典拠 30 सेकंड में
- A formal noun meaning 'authority' or 'reliable source' for a claim.
- Commonly used in academic, legal, and historical contexts to provide proof.
- Implies high credibility and prestige, unlike casual words for 'source'.
- Essential for identifying the foundation of laws, words, and theories.
The Japanese word 典拠 (てんきょ) is a formal noun that refers to the 'authority' or 'reliable source' upon which a statement, theory, or piece of information is based. Unlike the more common word for 'source' (情報源 - jōhōgen) or 'citation' (出典 - shutten), tenkyo carries a heavy nuance of intellectual legitimacy and historical or legal weight. When you use this word, you aren't just talking about where you found a fact; you are talking about the foundation that proves the fact is true and authoritative. In academic, legal, and formal journalistic contexts, identifying the tenkyo is the difference between a credible argument and mere speculation. It implies a 'standard' or 'canon' (典) that serves as a 'base' or 'foothold' (拠).
- Register
- Highly formal and academic. Used in research papers, legal documents, and high-level debates.
- Nuance
- Focuses on the validity and authority of the source rather than just its location.
論文の主張を裏付けるための典拠を調査する。
Historically, the term was used to refer to classical texts that served as the basis for language usage or poetic themes. In the modern era, it has expanded to include any authoritative document, such as a law, a scientific journal, or an official government record. If someone asks for your tenkyo, they are challenging the reliability of your information. They want to know: 'By what authority do you say this?' This is why the word is often paired with verbs like 'seeking' (求める), 'clarifying' (明示する), or 'investigating' (博捜する).
Furthermore, tenkyo is essential in philology and lexicography. When a dictionary defines a word, it often provides a tenkyo—a specific instance in literature where the word was used in that way. This ensures that the definition is not just an editor's opinion but is grounded in the actual history of the language. Similarly, in legal cases, a tenkyo might be a specific precedent or a clause in the constitution. Without a clear tenkyo, an argument is considered 'groundless' or 'unreliable' (典拠薄弱 - tenkyo hakujaku).
その学説には確かな典拠がない。
- Common Collocation
- 典拠を明示する (Tenkyo o meiji suru) - To clearly state the authority/source.
In summary, tenkyo is more than just a bibliography entry. It is the pillar of truth that supports a statement. It represents the collective knowledge and established standards that society relies on to distinguish fact from fiction. Whether you are writing a history book or arguing a case in court, your tenkyo is your most important tool for establishing credibility.
Using 典拠 correctly requires understanding its role as a formal noun. It is most frequently used in the context of research, writing, and intellectual discourse. Because it implies a degree of prestige, it is rarely used for casual sources like 'I saw it on Twitter' (unless used ironically). Instead, it is used for books, manuscripts, official records, and established theories. The grammatical patterns usually involve identifying the existence of a source or the act of providing one.
この辞書は、すべての語義に典拠を付している。
One common pattern is [Topic] + の典拠は + [Source] + だ. This is used to define exactly where a specific idea or phrase originated. For example, if you are discussing a rare idiom, you might say, 'The authority for this idiom is the Analects of Confucius.' This structure emphasizes the direct link between the current usage and its historical foundation.
- Sentence Pattern A
- [Noun] の典拠を洗う (To thoroughly investigate the sources of [Noun]).
- Sentence Pattern B
- 典拠不明の (Of unknown authority/source).
Another frequent usage is in the negative: 典拠が不明である (the authority is unclear) or 典拠に乏しい (lacking in authority). These are polite but firm ways to criticize a piece of writing for being poorly researched. If a journalist writes an article without citing credible experts or documents, a critic might describe the article as 'tenkyo ni toboshii.' This implies that the claims made are not trustworthy because they lack a solid foundation.
古事記を典拠として、古代の儀式を再現する。
Finally, the term is often used in the phrase 典拠資料 (tenkyo shiryō), meaning 'source materials' or 'authoritative documents.' This is standard terminology in libraries and archives. When researchers look for primary sources, they are looking for tenkyo shiryō. This usage highlights the physical nature of the authority—the actual scrolls, books, or records that prove a point.
発言の典拠を求められて、彼は言葉に詰まった。
You are most likely to encounter 典拠 in environments where precision and evidence are paramount. University lecture halls are a prime example. A professor might critique a student's paper by saying, 'The tenkyo for this section is weak,' meaning the student cited unreliable websites instead of peer-reviewed journals. In this context, the word is used to uphold academic standards.
- Academic Setting
- Discussing the validity of research papers and the quality of citations.
- Legal Setting
- Referring to legal precedents, statutes, and constitutional articles.
この判決は、過去の最高裁判例を典拠としている。
In the world of publishing, especially for non-fiction and historical novels, editors and 'fact-checkers' (校閲 - kōetsu) spend a great deal of time verifying the tenkyo of every claim. If a writer claims that a specific samurai ate a specific meal on a specific day, the editor will ask for the tenkyo—the diary or record that proves it. If no such record exists, the claim is flagged as fiction or conjecture. This rigorous process is what gives high-quality Japanese non-fiction its reputation for accuracy.
Libraries and museums also use this term frequently. Cataloging systems rely on 'authority control' (典拠管理 - tenkyo kanri). This is a technical process that ensures names, titles, and subjects are consistently identified based on authoritative records. For example, if a museum has an artifact from the 12th century, the tenkyo for its dating might be a specific style of pottery or a mention in a temple ledger. For professionals in these fields, tenkyo is a daily part of their vocabulary.
図書館の目録作成において、典拠データの整備は不可欠だ。
You might also hear it in serious political debates. When a politician proposes a new law, opposition members may ask for the tenkyo—the data or legal basis—that justifies the change. If the politician cannot provide a solid tenkyo, their proposal is often criticized as being based on 'vague feelings' rather than 'solid evidence.' Thus, the word serves as a linguistic gatekeeper for truth in the public sphere.
One of the most common mistakes learners make with 典拠 is using it in contexts that are too casual. Because English often uses the word 'source' for everything from a scientific paper to a rumor about a celebrity, learners might be tempted to use tenkyo for both. However, using tenkyo to describe a gossip blog is like using the word 'jurisprudence' to describe your household rules—it sounds awkwardly over-formal and slightly ridiculous.
- Mistake 1
- Using tenkyo for casual internet sources. Use ソース (sōsu) or 情報源 (jōhōgen) instead.
- Mistake 2
- Confusing tenkyo with konkyo (根拠). While similar, they have distinct focuses.
✖ 昨日のドラマの典拠はネットの掲示板だ。
〇 昨日のドラマのネタ元はネットの掲示板だ。
Another mistake is the confusion between 典拠 (tenkyo) and 根拠 (konkyo). While both can be translated as 'grounds' or 'basis,' konkyo is much broader. Konkyo refers to the logic or reason behind a thought or action. For example, 'The konkyo for my decision was my budget.' You cannot use tenkyo here because a budget is not an 'authoritative document' or 'classic text.' Tenkyo is a subset of konkyo—it is the specific type of ground that comes from a reliable external authority.
Learners also sometimes struggle with the verb forms. While tenkyo suru (to base on an authority) exists, it is much more common to use tenkyo to suru (to use as an authority) or to use the noun in a phrase like tenkyo ni motozuku (based on an authority). Overusing the suru-verb form can sound slightly unnatural in certain contexts. Stick to the noun-based phrases to sound more like a native speaker.
彼はその事実を典拠として（×典拠して）論文を書いた。
Finally, be careful not to confuse 出典 (shutten) with tenkyo. Shutten is the bibliographic citation—the 'where.' Tenkyo is the 'why it's true.' If you are just listing books at the end of a paper, use shutten. If you are arguing that your theory is valid because it aligns with those books, you are discussing the tenkyo.
Understanding the synonyms of 典拠 helps clarify its specific boundaries. The most common alternative is 根拠 (konkyo), which means 'grounds' or 'basis.' As discussed, konkyo is more general and focuses on logical reasoning. Another close relative is 出典 (shutten), which refers specifically to the source of a quotation or a piece of data. While tenkyo and shutten are often used interchangeably in casual academic talk, tenkyo is the more prestigious term.
- 根拠 (Konkyo)
- Logical basis or evidence. Can be subjective or objective.
- 出典 (Shutten)
- The specific origin of a quote or reference (e.g., 'Page 4 of this book').
引用文の出典を明記し、論旨の典拠を補強する。
Another interesting synonym is 証拠 (shōko), which means 'evidence.' This is most common in legal or criminal contexts. While a tenkyo is a document that provides authority, a shōko is a physical object or testimony that proves a fact. For example, a fingerprint is shōko, but a law book is tenkyo. You use shōko to prove 'what happened,' and tenkyo to prove 'why this is the correct interpretation.'
In more literary or traditional contexts, you might see 本拠 (honkyo) or 拠り所 (yoridokoro). Honkyo usually refers to a physical base of operations (like a headquarters), while yoridokoro is a more poetic way of saying 'something to lean on' or 'spiritual foundation.' If you say someone has no yoridokoro, it means they are lost or have no principles. Tenkyo, by contrast, is always intellectual or formal.
Finally, for those working in tech or digital media, the katakana ソース (sōsu) is ubiquitous. It is used for 'source code' in programming and 'source of a rumor' in social media. While tenkyo remains the king of the university library, sōsu is the king of the internet. Knowing when to switch between these words is a key sign of high-level Japanese proficiency.
How Formal Is It?
रोचक तथ्य
In ancient Japan, 'Tenkyo' was specifically used to justify the use of certain words in poetry. If a word appeared in a 'Tenkyo' (a classic book), it was considered beautiful and correct to use.
उच्चारण मार्गदर्शिका
- Pronouncing it as 'ten-kyoo' (long o). It is 'tenkyo' (short o).
- Confusing the 'kyo' sound with 'kio'. It is a single syllable 'kyo'.
- Stressing the first syllable too hard like English 'TEN-kyo'. Keep it even.
- Mixing it up with 'tenkyu' (thank you).
- Forgetting the 'n' sound in the middle.
कठिनाई स्तर
The kanji are somewhat complex and the word is academic, requiring a high level of literacy.
Writing the kanji 'ten' and 'kyo' correctly requires practice, especially the right side of 'kyo'.
The pronunciation is simple, but knowing when to use it requires cultural understanding.
Can be confused with other 'kyo' words if not careful.
आगे क्या सीखें
पूर्वापेक्षाएँ
आगे सीखें
उन्नत
ज़रूरी व्याकरण
Noun + を + Noun + と + する (Use A as B)
憲法を典拠とする。
Noun + に + 基づく (Based on Noun)
典拠に基づいた議論。
Noun + を + 求める (To seek/demand Noun)
発言の典拠を求める。
Noun + が + 不明だ (Noun is unknown)
典拠が不明だ。
Noun + を + 明示する (To clearly state Noun)
典拠を明示する。
स्तर के अनुसार उदाहरण
これは ほんです。
This is a book.
A1 level focuses on identifying objects like books, which are basic sources.
せんせいに ききました。
I asked the teacher.
A1 level uses 'asking' as a way to find a source of information.
なまえを かいてください。
Please write the name.
Identifying names is the first step toward understanding citations.
どこで みましたか？
Where did you see it?
Asking for the location of information.
この じしょは いいです。
This dictionary is good.
Dictionaries are the most common 'authorities' for A1 learners.
テレビで みました。
I saw it on TV.
TV is a common source of information at this level.
しんぶんに かいてあります。
It is written in the newspaper.
Newspapers are formal sources introduced early on.
だれが いいましたか？
Who said it?
Asking for the person who is the source.
正しい情報を探します。
I will look for correct information.
A2 learners begin to distinguish between correct and incorrect info.
このニュースの元は何ですか？
What is the origin of this news?
Using 'moto' (origin) as a simpler version of 'source'.
図書館で調べました。
I looked it up at the library.
The library is the primary place for finding reliable sources.
有名な本に書いてあります。
It is written in a famous book.
Focusing on the prestige of the source.
出典を教えてください。
Please tell me the source.
Introducing 'shutten' as a more formal word for source.
インターネットは便利ですが、注意が必要です。
The internet is convenient, but caution is necessary.
A2 learners discuss the reliability of digital sources.
事実を確認しましょう。
Let's confirm the facts.
Fact-checking is the core action related to 'tenkyo'.
辞書で意味を確認しました。
I confirmed the meaning in the dictionary.
Using a dictionary as an authority.
その主張の典拠を教えてください。
Please tell me the authority for that claim.
Standard B1 usage of 'tenkyo' in a formal request.
論文には確かな典拠が必要です。
A thesis needs reliable authorities.
Expressing necessity with 'hitsuyō'.
この言葉の典拠は万葉集です。
The authority for this word is the Manyoshu.
Linking a word to its historical source.
典拠が不明な情報は信じられません。
I cannot believe information whose authority is unknown.
Using 'fumei' (unknown) to describe a lack of source.
彼は典拠を明示して説明した。
He explained by clearly stating the authorities.
Using 'meiji suru' (to clarify/state clearly).
歴史的な典拠を調査しています。
I am investigating historical authorities.
The verb 'chōsa suru' (investigate) pairs well with 'tenkyo'.
その話には典拠がありません。
There is no authority for that story.
Using 'nai' to indicate a total lack of evidence.
辞書を典拠として言葉を選びます。
I choose words using the dictionary as an authority.
Using '...o tenkyo to shite' (using ... as an authority).
典拠を洗う作業には時間がかかる。
The task of thoroughly checking authorities takes time.
The idiom 'tenkyo o arau' means to investigate deeply.
この報告書は典拠がしっかりしている。
This report has a solid foundation of authorities.
Using 'shikkari shite iru' to praise the research quality.
法律を典拠として判断を下す。
We will hand down a judgment based on the law as the authority.
Legal context for 'tenkyo'.
典拠資料を整理して提出してください。
Please organize the source materials and submit them.
'Tenkyo shiryō' is a common compound noun.
その説は典拠薄弱と言わざるを得ない。
I must say that the theory is lacking in authority.
'Tenkyo hakujaku' is a formal four-character compound for weak evidence.
Wikipediaを典拠にするのは避けましょう。
Let's avoid using Wikipedia as an authority.
Discussing the appropriateness of sources.
典拠に基づいた議論を行いましょう。
Let's have a discussion based on authorities.
'...ni motozuku' (based on) is a formal grammatical structure.
引用する際は必ず典拠を添えてください。
When quoting, always include the authority.
Using 'soeru' (to add/attach) for citations.
該博な知識を駆使して典拠を博捜する。
Using extensive knowledge to search widely for authorities.
'Hakusō suru' is a very formal verb for 'searching widely'.
この記述の典拠は中世の古文書に遡る。
The authority for this description goes back to medieval ancient documents.
'Sakanoboru' (to go back in time) is used for historical origins.
典拠管理の徹底が、情報の信頼性を担保する。
Thorough authority management ensures the reliability of information.
'Tanpo suru' means to guarantee or secure.
彼の主張は、複数の典拠によって裏付けられている。
His claim is backed up by multiple authorities.
'Urazukeru' is a key verb for supporting a claim with evidence.
典拠を欠いた憶測は、学術界では通用しない。
Conjecture lacking authority is not accepted in the academic world.
'...o kaita' means 'lacking ...'.
翻訳に際して、用語の典拠を一つずつ確認した。
During translation, I checked the authority of each term one by one.
Precision in terminology requires 'tenkyo'.
この事象に関する典拠は、管見の限りでは見当たらない。
As far as I have seen, no authority regarding this phenomenon can be found.
'Kanken no kagiri' is a humble way to say 'as far as my limited view goes'.
典拠の正当性を疑う余地はない。
There is no room to doubt the legitimacy of the authority.
'Utagau yochi wa nai' is a common expression for 'no room for doubt'.
本稿は、先行研究の典拠を批判的に検証するものである。
This paper critically examines the authorities of previous research.
C2 level involves 'critical examination' (hihyōteki kenshō).
典拠の博捜と精査こそが、考証学の神髄である。
The wide searching and careful scrutiny of authorities is the essence of philology.
'Shinzui' means the essence or soul of something.
その語の典拠を古典に求めるのは、至当な判断だ。
Seeking the authority for that word in the classics is a reasonable judgment.
'Shitō na' means proper, reasonable, or just.
典拠を恣意的に解釈することは、厳に慎まねばならない。
One must strictly refrain from interpreting authorities arbitrarily.
'Shiiteki' (arbitrary) is a high-level academic descriptor.
該論考は、典拠の提示が極めて周到である。
That treatise is extremely meticulous in its presentation of authorities.
'Shūtō' means meticulous or thorough.
典拠を遡及的に調査し、その変遷を明らかにする。
We will investigate the authorities retrospectively and clarify their transition.
'Sokyūteki' means retrospective or retroactive.
典拠不明のまま流布している言説が少なくない。
There are many discourses circulating while their authority remains unknown.
'Rufu suru' means to circulate or spread widely.
典拠の信憑性を担保するための多角的なアプローチ。
A multilateral approach to guarantee the authenticity of authorities.
'Shinpyōsei' means credibility or authenticity.
सामान्य शब्द संयोजन
सामान्य वाक्यांश
— To cite an authority. Used when bringing in a source to support a point.
古事記から典拠を引いて説明する。
— Based on an authority. Used to describe a well-researched statement.
典拠に基づいた正確な記述。
— Lacking an authority. Used to point out a weakness in an argument.
典拠を欠いた批判は無意味だ。
— To search widely for authorities. Used for deep research.
彼は世界中の図書館で典拠を博捜した。
— To carefully scrutinize authorities. Used for verifying truth.
提出された典拠を精査する必要がある。
— Authority file. A technical term used in library science.
国立国会図書館の典拠ファイルを参照する。
— The legitimacy of the authority. Used in legal or academic debates.
その典拠の正当性を疑う声がある。
— To doubt the authority. Used when a source seems fake or biased.
古い文献の典拠を疑ってみる。
— To search for the authority. Similar to investigating the origin.
慣用句の典拠を探る旅に出る。
— To show the authority. Providing proof for a claim.
論理の飛躍がないよう、典拠を示す。
अक्सर इससे भ्रम होता है
Konkyo is logical ground (reasoning). Tenkyo is a specific authoritative source (document).
Shutten is the citation (where it's from). Tenkyo is the authority (why it's valid).
Shōko is physical evidence (fingerprints). Tenkyo is intellectual authority (books/laws).
मुहावरे और अभिव्यक्तियाँ
— To thoroughly investigate and verify the sources of a claim.
記者はスクープの典拠を徹底的に洗った。
Professional— Having very weak or insufficient evidence/authority to support a claim.
その仮説は典拠薄弱であり、採用されなかった。
Academic— To be unsure which authority or source is correct when multiple exist.
複数の説があり、どの典拠を信じるべきか迷う。
Scholarly— To lose the foundation or authority that supports one's position.
新事実の発見により、彼の理論は典拠を失った。
Formal— To fake or fabricate an authority (a serious academic crime).
典拠を捏造することは、研究者として許されない。
Academic— To use an authority as a shield to protect one's argument from criticism.
彼は有名な教授の言葉を典拠を盾にして、反対意見を封じた。
Critical— To trace back the authority to its original source.
情報の典拠を辿っていくと、意外な事実に突き当たった。
Neutral— To place great importance on authoritative sources.
日本の学界は伝統的に典拠を重んじる傾向がある。
Formal— To fail to provide an authority (usually used in the negative).
正確な記述には典拠を欠かすことができない。
Formal— To demand an authority for a statement made by someone else.
野党は政府の答弁に対して典拠を求めた。
Politicalआसानी से भ्रमित होने वाले
Sounds similar and both have 'kyo'.
Honkyo means a physical headquarters or base of operations, not an intellectual source.
敵の本拠地を攻める。
Uses the same kanji in reverse order.
Kyoten is a physical base or hub (e.g., a business hub), whereas Tenkyo is an authority.
海外進出の拠点を作る。
Uses the 'Ten' kanji and relates to books.
Koten means 'the classics' (old famous books). While koten are often tenkyo, they aren't the same thing.
古典文学を勉強する。
Both involve citing things.
Inshō is the act of quoting to prove something. Tenkyo is the source itself.
証言を引証する。
Uses the 'Kyo' kanji and implies following a standard.
Junkyo means 'conforming to' a standard/rule. Tenkyo is the source of the standard.
ルールに準拠して行動する。
वाक्य संरचनाएँ
[A] の典拠は [B] です。
この話の典拠は歴史書です。
典拠を [Verb-te] ください。
典拠を教えてください。
典拠に基づいた [Noun]。
典拠に基づいた正確なデータ。
[A] を典拠として [B] する。
過去の事例を典拠として判断する。
典拠を [Verb-masu stem] ＋ 尽くす。
典拠を調べ尽くす。
典拠の [Noun] を疑う。
典拠の信憑性を疑う。
典拠を [Verb-masu stem] ＋ 損なう。
典拠を解釈し損なう。
典拠の [Noun] が [Adjective] ＋ 極まる。
典拠の不明さが不自然極まる。
शब्द परिवार
संज्ञा
क्रिया
विशेषण
संबंधित
इसे कैसे इस्तेमाल करें
Common in academic and professional writing, rare in daily conversation.
-
Using 典拠 for a personal reason.
→
根拠 (konkyo) or 理由 (riyuu).
典拠 must be an external, authoritative source, not just your own thought.
-
Using 典拠 for 'source code'.
→
ソースコード (sōsu kōdo).
In programming, 'source' is always 'sōsu'. 'Tenkyo' is for intellectual authority.
-
Writing the kanji 拠 with the 'water' radical.
→
拠 (with 'hand' radical 扌).
The 'hand' radical represents leaning or taking a foothold. Don't mix it up with water words.
-
Saying 'Tenkyo o shite iru'.
→
典拠にしている (tenkyo ni shite iru).
As a verb, it usually needs the particle 'ni' or 'to' to function naturally.
-
Confusing 典拠 with 伝記 (denki - biography).
→
典拠 (tenkyo).
They sound vaguely similar but have completely different meanings. Don't let the 'den' sound confuse you.
सुझाव
When in doubt, use 根拠 (konkyo)
If you aren't sure if your source is 'authoritative' enough for 典拠, 根拠 is a safe, versatile alternative that works in most situations.
Use 典拠を明示する in essays
This phrase is a 'magic bullet' for making your Japanese academic writing sound professional and well-structured.
Remember the kanji through 'Classic Foothold'
典 (Classic) + 拠 (Foothold). It's the classic book you stand on to make your point.
Listen for it on NHK
The national broadcaster NHK uses 典拠 frequently in its educational and historical programs. It's great listening practice.
Pair with に基づく
The most natural way to use 典拠 in a sentence is '典拠に基づいた...' (based on authority).
Don't use it for rumors
If you use 典拠 for a rumor about a coworker, people will think you are being sarcastic or overly dramatic.
Look for it in footnotes
When reading Japanese non-fiction, look for the word 典拠 in the footnotes; it will lead you to more interesting books.
Connect it to Shinto/Buddhism
Many Japanese rituals are based on 典拠 from ancient texts. Understanding this word helps you understand Japanese tradition.
Use it to sound diligent
In a job interview, saying you value 典拠 when researching shows that you are a careful and reliable worker.
JLPT N2/N1 Context
While B1, this word appears often in the reading sections of higher JLPT levels. Learn it now to save time later!
याद करें
स्मृति सहायक
Imagine a 'TEN' (10) out of 10 'KYO' (Kyo-to) scholar who only uses the best books as his foundation.
दृश्य संबंध
Visualize a massive, ancient dictionary (典) acting as the solid floor or foothold (拠) for a scientist standing on top of it.
Word Web
चैलेंज
Try to find the 'tenkyo' for a common Japanese idiom, like 'Ichi-go Ichi-e'. Look up which classic book it first appeared in!
शब्द की उत्पत्ति
The word is composed of two kanji: 典 (ten) and 拠 (kyo). 典 originally depicted a book placed on a stand, representing important records, laws, or classics. 拠 means to lean on, to depend on, or a foothold.
मूल अर्थ: Originally, it referred to classical texts or 'canons' that were used as the standard for writing and behavior.
Sino-Japanese (Kango).सांस्कृतिक संदर्भ
Be careful not to dismiss someone's culture by saying it has no 'tenkyo'—it can sound very condescending.
In English, we often use 'source' or 'citation.' 'Authority' is used in law, but 'tenkyo' is used more broadly in Japanese intellectual life.
असल ज़िंदगी में अभ्यास करें
वास्तविक संदर्भ
University Seminars
- 典拠を明示してください
- 典拠は何ですか？
- 典拠が不十分です
- 確かな典拠を探す
Legal Proceedings
- 判例を典拠とする
- 法律的な典拠
- 典拠に基づいた主張
- 典拠資料の提出
Library Science
- 典拠管理システム
- 典拠レコード
- 典拠ファイルを更新する
- 名前典拠
Historical Research
- 古文書を典拠とする
- 典拠を遡る
- 典拠の信憑性
- 典拠を博捜する
Journalism
- 情報の典拠を確認する
- 典拠不明のニュース
- 公式な典拠
- 典拠を明かさない
बातचीत की शुरुआत
"その情報の典拠は何ですか？ (What is the authority for that information?)"
"論文の典拠を探すのに苦労しています。 (I'm having trouble finding authorities for my paper.)"
"この言葉の典拠は、どの古典にあるのでしょうか？ (In which classic can we find the authority for this word?)"
"典拠がしっかりしていないと、説得力がありませんね。 (Without solid authorities, it's not persuasive, is it?)"
"最近のニュースは典拠不明なものが多いと思いませんか？ (Don't you think many recent news stories have unknown authorities?)"
डायरी विषय
あなたが一番信頼している典拠（本やウェブサイト）は何ですか？その理由も書いてください。 (What is the authority you trust the most? Write the reason too.)
典拠がない噂を信じて失敗したことはありますか？ (Have you ever failed by believing a rumor with no authority?)
「情報の正しさ」を確認するために、あなたはどんな典拠を使いますか？ (What kind of authorities do you use to confirm the 'correctness' of information?)
歴史を勉強するとき、典拠を調べることはなぜ大切だと思いますか？ (Why do you think investigating authorities is important when studying history?)
インターネット時代の「典拠」について、あなたの考えを述べてください。 (State your thoughts on 'authority' in the age of the internet.)
अक्सर पूछे जाने वाले सवाल
10 सवालYes, but only if the website is an authoritative source like a government portal or a digital archive. For a blog or social media, use 'sōsu' or 'jōhōgen' instead. Using 'tenkyo' for a casual site sounds too formal.
While 'tenkyo suru' is technically possible, it is rarely used. It is much more common to use 'tenkyo to suru' (to use as an authority) or 'tenkyo ni motozuku' (to be based on an authority).
'Shutten' is the specific place you found a quote (e.g., book title, page number). 'Tenkyo' is the authoritative basis for your entire claim. Often they overlap, but 'tenkyo' sounds more prestigious.
Almost never. You might hear it in a serious debate or a university classroom, but never while hanging out with friends at a cafe. It's a word for people who are 'serious' about information.
The first kanji, 典, looks like a book on a stand. The second, 拠, has the 'hand' radical on the left and a complex 'foothold' part on the right. Practice the right side carefully!
It means 'source materials' or 'authoritative documents.' It's the physical evidence (books, papers) that you use to support your research.
Yes, it is typically introduced at the intermediate level (B1) because that is when learners begin to engage with more formal and academic texts.
There is no direct single-word opposite, but 'okusu' (conjecture) or 'rufu' (rumor) are often used when a 'tenkyo' is missing.
Yes, in formal business reports or legal contracts, you use 'tenkyo' to refer to the laws or data that justify a business decision.
It's 'authority control,' a way to make sure that authors and subjects are listed consistently in a catalog so that people can find them easily.
खुद को परखो 180 सवाल
Translate to Japanese: 'What is the authority for that claim?'
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Pronounce '典拠' (てんきょ).
Read this aloud:
तुमने कहा:
Speech recognition is not supported in your browser. Try Chrome or Edge.
Listen to the word (mental audio): 'Tenkyo'. What does it mean?
Translate: 'A report based on authority.'
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Use '典拠' in a sentence about a book.
Read this aloud:
तुमने कहा:
Speech recognition is not supported in your browser. Try Chrome or Edge.
Which word sounds like 'authority' in Japanese? (A) Tenkyo (B) Tenki
Translate: 'Please provide the authority.'
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Say 'I am looking for the authority.' in Japanese.
Read this aloud:
तुमने कहा:
Speech recognition is not supported in your browser. Try Chrome or Edge.
Does 'tenkyo' rhyme with 'senkyo' (election)?
Translate: 'The authority is unclear.'
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Say 'authoritative' in a Japanese way using 'tenkyo'.
Read this aloud:
तुमने कहा:
Speech recognition is not supported in your browser. Try Chrome or Edge.
Does 'tenkyo' start with the same sound as 'teacher' in Japanese?
Translate: 'Investigating the authorities.'
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
How would you ask a professor for the source of a quote?
Read this aloud:
तुमने कहा:
Speech recognition is not supported in your browser. Try Chrome or Edge.
Is 'tenkyo' a noun or an adjective?
Translate: 'There is no room to doubt the authority.'
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Pronounce the phrase: 典拠不明 (てんきょふめい).
Read this aloud:
तुमने कहा:
Speech recognition is not supported in your browser. Try Chrome or Edge.
How many syllables are in 'tenkyo'?
Translate: 'A theory lacking in authority.'
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Say 'I verified the authority.'
Read this aloud:
तुमने कहा:
Speech recognition is not supported in your browser. Try Chrome or Edge.
Does 'tenkyo' sound like 'thank you'?
Translate: 'State the authority clearly.'
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Use 'tenkyo' in a sentence about a law.
Read this aloud:
तुमने कहा:
Speech recognition is not supported in your browser. Try Chrome or Edge.
Is the first sound of 'tenkyo' high or low in pitch usually?
Translate: 'Authority data maintenance.'
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Say 'The authority for this is the Constitution.'
Read this aloud:
तुमने कहा:
Speech recognition is not supported in your browser. Try Chrome or Edge.
Is 'tenkyo' used more in speech or writing?
Translate: 'The dictionary provides authorities for every meaning.'
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Translate: 'This judgment is based on past precedents.'
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Translate: 'Information of unknown authority.'
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Translate: 'Reinforce the authority of the argument.'
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Translate: 'A meticulous presentation of authorities.'
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Translate: 'Seeking the authority in the classics.'
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Translate: 'Trace the origin of the idiom.'
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Translate: 'Authority files are indispensable.'
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Translate: 'His theory lost its authority.'
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Translate: 'Investigate the authority thoroughly.'
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Translate: 'The authority is weak.'
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Translate: 'Verify the authenticity of the authority.'
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Translate: 'I checked the authority of each term.'
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Translate: 'The authority for this goes back to the Edo period.'
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Translate: 'Use the Kojiki as the authority.'
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Translate: 'The report is well-sourced.'
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Translate: 'Avoid using Wikipedia as an authority.'
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Translate: 'He was asked for the authority.'
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Translate: 'Meticulously organize the source materials.'
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Translate: 'The transition of the authority.'
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Pronounce: 論文の典拠 (ろんぶんのてんきょ).
Read this aloud:
तुमने कहा:
Speech recognition is not supported in your browser. Try Chrome or Edge.
Pronounce: 典拠を明示する (てんきょをめいじする).
Read this aloud:
तुमने कहा:
Speech recognition is not supported in your browser. Try Chrome or Edge.
Pronounce: 典拠不明 (てんきょふめい).
Read this aloud:
तुमने कहा:
Speech recognition is not supported in your browser. Try Chrome or Edge.
Pronounce: 確かな典拠 (たしかなてんきょ).
Read this aloud:
तुमने कहा:
Speech recognition is not supported in your browser. Try Chrome or Edge.
Pronounce: 典拠資料 (てんきょしりょう).
Read this aloud:
तुमने कहा:
Speech recognition is not supported in your browser. Try Chrome or Edge.
Pronounce: 典拠に基づいた (てんきょにもとづいた).
Read this aloud:
तुमने कहा:
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Pronounce: 典拠を洗う (てんきょをあらう).
Read this aloud:
तुमने कहा:
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Pronounce: 典拠管理 (てんきょかんり).
Read this aloud:
तुमने कहा:
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Pronounce: 典拠薄弱 (てんきょはくじゃく).
Read this aloud:
तुमने कहा:
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Pronounce: 典拠を博捜する (てんきょをはくそうする).
Read this aloud:
तुमने कहा:
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Say 'Is there an authority for this?'
Read this aloud:
तुमने कहा:
Speech recognition is not supported in your browser. Try Chrome or Edge.
Say 'The authority is the dictionary.'
Read this aloud:
तुमने कहा:
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Say 'I need to check the authority.'
Read this aloud:
तुमने कहा:
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Say 'Please cite the authority.'
Read this aloud:
तुमने कहा:
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Say 'The authority is unknown.'
Read this aloud:
तुमने कहा:
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Say 'This is a reliable authority.'
Read this aloud:
तुमने कहा:
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Say 'I used the law as the authority.'
Read this aloud:
तुमने कहा:
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Say 'His argument lacks authority.'
Read this aloud:
तुमने कहा:
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Say 'I will investigate the authority.'
Read this aloud:
तुमने कहा:
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Say 'Check the authority data.'
Read this aloud:
तुमने कहा:
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Listen: 'Tenkyo o meiji shite kudasai.' What is the speaker asking for?
Listen: 'Tenkyo fumei no jouhou.' Is this information reliable?
Listen: 'Tashika na tenkyo ni motozuku.' What kind of source is it?
Listen: 'Tenkyo o arau hitsuyou ga aru.' Is the investigation finished?
Listen: 'Tenkyo hakujaku to ieru.' Is the evidence strong?
Listen: 'Tenkyo shiryou o teishutsu shita.' What was submitted?
Listen: 'Kanken no kagiri tenkyo wa nai.' Did the speaker find a source?
Listen: 'Tenkyo o古典 ni motomeru.' Where is the source being sought?
Listen: 'Tenkyo kanri ga fujuubun da.' What is insufficient?
Listen: 'Tenkyo no shinpyousei o utagau.' Does the listener trust the source?
Which word is 'tenkyo'? (1) てんき (2) てんきょ (3) てんきゅう
Listen: 'Kono hon o tenkyo to suru.' Is the book the source?
Listen: 'Tenkyo o meiji sezu ni inyou shita.' Did the person cite correctly?
Listen: 'Tenkyo ga bousou sareta.' (Wait, it should be hakusou). Listen again: 'Tenkyo o hakusou suru.' Is it a wide or narrow search?
Listen: 'Tenkyo no seito-sei.' What is being discussed?
/ 180 correct
Perfect score!
Summary
典拠 (tenkyo) is the 'gold standard' for sources in Japanese. Use it when you need to cite a serious authority, like a classic text or a law, to prove that your information is legitimate and well-founded. For example: 'The authority (典拠) for this law is the Constitution.'
- A formal noun meaning 'authority' or 'reliable source' for a claim.
- Commonly used in academic, legal, and historical contexts to provide proof.
- Implies high credibility and prestige, unlike casual words for 'source'.
- Essential for identifying the foundation of laws, words, and theories.
When in doubt, use 根拠 (konkyo)
If you aren't sure if your source is 'authoritative' enough for 典拠, 根拠 is a safe, versatile alternative that works in most situations.
Use 典拠を明示する in essays
This phrase is a 'magic bullet' for making your Japanese academic writing sound professional and well-structured.
Remember the kanji through 'Classic Foothold'
典 (Classic) + 拠 (Foothold). It's the classic book you stand on to make your point.
Listen for it on NHK
The national broadcaster NHK uses 典拠 frequently in its educational and historical programs. It's great listening practice.
संबंधित सामग्री
यह शब्द अन्य भाषाओं में
academic के और शब्द
絶対的
B2पूर्ण; जो किसी अन्य चीज़ पर निर्भर न हो या किसी भी तरह से कम न हो।
絶対的に
B1पूर्ण रूप से या बिना किसी शर्त के। 'यह बिल्कुल सही है।'
抽象的だ
B1Abstract; existing in thought or as an idea but not having a physical or concrete existence.
抽象
B2विचार में या एक विचार के रूप में मौजूद है, लेकिन भौतिक या ठोस अस्तित्व नहीं है। यह विशिष्ट विवरणों से दूर, किसी चीज के सार को सामान्य बनाने या निकालने को संदर्भित करता है। (अमूर्त कला एक सामान्य उदाहरण है।)
抽象的に
B1अमूर्त या सैद्धांतिक तरीके से। विचारों या अवधारणाओं के लिए उपयोग किया जाता है, भौतिक वस्तुओं के लिए नहीं।
学術的な
B1गंभीर विश्वविद्यालय अध्ययन, अनुसंधान या विज्ञान से संबंधित; अकादमिक।
学術的だ
B1अकादमिक; शिक्षा और छात्रवृत्ति से संबंधित। यह एक बहुत ही अकादमिक दृष्टिकोण है।
学術的
B2Academic; relating to education and scholarship.
学術
B1अकादमिक, विद्वत्ता; विद्वत्तापूर्ण प्रयासों से संबंधित।
学力
B1अकादमिक क्षमता का अर्थ है स्कूली विषयों में ज्ञान का स्तर।
