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B1 noun #3,800 am häufigsten 6 Min. Lesezeit

专利

zhuanli Top 3,800

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Erklärung 专利 in your Level:

At the A1 level, you don't need to worry about the legal complexities of '专利'. Just remember that it means 'patent' and it's something inventors have. Think of it like a 'name tag' for an invention that says 'I made this, and only I can use it.' You might see it on a toy or a phone. It's a noun. Example: '这是他的专利' (This is his patent).

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At A2, you can start using '专利' with simple verbs like '有' (have) or '买' (buy). You should recognize that it relates to new things people make. If you are talking about technology or big companies like Apple, you might say '他们有很多专利' (They have many patents). It's a useful word for basic discussions about products and companies.

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At B1, you should be able to use '专利' in a professional or academic context. You should know the verb '申请' (apply for) and understand that a patent is a form of protection. You can discuss why patents are important for innovation. For example: '为了保护我们的发明，我们必须申请专利' (In order to protect our invention, we must apply for a patent). You should also distinguish it from '版权' (copyright).

At B2, you are expected to understand the nuances of patent law in conversation. You should use terms like '侵权' (infringement) and '授权' (authorization/licensing). You can discuss the pros and cons of the patent system, such as how it encourages research but can also lead to high prices for medicine. You should use the correct measure words like '项' or '件'.

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At C1, you should be comfortable using '专利' in legal, financial, and highly technical discussions. You should understand specific types of patents in China, such as '发明专利' (invention patents), '实用新型专利' (utility model patents), and '外观设计专利' (design patents). You can debate the ethics of patenting genes or software and use sophisticated vocabulary like '垄断' (monopoly) and '知识产权战略' (IP strategy).

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At C2, you have a native-like grasp of '专利'. You can read complex legal documents from the CNIPA (China National Intellectual Property Administration) and understand the intricacies of patent litigation, '无效宣告' (declaration of invalidity), and '交叉许可' (cross-licensing) agreements. You can analyze the impact of international patent treaties on global trade and discuss the evolution of patent law in the digital age with precision.

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专利 in 30 Sekunden

专利 means 'patent.' It is a noun used in legal and business contexts to describe exclusive rights over an invention or technical process.
The word is composed of 'exclusive' (专) and 'profit/benefit' (利), highlighting the economic advantage granted by the legal protection.
Commonly paired with verbs like 申请 (apply), 获得 (obtain), and 侵犯 (infringe), it is essential for discussing innovation and technology.
In China, 专利 is a major metric for corporate success and is categorized into invention, utility model, and design patents.

The term 专利 (zhuānlì) is a cornerstone of modern innovation and legal systems in the Chinese-speaking world. At its most basic level, it translates to 'patent' in English. However, understanding its nuance requires looking at the characters themselves: 专 (zhuān), which implies 'exclusive' or 'sole,' and 利 (lì), which refers to 'profit,' 'benefit,' or 'advantage.' Together, they describe a legal mechanism that grants an individual or entity the exclusive right to profit from a specific invention or process for a set period.

Legal Context: In a legal sense, 专利 is used when discussing Intellectual Property Rights (知识产权 - zhīshì chǎnquán). It is the shield that protects inventors from having their ideas stolen and the sword they use to maintain a competitive edge in the market.

这门技术已经申请了国家专利。 (This technology has already applied for a national patent.)

You will encounter this word most frequently in business negotiations, technology news, and legal documents. When a company like Huawei or Xiaomi announces a new breakthrough, they almost always mention their 专利 count to demonstrate their R&D strength. In daily life, you might see it on product packaging (e.g., 专利产品 - patented product), signaling to consumers that the product contains unique, protected technology.

Business Strategy: For startups, 专利 is often their most valuable asset, used to attract venture capital and prevent larger competitors from simply copying their business model.

我们需要通过专利授权来获取收入。 (We need to generate revenue through patent licensing.)

Using 专利 correctly involves pairing it with specific verbs that describe the lifecycle of a patent. The most common verb is 申请 (shēnqǐng), meaning 'to apply for.' If you have an invention, you 申请专利. Once the government approves it, you 获得 (huòdé) or 取得 (qǔdé) the patent.

Common Verb Pairings: 1. 申请专利 (Apply for a patent) 2. 授予专利 (Grant a patent) 3. 保护专利 (Protect a patent) 4. 侵犯专利 (Infringe on a patent)

When someone uses your invention without permission, they are committing 专利侵权 (zhuānlì qīnquán). This is a very serious term in Chinese business law. Conversely, if you want to let someone else use your invention for a fee, you talk about 专利许可 (zhuānlì xǔkě) or licensing.

由于专利保护到期，其他公司现在可以生产这种药了。 (Because the patent protection expired, other companies can now produce this medicine.)

Structurally, 专利 functions as a standard noun. It can be the subject of a sentence, the object of a verb, or part of a compound noun. For example, a 'patent attorney' is a 专利代理人 (zhuānlì dàilǐrén) and a 'patent fee' is a 专利费 (zhuānlì fèi).

他拥有多项发明专利。 (He holds multiple invention patents.)

You will hear 专利 in several distinct environments, each with its own flavor. In the **tech industry**, it's almost a buzzword. During product launches (like those from Huawei, BYD, or Tencent), executives often boast about the number of 专利 the company has filed as a metric of innovation. You'll hear phrases like '自主专利' (independent patent) to emphasize that the technology was developed in-house and isn't dependent on foreign entities.

News & Media: Financial news channels like CCTV-2 frequently report on '专利纠纷' (patent disputes) between global giants, such as the long-standing legal battles between Apple and Samsung.

In **academic and research settings**, 专利 is a key performance indicator (KPI). Professors and researchers at universities are often required to convert their research findings into 专利 to receive funding or promotions. Here, you'll hear about '专利转让' (patent transfer), where a university sells the rights to a discovery to a private company.

政府正在加大对专利侵权行为的打击力度。 (The government is increasing its crackdown on patent infringement.)

Lastly, in **legal dramas or news reports** regarding the 'Patent Office' (专利局 - zhuānlì jú), the word is central to discussions about law and order. In the context of international trade, 专利 is a major talking point in negotiations between China and the US or EU, often appearing in the context of '知识产权保护' (protection of intellectual property rights).

The most common mistake learners make is confusing 专利 with other types of intellectual property. In English, we sometimes use 'copyright' or 'trademark' loosely, but in Chinese, these are very distinct terms. 专利 is strictly for **inventions and technical processes**.

Confusing Terms: 1. 专利 (Patent) - For inventions. 2. 版权 (Copyright) - For books, music, art. 3. 商标 (Trademark) - For logos and brand names.

Another mistake is using the wrong measure word. While you can use '个' in a pinch, the more formal and appropriate measure word for patents is 项 (xiàng) or 件 (jiàn). Saying '一个专利' sounds informal; '一项专利' sounds professional.

错误：他写了一本书，并申请了专利。 (Wrong: He wrote a book and applied for a patent.) 正确：他写了一本书，并登记了版权。 (Correct: He wrote a book and registered the copyright.)

A third mistake is misunderstanding the scope of the word. Some learners try to use 专利 to mean 'monopoly.' While they are related (a patent grants a temporary monopoly), the word for a market monopoly is 垄断 (lǒngduàn). Don't say '他们在市场上拥有专利' if you mean they have a monopoly; say '他们在市场上处于垄断地位.'

When discussing 专利, several related words often come up. Understanding the differences between them will help you sound more like a native speaker and avoid legal inaccuracies.

专利 vs. 发明 (fāmíng): '发明' means 'invention.' An invention is the thing itself; a '专利' is the legal right to that thing. You can have an invention without a patent, but you cannot have a patent without an invention.
专利 vs. 知识产权 (zhīshì chǎnquán): '知识产权' is the umbrella term for Intellectual Property Rights. 专利 is just one category under this umbrella, alongside 版权 (copyright) and 商标 (trademark).

In more poetic or metaphorical contexts, people might use 独有 (dúyǒu) or 特色 (tèsè). For example, if a restaurant has a secret recipe, they might not have a legal 专利, but they have a '独家秘方' (exclusive secret recipe). Using 专利 in that context would sound too formal and legalistic.

这项技术是我们的核心竞争力。 (This technology is our core competitiveness - often used instead of 'patent' in business strategy meetings.)

How Formal Is It?

Wusstest du?

In the 19th century, when Western legal concepts were being translated into Chinese, '专利' was chosen to represent 'patent' because it accurately captured the essence of an exclusive (专) right to profit (利).

Aussprachehilfe

UK /ˈpeɪtənt/

US /ˈpætənt/

In the Chinese word 专利 (zhuānlì), the stress is relatively equal, but the first syllable (zhuān) is high and level (1st tone), while the second (lì) is a sharp falling tone (4th tone).

Reimt sich auf

专 (zhuān) rhymes with: 山 (shān), 关 (guān), 天 (tiān - loosely), 般 (bān). 利 (lì) rhymes with: 地 (dì), 气 (qì), 意 (yì), 记 (jì).

Häufige Fehler

Pronouncing 'zhuān' as 'zuān' (forgetting the 'h' sound).
Pronouncing 'lì' with a rising tone (2nd tone) instead of the falling tone (4th tone).
Confusing the 'zh' sound with 'j'.
Mixing up the 'u' sound in 'zhuān' with 'ü'.
Failing to sustain the high pitch of the first tone.

Schwierigkeitsgrad

Lesen 3/5

The characters are relatively common, but the context is often technical or legal.

Schreiben 4/5

Writing '专' and '利' correctly requires attention to stroke order, especially the '专' character.

Sprechen 2/5

Pronunciation is straightforward if you master the 1st and 4th tones.

Hören 3/5

Can be confused with other 'zhuan' or 'li' words if context is missing.

Was du als Nächstes lernen solltest

Voraussetzungen

发明技术法律申请保护

Als Nächstes lernen

版权商标知识产权侵权垄断

Fortgeschritten

实用新型外观设计优先权专利合作条约 (PCT)

Wichtige Grammatik

Measure words for documents (项, 件)

他拥有三项专利。

Passive voice with 被 (bèi)

他的专利被侵犯了。

Compound nouns without 'of'

专利法 (Patent Law) not 专利的法.

Resultative complements (掉, 完)

专利卖掉了。

Preposition 为 (wèi) for purpose

为发明申请专利。

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Beispiele nach Niveau

这是他的专利。

This is his patent.

Subject + 是 + Possessive + 专利

那个专利很有名。

That patent is very famous.

Demonstrative + 专利 + Adjective

我没有专利。

I don't have a patent.

Subject + 没有 + 专利

你有专利吗？

Do you have a patent?

Question with 吗

他喜欢看专利书。

He likes reading patent books.

Verb + 专利 as a modifier

专利很重要。

Patents are very important.

Simple Subject + Adjective

这是谁的专利？

Whose patent is this?

Question with 谁的

我的爸爸有专利。

My dad has a patent.

Possessive + 专利

他买了一个新专利。

He bought a new patent.

Verb 买 + Measure word 个 + 专利

这家公司有很多专利。

This company has many patents.

Subject + 有 + 很多 + 专利

我们要保护这个专利。

We need to protect this patent.

Auxiliary verb 要 + 保护 + 专利

专利可以让公司赚钱。

Patents can help companies make money.

Subject + 让 + Object + Verb

他正在写专利申请。

He is writing a patent application.

Progressive 正在 + Verb + Object

这个发明有专利吗？

Does this invention have a patent?

Topic + 有 + 专利 + 吗

专利的有效期是多久？

How long is the patent's validity period?

Possessive 的 + 有效期

他们卖掉了他们的专利。

They sold their patent.

Verb + 掉 (resultative complement)

我们已经为这项技术申请了专利。

We have already applied for a patent for this technology.

为 (for) + Object + 申请专利

专利法是为了保护发明人的利益。

Patent law is meant to protect the interests of inventors.

专利法 (Patent Law) as subject

如果你侵犯了专利，会被罚款。

If you infringe on a patent, you will be fined.

If... then (如果... 就/会)

这项专利每年需要交纳年费。

This patent requires an annual fee to be paid every year.

Need (需要) + Verb (交纳)

他是一位专业的专利代理人。

He is a professional patent attorney.

Occupation: 专利代理人

获得专利需要很长时间。

Obtaining a patent takes a long time.

Gerund-like subject: 获得专利

这家企业的核心是专利技术。

The core of this enterprise is patented technology.

Noun modifier: 专利技术

我们需要查询现有的专利文献。

We need to search existing patent literature.

Verb 查询 + Noun 专利文献

该公司因专利侵权被起诉。

The company was sued for patent infringement.

因 (because of) + Noun + 被 (passive) + 起诉

这项发明专利的有效期为二十年。

The validity period of this invention patent is twenty years.

Specific type: 发明专利

我们必须在专利过期前更新它。

We must renew it before the patent expires.

Before... (在... 前)

专利授权协议已经签署完毕。

The patent licensing agreement has been signed.

Compound noun: 专利授权协议

这不仅是技术竞争，更是专利竞争。

This is not just technical competition, but also patent competition.

Not only... but also (不仅... 更是)

专利池可以帮助企业减少诉讼风险。

Patent pools can help companies reduce litigation risks.

Term: 专利池 (Patent Pool)

他通过转让专利获得了第一桶金。

He made his first fortune by transferring his patent.

通过 (through) + Verb phrase

该产品的外观设计已经申请了专利保护。

The product's design has already applied for patent protection.

Specific type: 外观设计专利

专利制度在激励创新的同时也可能导致技术垄断。

While the patent system encourages innovation, it can also lead to technological monopolies.

While (在... 的同时也...)

我们需要评估该专利的市场价值和法律风险。

We need to evaluate the market value and legal risks of this patent.

Verb 评估 + complex objects

由于缺乏核心专利，公司在谈判中处于劣势。

Due to a lack of core patents, the company is at a disadvantage in negotiations.

Due to (由于) + lack (缺乏)

该项专利被宣布无效，这对竞争对手是个好消息。

The patent was declared invalid, which is good news for competitors.

Passive 被 + 宣布无效

跨国公司经常利用专利交叉许可来进入新市场。

Multinational companies often use patent cross-licensing to enter new markets.

Term: 专利交叉许可

专利审查员对该申请提出了多项质疑。

The patent examiner raised several objections to the application.

Subject: 专利审查员

这种商业模式很难获得专利保护。

This kind of business model is difficult to obtain patent protection for.

Adverb 很难 + Verb phrase

专利预警分析对于企业规避侵权风险至关重要。

Patent warning analysis is crucial for companies to avoid infringement risks.

Term: 专利预警 (Patent Warning)

在全球化背景下，专利布局已成为企业竞争战略的核心。

In the context of globalization, patent portfolio management has become the core of corporate competitive strategy.

Term: 专利布局 (Patent Portfolio/Layout)

法院裁定该专利因不具备创造性而被撤销。

The court ruled that the patent be revoked due to a lack of non-obviousness (inventiveness).

Legal term: 创造性 (Inventiveness/Non-obviousness)

专利流氓通过购买廉价专利并提起诉讼来牟取暴利。

Patent trolls seek huge profits by buying cheap patents and filing lawsuits.

Slang/Term: 专利流氓 (Patent Troll)

强制许可制度是在公共卫生危机期间的一种必要手段。

The compulsory licensing system is a necessary tool during public health crises.

Term: 强制许可 (Compulsory Licensing)

该案涉及复杂的标准必要专利（SEP）许可费率计算。

The case involves complex calculations of royalty rates for Standard Essential Patents (SEPs).

Term: 标准必要专利

专利的地域性特征要求企业在不同国家分别申请保护。

The territorial nature of patents requires companies to apply for protection separately in different countries.

Term: 专利的地域性

通过专利导航分析，我们可以精准识别技术发展的空白点。

Through patent navigation analysis, we can accurately identify gaps in technological development.

Term: 专利导航 (Patent Navigation)

知识产权质押融资为科技型中小企业解决了资金难题。

Intellectual property pledge financing has solved funding problems for tech-based SMEs.

Term: 知识产权质押融资

Synonyme

专有权特许权

Gegenteile

公有开源

Häufige Kollokationen

申请专利

获得专利

专利侵权

专利保护

专利授权

专利代理人

专利文献

核心专利

专利池

发明专利

Häufige Phrasen

专利号

— The unique identification number assigned to a patent.

请在产品包装上打印专利号。

专利费

— The royalty or fee paid to use a patented invention.

我们需要支付高昂的专利费。

专利权

— The actual legal right conferred by a patent.

专利权人有权禁止他人使用该技术。

专利局

— The government office that handles patent applications (e.g., CNIPA).

申请书已经递交给了国家专利局。

外观设计专利

— A patent specifically for the aesthetic design of a product.

这款手机的外观设计专利非常独特。

实用新型专利

— A 'petty patent' for functional improvements to products.

申请实用新型专利的审批速度更快。

专利转让

— The act of selling or transferring patent rights to another party.

专利转让合同已经签署。

专利检索

— Searching patent databases to see if an idea is already protected.

在研发之前，必须进行详尽的专利检索。

专利壁垒

— Using patents to block competitors from entering a market.

大公司利用专利壁垒巩固其市场地位。

专利无效

— The legal status when a patent is cancelled or declared void.

律师正试图证明该专利无效。

Wird oft verwechselt mit

专利 vs 版权 (bǎnquán)

专利 vs 商标 (shāngbiāo)

Trademark is for brand names/logos; 专利 is for how things work.

专利 vs 垄断 (lǒngduàn)

Monopoly is a market condition; a patent is a legal right that may lead to a monopoly.

Redewendungen & Ausdrücke

"独占鳌头"

— To be at the very top or to have a monopoly. While not containing the word '专利', it is the conceptual idiom for the advantage a patent gives.

凭借这项专利，他们在行业中独占鳌头。

Literary

"自成一家"

— To have a unique style or method of one's own. Often used for artists or thinkers whose work is 'patently' unique.

他的发明自成一家，没人能模仿。

General

"先发制人"

— To take the initiative to gain an advantage. This is the strategy behind filing patents quickly.

我们必须先发制人，抢先申请专利。

General

"名副其实"

— To be worthy of the name. A patented product is often seen as '名副其实' of its claims.

这是一项名副其实的创新专利。

General

"不可替代"

— Irreplaceable. A core patent makes a technology '不可替代'.

这项专利使我们的产品在市场上不可替代。

General

"步人后尘"

— To follow in someone's footsteps. Patents prevent others from doing this without permission.

如果不创新，我们只能步人后尘。

General

"别出心裁"

— To start something new and different. The requirement for a patent.

他的设计别出心裁，非常适合申请专利。

General

"闭门造车"

— To build a cart behind closed doors (to ignore the outside world). Patent searching prevents this.

做研究不能闭门造车，要多看专利文献。

General

"推陈出新"

— To weed out the old and bring forth the new. The goal of the patent system.

专利制度鼓励企业不断推陈出新。

General

"因循守旧"

— To stick to old ways. The opposite of the innovation required for a patent.

因循守旧的企业是无法获得核心专利的。

General

Leicht verwechselbar

专利 vs 发明

Both relate to new things.

发明 is the creation itself; 专利 is the legal protection of that creation.

他的发明获得了专利。

专利 vs 专长

Both start with '专'.

专长 is a personal specialty or skill; 专利 is a legal patent.

他的专长是编程，但他没有软件专利。

专利 vs 利润

Both end with '利'.

利润 is profit (money made); 专利 is the patent right.

专利可以带来丰厚的利润。

专利 vs 权力

Both involve 'rights'.

权力 is power/authority; 专利权 is a specific legal property right.

政府有权力授予你专利权。

专利 vs 专制

Both start with '专'.

专制 is autocracy/despotism; 专利 is a patent.

专利制度与政治上的专制无关。

Satzmuster

这是 [Person] 的专利。

这是我的专利。

[Company] 有很多专利。

华为有很多专利。

为 [Invention] 申请专利。

他为这个机器申请了专利。

因 [Action] 侵犯了专利。

他们因抄袭侵犯了专利。

专利有助于 [Action]。

专利有助于保护创新。

在 [Context] 视角下，专利是 [Noun]。

在全球化视角下，专利是竞争工具。

获得 [Number] 项专利。

去年我们获得了五项专利。

专利保护期限为 [Time]。

专利保护期限为二十年。

Wortfamilie

Substantive

专利权

专利人

专利局

专利法

专利文献

Verben

申请专利

授权专利

侵犯专利

转让专利

Adjektive

专利的

专有的

独占的

Verwandt

发明

创新

版权

商标

知识产权

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So verwendest du es

frequency

Very common in business, tech, and law; rare in everyday casual small talk unless discussing a specific product.

Häufige Fehler

Using '专利' for books or music. → 版权 (Copyright)
专利 is only for inventions and technical designs.
Saying '做专利' (do a patent). → 申请专利 (apply for a patent)
You don't 'do' a patent; you 'apply' for one.
Using '个' as the only measure word. → 项 (xiàng) or 件 (jiàn)
项 is more professional for legal rights.
Confusing '专利' with '专长'. → 专利 (Patent) vs 专长 (Specialty)
A specialty is a skill; a patent is a legal right.
Forgetting the 'h' in 'zhuān'. → zhuān
Without the 'h', it sounds like 'zuān' (to drill).

Tipps

Learn the 'Three Types'

In China, patents are divided into 发明 (Invention), 实用新型 (Utility Model), and 外观设计 (Design). Knowing these makes you sound advanced.

Measure Word Precision

Use 项 (xiàng) for the legal right and 件 (jiàn) for the actual document or application.

Verb Pairing

Always pair 专利 with 申请 (shēnqǐng) when talking about the process of getting one.

Innovation Focus

Chinese companies value 专利 highly as a sign of being a 'High-tech Enterprise' (高新技术企业).

Character Stroke

Pay attention to the 'dot' in the character '专'; it's easy to forget but essential.

Infringement Term

Memorize 侵权 (qīnquán) because it applies to patents, trademarks, and copyrights.

Licensing

The word for licensing a patent is 授权 (shòuquán) or 许可 (xǔkě).

Literature Search

Use 专利检索 (jiǎnsuǒ) when talking about researching existing inventions.

Patent Layout

The term 专利布局 (bùjú) refers to a company's strategic plan for filing patents.

Exclusive Profit

Just remember: 专 (Exclusive) + 利 (Profit) = Patent.

Einprägen

Eselsbrücke

Think of a 'Special' (专) 'List' (利) of items that only YOU are allowed to make money from. It's your 'Special Profit' (专利) document.

Visuelle Assoziation

Imagine a giant golden stamp (专) being pressed onto a pile of money (利). The stamp signifies that this money belongs to the owner of the idea.

Word Web

Law Invention Money Protection Exclusive Science Business Court

Herausforderung

Try to find three items in your house that have a patent number on them and say '这项产品有专利' for each one.

Wortherkunft

The word 专利 first appeared in ancient Chinese texts like the 'Guoyu' (Discourses of the States), but its meaning was 'monopolizing natural resources for profit' (专其利). It was originally a negative term associated with greedy officials.

Ursprüngliche Bedeutung: To monopolize benefits or profits exclusively.

Sino-Tibetan (Chinese).

Kultureller Kontext

Avoid suggesting that all Chinese products are copies; the emphasis in modern China is heavily on '自主创新' (independent innovation) protected by 专利.

In the US and UK, patents are often seen through the lens of 'IP litigation' and 'Silicon Valley startups.' In China, they are also a matter of national prestige and 'Self-reliance' (自力更生).

The Patent Law of the People's Republic of China (1984) CNIPA (China National Intellectual Property Administration) Huawei vs. Samsung patent battles

Im Alltag üben

Kontexte aus dem Alltag

Technology Company

核心技术专利
专利布局
研发投入
技术授权

Law Court

专利侵权诉讼
证据保全
损害赔偿
宣告无效

University Research

科技成果转化
专利申请书
第一发明人
成果奖励

Business Negotiation

专利许可费
交叉授权
排他性权利
市场准入

International Trade

知识产权壁垒
TRIPS协议
专利地域性
海关备案

Gesprächseinstiege

"你觉得专利制度对小公司是有利还是不利？"

"这家公司申请了这么多专利，你觉得他们的创新能力怎么样？"

"如果你的发明被别人申请了专利，你会怎么办？"

"你听说过‘专利流氓’这个词吗？你对他们有什么看法？"

"在你的国家，申请一项专利通常需要多长时间？"

Tagebuch-Impulse

如果你可以发明一样东西并申请专利，你最想发明什么？为什么？

讨论一下专利保护与技术共享之间的矛盾。哪一个对人类进步更有利？

写一段话，描述一次你发现某个产品上有‘专利产品’字样时的想法。

假设你是一名专利律师，写一封信告诉你的客户他们的专利被侵权了。

分析一下为什么中国近年来的专利申请数量增长得如此之快。

Häufig gestellte Fragen

10 Fragen

知识产权 (Intellectual Property Rights) is the general category. 专利 (Patent) is one specific type of IPR, along with copyrights and trademarks.

No, for a book you should use 版权 (Copyright). 专利 is for technical inventions or designs.

You say 专利侵权 (zhuānlì qīnquán). This is the standard term used in legal and business settings.

It is a noun. To use it as an action, you must pair it with a verb like 申请 (apply) or 获得 (obtain).

The most formal measure word is 项 (xiàng), as in 一项专利. You can also use 件 (jiàn).

Not exactly. While a patent gives you exclusive rights, the word for market monopoly is 垄断 (lǒngduàn).

An invention patent (发明专利) lasts for 20 years, while utility models and designs last for 10-15 years.

It is a patent attorney or agent who helps inventors file their applications with the government.

Only if you are talking about products, inventions, or your job. It's not a word used in general greetings.

Yes, software can be protected via 专利 if it has technical character, though it is also protected by 版权.

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