B2 Relative Clauses 1 min read कठिन

Stacked Relative Clauses (လုပ်သောလူကိုမြင်သောသူ)

सीखा हुआ चिह्नित करें
इसका अभ्यास करें

Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

Stacked relative clauses allow you to describe a person or thing using another description that also contains a relative clause.

  • Use 'thaw' (သော) or 'te' (တဲ့) after each verb in the chain.
  • The inner clause must be completed before the outer clause starts.
  • The final noun is the main subject/object of the whole sentence.
[Verb1 + သော + Noun1] + ကို + [Verb2 + သော + Noun2]

Nesting Structure

Inner Clause Connector Outer Clause Final Noun
Verb1 + သော + Noun1
ကို (Object Marker)
Verb2 + သော
Noun2
ဟင်းချက်သောလူ
ကို
ကူညီသော
သူငယ်ချင်း

Spoken vs Formal

Register Particle Example
Formal
သော (thaw)
သွားသောလူ
Spoken
တဲ့ (te)
သွားတဲ့လူ

Meanings

A grammatical structure where a relative clause modifies a noun, and that entire phrase serves as the object or subject of another relative clause.

1

Object Nesting

The inner relative clause describes the object of the outer relative clause.

“စာဖတ်နေသောကလေးကိုကြည့်နေသောဆရာ (The teacher who is looking at the child who is reading)”

2

Subject Nesting

The inner clause describes a subject that performs an action within a larger context.

“အလုပ်ကြိုးစားသောဝန်ထမ်းကိုဆုပေးသောသူဌေး (The boss who gives a prize to the employee who works hard)”

Reference Table

Reference table for Stacked Relative Clauses (လုပ်သောလူကိုမြင်သောသူ)
Form Structure Example
Affirmative Stack
V1+သော+N1+ကို+V2+သော+N2
ပြေးသောခွေးကိုဖမ်းသောလူ
Negative Stack
မ+V1+သော+N1+ကို+V2+သော+N2
မလာသောလူကိုစောင့်သောသူ
Interrogative
Stack + လား/လဲ?
ကသောလူကိုသိသောသူရှိလား?
Spoken Affirmative
V1+တဲ့+N1+ကို+V2+တဲ့+N2
အော်တဲ့ခွေးကိုကြောက်တဲ့ကလေး
Past/Completed
V1+ခဲ့သော+N1+ကို+V2+သော+N2
နိုင်ခဲ့သောသူကိုချီးကျူးသောလူ

औपचारिकता का स्तर

औपचारिक
အလုပ်လုပ်သောလူကိုမြင်သောသူ

အလုပ်လုပ်သောလူကိုမြင်သောသူ (General description)

तटस्थ
အလုပ်လုပ်တဲ့လူကိုမြင်တဲ့သူ

အလုပ်လုပ်တဲ့လူကိုမြင်တဲ့သူ (General description)

अनौपचारिक
အလုပ်လုပ်တဲ့လူကိုမြင်တဲ့လူ

အလုပ်လုပ်တဲ့လူကိုမြင်တဲ့လူ (General description)

बोलचाल
အလုပ်လုပ်တဲ့လူကိုတွေ့တဲ့လူ

အလုပ်လုပ်တဲ့လူကိုတွေ့တဲ့လူ (General description)

The Nesting Chain

Main Noun

Outer Action

  • မြင်သော who sees

Inner Action

  • အလုပ်လုပ်သော who works

Simple vs Stacked

Simple
လာသောလူ The person who comes
Stacked
လာသောလူကိုသိသောသူ The person who knows the person who comes
पूरी व्याख्या पढ़ने के लिए मुफ़्त साइन अप करें

स्तर के अनुसार उदाहरण

1

အိပ်သောကလေး

The child who sleeps

2

စားသောလူ

The person who eats

1

ထမင်းစားသောလူ

The person who eats rice

2

စာဖတ်သောကျောင်းသား

The student who reads a book

1

မောင်မောင်မြင်သောလူ

The person whom Maung Maung sees

2

ကျွန်တော်ဝယ်သောကား

The car that I bought

1

အလုပ်လုပ်သောလူကိုမြင်သောသူ

The person who sees the person who works

2

သီချင်းဆိုသောကလေးကိုချစ်သောမိခင်

The mother who loves the child who sings

1

နိုင်ငံတော်ကိုကာကွယ်သောစစ်သားကိုဂုဏ်ပြုသောပြည်သူ

The citizens who honor the soldiers who protect the country

2

အမှန်တရားကိုရှာဖွေသောပညာရှိကိုလေးစားသောလူငယ်

The youth who respect the wise man who seeks the truth

1

လောကကိုအလင်းပေးသောနေမင်းကိုကြည်ညိုသောသူ၏စိတ်နှလုံး

The heart of the person who admires the sun that gives light to the world

2

တရားဥပဒေကိုချိုးဖောက်သောသူကိုအပြစ်ပေးသောတရားသူကြီး၏ဆုံးဖြတ်ချက်

The decision of the judge who punishes the person who violates the law

आसानी से भ्रमित होने वाले

Stacked Relative Clauses (လုပ်သောလူကိုမြင်သောသူ) बनाम Simple Adjectives

Learners might try to use adjectives like verbs without 'thaw'.

Stacked Relative Clauses (လုပ်သောလူကိုမြင်သောသူ) बनाम Conjunctions (and)

Using 'and' (hni) instead of nesting.

सामान्य गलतियाँ

✗

လူစားသော

✓

စားသောလူ

In Burmese, the verb must come before the noun in a relative clause.
✗

ပန်းသီးစားလူ

✓

ပန်းသီးစားသောလူ

You cannot omit the particle 'thaw' or 'te' between the verb and noun.
✗

အလုပ်လုပ်သောလူ မြင်သောသူ

✓

အလုပ်လုပ်သောလူကို မြင်သောသူ

Missing the object marker 'ko' makes the relationship between the two clauses unclear.
✗

အလုပ်လုပ်တဲ့လူကို မြင်သောသူ

✓

အလုပ်လုပ်သောလူကို မြင်သောသူ

Mixing informal 'te' and formal 'thaw' in the same stacked clause is stylistically jarring.

वाक्य संरचनाएँ

___ သော ___ ကို ___ သော ___

Real World Usage

News Reporting very common

ပြစ်မှုကျူးလွန်သောသူကိုဖမ်းဆီးသောရဲ (The police who arrested the person who committed the crime)

Texting common

မုန့်ဝယ်တဲ့လူကိုစောင့်တဲ့သူ (The person waiting for the person buying snacks)

Job Interviews occasional

ကုမ္ပဏီကိုတိုးတက်အောင်လုပ်တဲ့ဝန်ထမ်းကိုရှာနေတဲ့သူဌေး (A boss looking for an employee who makes the company improve)

सभी उदाहरण देखने के लिए मुफ़्त साइन अप करें
💡

The 'Ko' Rule

Always remember the object marker 'ko' after the first noun if it's the object of the second verb. It's the bridge.
⚠️

Don't Overstack

While you can stack 3 or 4 clauses, it becomes hard to follow. Stick to 2 for clarity in speech.
🎯

Register Match

If you start with 'thaw', end with 'thaw'. If you start with 'te', end with 'te'.

Smart Tips

Look for the 'ko' marker. It usually marks the end of the first description and the start of the second.

အလုပ်လုပ်သောလူ မြင်သောသူ (Confusing) → အလုပ်လုပ်သောလူကို မြင်သောသူ (Clear)

Start from the very end of the English sentence and work your way backward to the beginning.

The man who saw the dog that barked. → ဟောင်သောခွေးကိုမြင်သောလူ (Barked-dog-saw-man)

उच्चारण

/θɔ́/ vs /tɛ̀/

Thaw vs Te

'Thaw' is pronounced with a heavy tone, while 'Te' is often shortened to 'De' in fast speech.

Rising-Falling

လုပ်သောလူကို (up) မြင်သောသူ (down)

Shows the completion of the first clause before the second.

याद करें

स्मृति सहायक

Think of it as a 'Russian Nesting Doll' of descriptions: the small doll (inner clause) goes inside the big doll (outer clause).

दृश्य संबंध

Imagine a chain link. Each link is a 'Verb + Thaw + Noun' unit. To connect them, you just hook the first noun into the next verb's action.

Rhyme

One 'thaw' for the first, one 'thaw' for the rest; put 'ko' in the middle to pass the test.

Story

A man was working (Inner). A woman saw him (Outer). To describe the woman, we say: 'The working-man-seeing woman.'

Word Web

သော (thaw)တဲ့ (te)ကို (ko)သူ (thu)လူ (lu)အရာ (aya)

चैलेंज

Try to describe your best friend by mentioning someone they know. For example: 'The person who loves the mother who lives in Yangon.'

सांस्कृतिक नोट्स

Using 'thaw' is a sign of high education and is expected in written exams and formal letters.

In Yangon, 'te' is almost always used, and the final 'thu' (person) is often replaced with 'lu' or 'taya'.

Derived from Old Burmese adnominal markers used in Pagan period inscriptions.

बातचीत की शुरुआत

“

မင်းသိတဲ့လူကိုချစ်တဲ့သူရှိလား?

“

အလုပ်ကြိုးစားတဲ့ဝန်ထမ်းကိုဆုပေးတဲ့သူဌေးအကြောင်းပြောပြပါ။

“

စာဖတ်နေတဲ့ကလေးကိုကြည့်နေတဲ့ဆရာက ဘာလို့ကြည့်နေတာလဲ?

डायरी विषय

Write about a hero who saved a person who was in danger.
Describe a scene at a train station involving people watching other people.
Explain a complex family relationship (e.g., the person who married my cousin).

सामान्य गलतियाँ

Incorrect

सही

Incorrect

सही

Incorrect

सही

Incorrect

सही

Sign up free to see all tips

Test Yourself

Fill in the missing particle for a formal sentence.

စာဖတ်နေ___ကလေးကိုကြည့်နေသောဆရာ

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: သော
Since the sentence ends in 'thaw', the first particle should also be 'thaw' for formal consistency.
Reorder to mean 'The person who sees the person who works.' Sentence Reorder

Arrange the words in the correct order:

All words placed

Click words above to build the sentence

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 2-1-4-3
The inner clause (2-1) must come before the outer verb (4) and final noun (3).
Which sentence is correct for 'The mother who loves the child who sings'? बहुविकल्पी

Choose the correct one:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: သီချင်းဆိုသောကလေးကိုချစ်သောမိခင်
This follows the [V1+thaw+N1] + ko + [V2+thaw+N2] pattern.
Translate: 'The person who knows the man who came.' अनुवाद

Translate to Burmese:

Answer starts with: လာသ...

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: လာသောလူကိုသိသောသူ
'Came' (la-thaw) modifies 'man' (lu), and that whole phrase is the object of 'knows' (thi-thaw).

Score: /4

अभ्यास प्रश्न

4 exercises
Fill in the missing particle for a formal sentence.

စာဖတ်နေ___ကလေးကိုကြည့်နေသောဆရာ

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: သော
Since the sentence ends in 'thaw', the first particle should also be 'thaw' for formal consistency.
Reorder to mean 'The person who sees the person who works.' Sentence Reorder

၁.လူကို ၂.အလုပ်လုပ်သော ၃.သူ ၄.မြင်သော

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 2-1-4-3
The inner clause (2-1) must come before the outer verb (4) and final noun (3).
Which sentence is correct for 'The mother who loves the child who sings'? बहुविकल्पी

Choose the correct one:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: သီချင်းဆိုသောကလေးကိုချစ်သောမိခင်
This follows the [V1+thaw+N1] + ko + [V2+thaw+N2] pattern.
Translate: 'The person who knows the man who came.' अनुवाद

Translate to Burmese:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: လာသောလူကိုသိသောသူ
'Came' (la-thaw) modifies 'man' (lu), and that whole phrase is the object of 'knows' (thi-thaw).

Score: /4

अक्सर पूछे जाने वाले सवाल (6)

It is grammatically possible but stylistically poor. It's best to stick to one register throughout the sentence.

Theoretically no, but practically, more than two levels of nesting make the sentence very difficult to process for native speakers.

Then you wouldn't use 'ko'. You would use a subject marker or nothing, but this usually changes the meaning to a simple list rather than a stacked clause.

Yes, very often. Burmese poetry loves the rhythmic repetition of `သော` (thaw).

Use the negative prefix 'ma-'. Example: `အလုပ်မလုပ်သောလူ`.

In relative clauses, the verb always precedes the noun. This is a strict rule in Burmese.

Scaffolded Practice

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

4

Mastery Progress

Needs Practice

Improving

Strong

Mastered

अभ्यास करने के लिए मुफ़्त साइन अप करें

In Other Languages

Japanese high

連体修飾節 (Rentei shuushikusetsu)

Japanese doesn't require a specific particle like 'thaw' for plain form verbs.

Spanish moderate

Cláusulas de relativo compuestas

Word order is reversed (Head-Initial vs Burmese Head-Final).

German partial

Relativsatz

German requires comma separation and specific pronoun agreement.

Arabic low

الصلة (Al-Sila)

Burmese never uses resumptive pronouns in relative clauses.

Learning Path

Prerequisites

Next
Relative Clauses with Adverbial Meanings

Related Grammar Rules

C1

Noun Phrases with Embedded Relative Clauses
B1

Relative Clause Marker (သော / တဲ့)
B1

Relative Clauses with Location (နေသော)
B1

Forming Adjectival Clauses (Verb + သော + Noun)
B1

Relative Clauses with Time (လုပ်သောအချိန်)
Was this helpful?

टिप्पणियाँ (0)

टिप्पणी के लिए लॉगिन करें
अभी तक कोई टिप्पणी नहीं। अपने विचार साझा करने वाले पहले व्यक्ति बनें!