛvā hota hai', so yes, it is a very common association.

The root is 'Kaṭuka', which refers to a sharp or pungent taste.

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