A2 Case System 1 min read मध्यम

Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

The Genitive case shows possession or origin; for masculine and neuter nouns, add -a or -u to the end.

  • Most masculine animate nouns add -a: 'pán' becomes 'pána'.
  • Most masculine inanimate nouns add -u: 'hrad' becomes 'hradu'.
  • Neuter nouns ending in -o change to -a: 'auto' becomes 'auta'.
Noun + (-a/-u) = Genitive Possession

Genitive Singular Endings

Gender Nominative Genitive Example
Masculine Animate
pes
psa
psa
Masculine Inanimate
hrad
hradu
hradu
Neuter
město
města
města
Neuter
auto
auta
auta

Meanings

The Genitive case is primarily used to express possession, origin, or the absence of something.

1

Possession

Indicating who owns an object.

“Kniha mého bratra.”

“Dům mého dědečka.”

2

Quantification

Used after numbers or words of quantity.

“Pět litrů mléka.”

“Kousek chleba.”

3

Negation

Used after negated verbs.

“Nemám čas.”

“Nechci žádného psa.”

Reference Table

Reference table for Genitive Singular: Masculine and Neuter
Form Structure Example
Affirmative
Noun + -a/-u
Dům otce
Negative
Nemám + Noun(-a/-u)
Nemám auta
Question
Je to + Noun(-a/-u)?
Je to auto bratra?
Quantification
Číslo + Noun(-a/-u)
Pět litrů mléka
Preposition
U/Bez/Od + Noun(-a/-u)
U domu

औपचारिकता का स्तर

औपचारिक
Nedisponuji vozidlem.

Nedisponuji vozidlem. (Daily life)

तटस्थ
Nemám auto.

Nemám auto. (Daily life)

अनौपचारिक
Nemám auto.

Nemám auto. (Daily life)

बोलचाल
Nemám káru.

Nemám káru. (Daily life)

Genitive Case Map

Genitive Case

Functions

  • Possession Ownership
  • Negation Not having
  • Quantity How much

स्तर के अनुसार उदाहरण

1

To je dům mého otce.

This is my father's house.

2

Nemám čas.

I don't have time.

3

Kde je auto mého bratra?

Where is my brother's car?

4

Chci šálek čaje.

I want a cup of tea.

1

Pět litrů mléka, prosím.

Five liters of milk, please.

2

Bez mého psa nejdu.

I'm not going without my dog.

3

Není tu žádného problému.

There is no problem here.

4

To je výsledek mého projektu.

That is the result of my project.

1

Potřebuji pomoc mého přítele.

I need my friend's help.

2

Bojím se velkého pavouka.

I am afraid of the big spider.

3

U mého domu je park.

There is a park by my house.

4

Od mého učitele vím vše.

I know everything from my teacher.

1

Nedostatek času je velký problém.

Lack of time is a big problem.

2

Využití tohoto systému je snadné.

The use of this system is easy.

3

Hledám klíče od mého auta.

I am looking for my car keys.

4

Žádného z nich neznám.

I don't know any of them.

1

Důkaz jeho neviny byl nalezen.

Proof of his innocence was found.

2

V rámci našeho výzkumu jsme zjistili...

Within the scope of our research, we found...

3

Byl to projev jeho odvahy.

It was a display of his courage.

4

Nedostalo se mi žádné odpovědi.

I received no answer.

1

Z hlediska lingvistiky je to zajímavé.

From a linguistic point of view, it is interesting.

2

Nebyl to výtvor lidské ruky.

It was not a creation of human hand.

3

Vzhledem k mému věku to chápu.

Given my age, I understand it.

4

Nebylo slyšet ani hlásku.

Not a sound could be heard.

आसानी से भ्रमित होने वाले

Genitive Singular: Masculine and Neuter बनाम Genitive vs Accusative

Both cases can look similar, but Accusative is for direct objects of actions, while Genitive is for possession/negation.

Genitive Singular: Masculine and Neuter बनाम Masculine Animate vs Inanimate

Learners mix up -a and -u endings.

Genitive Singular: Masculine and Neuter बनाम Neuter -o vs -a

Neuter nouns ending in -o change to -a in Genitive.

सामान्य गलतियाँ

Nemám auto.

Nemám auta.

Negated verbs require Genitive.

Kniha pes.

Kniha psa.

Possession needs Genitive.

Pět litr mléko.

Pět litrů mléka.

Quantities need Genitive.

U dům.

U domu.

Prepositions require Genitive.

Bez bratr.

Bez bratra.

Preposition 'bez' takes Genitive.

To je auto otce.

To je auto otce (correct, but check gender).

Ensure correct gender endings.

Chci šálek čaj.

Chci šálek čaje.

Quantification needs Genitive.

Bojím se pavouk.

Bojím se pavouka.

Verb 'bát se' takes Genitive.

Nedostatek čas.

Nedostatek času.

Abstract nouns follow Genitive rules.

Od učitel.

Od učitele.

Preposition 'od' takes Genitive.

V rámci výzkum.

V rámci výzkumu.

Complex prepositions require Genitive.

Důkaz nevina.

Důkaz neviny.

Possessive Genitive in formal contexts.

Nedostalo se mi odpověď.

Nedostalo se mi odpovědi.

Formal negation requires Genitive.

वाक्य संरचनाएँ

Nemám ___.

To je dům ___.

Potřebuji ___ mléka.

Bez ___ nejdu.

Real World Usage

Ordering food constant

Prosím šálek kávy.

Texting friends very common

Nemám čas.

Job interviews common

Výsledek projektu je dobrý.

Travel common

Kde je dům mého přítele?

Social media common

Fotka mého psa.

Shopping very common

Pět litrů vody.

💡

Animate vs Inanimate

Remember: people/animals take -a, things take -u.
⚠️

Negation

Always look for 'ne-' verbs; they are a huge red flag for the Genitive.
🎯

Quantities

Numbers 5 and above always trigger the Genitive.
💬

Politeness

Using the correct case shows you respect the language structure.

Smart Tips

Immediately switch to Genitive.

Nemám auto. Nemám auta.

Add -a.

Dům bratr. Dům bratra.

Add -u.

Konec film. Konec filmu.

Use Genitive.

Pět litr. Pět litrů.

उच्चारण

IPA: /aː/

Vowel lengthening

Sometimes the final vowel is lengthened in the Genitive.

Statement

To je dům mého otce. ↘

Falling intonation for facts.

याद करें

स्मृति सहायक

Genitive is the 'A-U' case: add -a for the living, -u for the things.

दृश्य संबंध

Imagine a dog (pes) wearing a collar with an 'A' on it, and a castle (hrad) with a large 'U' carved into the gate.

Rhyme

For the dog, add an A, for the castle, a U, it's the Genitive way, for me and for you.

Story

My brother (bratr) has a dog (pes). I don't have the dog (psa). I go to the castle (hrad) without the dog (psa).

Word Web

peshradautoměstobratrotec

चैलेंज

Write 5 sentences about things you do not have in your room using the Genitive case.

सांस्कृतिक नोट्स

The Genitive is used in formal address and professional settings to show respect.

The Genitive case in Slavic languages evolved from the Proto-Indo-European ablative and genitive cases.

बातचीत की शुरुआत

Co nemáš v lednici?

Čí je to auto?

Kolik litrů mléka potřebuješ?

Bojíš se něčeho?

डायरी विषय

Popiš, co nemáš ve svém pokoji.
Napiš o svém nejlepším příteli a jeho věcech.
Popiš svůj den bez telefonu.
Napiš krátký příběh o hledání ztraceného předmětu.

सामान्य गलतियाँ

Incorrect

सही


Incorrect

सही


Incorrect

सही


Incorrect

सही

Test Yourself

Fill in the correct Genitive form.

Nemám ___ (pes).

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: psa
Animate masculine takes -a.
Choose the correct form. बहुविकल्पी

To je auto ___ (bratr).

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: bratra
Possession requires Genitive.
Find the error. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Nemám auto.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Nemám auta
Negated verbs require Genitive.
Reorder the words. Sentence Reorder

Arrange the words in the correct order:

All words placed

Click words above to build the sentence

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Pět litrů mléka prosím
Correct word order for quantity.
Translate to Czech. अनुवाद

I don't have time.

Answer starts with: Nem...

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Nemám času
Negation requires Genitive.
Match the noun to its Genitive form. Match Pairs

Match each item on the left with its pair on the right:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: psa, hradu
Animate vs Inanimate rules.
Choose the correct preposition. बहुविकल्पी

___ (bez) mého psa.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Bez
Bez takes Genitive.
Fill in the correct form.

Potřebuji pomoc ___ (otec).

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: otce
Possession requires Genitive.

Score: /8

अभ्यास प्रश्न

8 exercises
Fill in the correct Genitive form.

Nemám ___ (pes).

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: psa
Animate masculine takes -a.
Choose the correct form. बहुविकल्पी

To je auto ___ (bratr).

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: bratra
Possession requires Genitive.
Find the error. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Nemám auto.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Nemám auta
Negated verbs require Genitive.
Reorder the words. Sentence Reorder

mléka / litr / pět / prosím

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Pět litrů mléka prosím
Correct word order for quantity.
Translate to Czech. अनुवाद

I don't have time.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Nemám času
Negation requires Genitive.
Match the noun to its Genitive form. Match Pairs

pes -> ?, hrad -> ?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: psa, hradu
Animate vs Inanimate rules.
Choose the correct preposition. बहुविकल्पी

___ (bez) mého psa.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Bez
Bez takes Genitive.
Fill in the correct form.

Potřebuji pomoc ___ (otec).

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: otce
Possession requires Genitive.

Score: /8

अक्सर पूछे जाने वाले सवाल (8)

Because it is a masculine animate noun, which takes the -a ending in the Genitive.

Use -u for masculine inanimate nouns (things).

No, only when expressing possession, quantity, or after specific prepositions/negation.

Neuter nouns ending in -o change to -a.

No, that would be grammatically incorrect and sound unnatural.

Yes, some nouns have irregular endings, but the -a/-u rule covers most.

Focus on 'Nemám...' sentences and quantities.

Yes, but that is a different rule (Genitive Plural).

Scaffolded Practice

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

4

Mastery Progress

Needs Practice

Improving

Strong

Mastered

In Other Languages

Spanish low

De + Noun

Czech changes the word; Spanish adds a word.

French low

De + Noun

Czech is inflectional; French is analytical.

German moderate

Genitiv

German uses articles to show case; Czech changes the noun.

Japanese low

No particle

Japanese is agglutinative; Czech is fusional.

Arabic low

Idafa construction

Arabic uses word order and state; Czech uses inflection.

Chinese low

De particle

Chinese has no case system.

Learning Path

Prerequisites

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