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B2 noun 10 Min. Lesezeit

استهلاک

estehlak
Beispiele
Erklärung استهلاک in your Level:
At the A1 level, you don't need to use the word 'Estehlak' yourself, but you might hear it when people talk about cars or machines. Think of it simply as 'getting old' or 'costing money to fix'. If you have an old bicycle, and it breaks often, that is because of 'estehlak'. It is a big word for a simple idea: things break when we use them a lot. For now, just remember that it is a noun and it usually means something is losing its value or getting worn out. You will mostly see it in sentences like 'This car is old' or 'This machine has many problems'. Don't worry about the accounting meaning yet; just focus on the 'wear and tear' part. It is pronounced 'es-teh-lāk'. Try to listen for it when you are near a garage or a shop that sells used items.
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At the A2 level, you can start recognizing 'Estehlak' in basic conversations about property and vehicles. You should know that it is a more formal way to say something is 'worn out'. Instead of just saying 'old' (ghadimi), you can use 'estehlak' to sound a bit more advanced. For example, if you are looking at a used car, you might ask: 'Does this car have high estehlak?' This means 'Is it expensive to maintain?' or 'Is it very worn down?'. You will also see it in simple signs or basic news headlines about the economy. It is important to notice that we use it with the verb 'dāshtan' (to have). Example: 'In māshin estehlāk-e ziādi dārad' (This car has a lot of wear and tear). This level is about moving from simple adjectives to more descriptive nouns like this one.
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At the B1 level, you should be comfortable using 'Estehlak' in professional and semi-formal contexts. You are now expected to understand that 'estehlak' isn't just about things being old, but about the *process* of losing value. You should be able to use it in an 'Ezafe' construction, such as 'hazine-ye estehlak' (cost of depreciation). If you are talking about your job or a business, you might say 'We need to account for the estehlak of our computers'. You should also begin to distinguish it from 'farsudegi' (physical aging). 'Estehlak' is more about the utility and value, while 'farsudegi' is about the physical look. You might use it in a sentence like: 'Due to the high estehlak of the equipment, we need to buy new ones next year.' This shows you understand the practical consequences of the word.
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At the B2 level (which is the target for this word), you should have a firm grasp of both the mechanical and financial meanings of 'Estehlak'. You should be able to discuss 'Estehlak-e anbashteh' (accumulated depreciation) in a business meeting or explain why a certain industrial process leads to rapid 'estehlak' of parts. You should also be familiar with the related verb forms like 'mostahlak shodan' (to be worn out/depreciated). At this level, you should use the word to describe complex systems, like national infrastructure or corporate assets. You can also use it metaphorically in higher-level discussion, such as 'the estehlak of the urban environment'. You should be able to read an article in a newspaper like 'Etela'at' and understand how 'estehlak' affects the national budget. Your usage should be precise, distinguishing it clearly from 'kahesh-e arzesh' (market value drop).
At the C1 level, your understanding of 'Estehlak' should be nuanced and academic. You should be able to discuss different methods of calculating depreciation, such as 'estehlak-e khat-te mostaghim' (straight-line depreciation) or 'estehlak-e nezoli' (declining balance depreciation). You can use the word in legal or contractual contexts, such as clauses in a lease agreement regarding 'estehlak-e motāref' (normal wear and tear). You should also be able to appreciate the word's etymological roots in Arabic and how it relates to other words in the 'h-l-k' family. In literature or social commentary, you might use 'estehlak' to describe the 'erosion' of social values or the 'wearing down' of a political system over decades. Your speech should reflect an understanding that 'estehlak' is a fundamental law of both thermodynamics and economics.
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At the C2 level, you possess a masterly command of 'Estehlak' and its theoretical implications. You can engage in deep debates about 'estehlak-e sarmayeh' (capital depreciation) in the context of global economic theories or the environmental impact of industrial 'estehlak'. You understand the philosophical dimension of the word—how it represents the transition from being to non-being (the root 'halak' meaning destruction). You can use it in high-level legal disputes involving the valuation of intangible assets and their 'estehlak' over time. You are also capable of using the word in sophisticated puns or complex metaphors in poetry and high-end prose. At this level, 'Estehlak' is not just a vocabulary word; it is a conceptual tool you use to analyze the world's physical and financial systems with total precision and cultural depth.
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Beispiele

The Persian word استهلاک (pronounced 'estehlāk') is a sophisticated noun that bridges the worlds of physical engineering and abstract finance. At its core, it describes the inevitable process of decline—whether that is the physical wearing down of a machine's gears or the systematic reduction of a financial asset's value on a balance sheet. For English speakers, it is most commonly translated as depreciation in a business context or wear and tear in a mechanical or everyday context. Understanding this word is essential for anyone looking to navigate professional Persian environments, particularly in fields like accounting, automotive industries, or civil engineering.

Financial Context
In accounting, this refers to the allocation of the cost of a tangible asset over its useful life. For example, if a company buys a truck, the value of that truck decreases every year on paper. This 'writing off' process is called استهلاک دارایی.

هزینه استهلاک این دستگاه در سال اول بسیار زیاد است.

(The depreciation cost of this machine is very high in the first year.)

Beyond the ledger, استهلاک captures the physical reality of entropy. When a car travels thousands of kilometers on rough Iranian roads, the tires, the engine, and the suspension system all undergo estehlak. It implies that something is being 'consumed' or 'used up' by the very act of its operation. This is why you will often hear taxi drivers or fleet owners complaining about the high rate of استهلاک in their vehicles due to poor road conditions or high usage.

Mechanical Context
Physical erosion and degradation of components. A machine that runs 24/7 has a much higher rate of استهلاک قطعات (parts wear) than one used occasionally.

جاده‌های کوهستانی باعث استهلاک سریع ترمزها می‌شوند.

(Mountain roads cause rapid wear and tear of the brakes.)

The word originates from the Arabic root 'h-l-k' (ه-ل-ک), which relates to perishing or destruction. In the reflexive 'istif'āl' form, it takes on the meaning of 'causing to perish' or 'gradual consumption'. This etymological background helps learners remember that the word isn't just about 'getting old'; it's about the gradual 'disappearance' of value or physical integrity through use. In modern Persian, it is a stable, high-frequency word in news, business reports, and technical manuals.

Economic Policy
Governments often discuss the استهلاک سرمایه (capital consumption) when analyzing national infrastructure like bridges and dams.

عدم نگهداری صحیح، استهلاک زیرساخت‌ها را دوبرابر می‌کند.

(Lack of proper maintenance doubles the depreciation of infrastructure.)

Finally, it's worth noting that 'Estehlak' can sometimes be used metaphorically in literature or high-level journalism to describe the 'wearing down' of a person's spirit or health under constant pressure, though this is less common than its technical uses. When you master this word, you gain a key tool for discussing value, time, and the physical world in a precise, adult manner.

Using استهلاک correctly requires understanding its role as a noun that often functions as the head of an 'Ezafe' construction (the Persian linking sound '-e'). Most frequently, you will see it paired with the thing that is being worn down or the type of cost being calculated. It is rarely used as a standalone subject without context because it describes a process happening to something else.

Common Pattern 1: [Noun] + [Estehlak]
Here, 'Estehlak' acts as the modifier. Example: هزینه استهلاک (Depreciation cost). This is the most common way to discuss the financial impact.

ما باید استهلاک سالانه ساختمان را محاسبه کنیم.

(We must calculate the annual depreciation of the building.)

Another frequent pattern involves verbs like داشتن (to have) or بالا بودن (to be high). When we say a car 'has high estehlak', we mean it is expensive to keep running because parts break often or its value drops quickly.

Common Pattern 2: [Object] + [Estehlak] + [Verb]
Example: این ماشین استهلاک کمی دارد (This car has low wear and tear/maintenance cost).

خودروهای آلمانی معمولاً استهلاک بالایی دارند.

(German cars usually have high wear and tear/maintenance requirements.)

In more formal or academic writing, you will encounter the passive or causative forms derived from the same root, such as مستهلک شدن (to become depreciated/worn out) or مستهلک کردن (to depreciate/wear out something). These are compound verbs that allow for more dynamic descriptions of the process.

Verb Form: مستهلک شدن
Example: وام در طی ده سال مستهلک شد (The loan was amortized over ten years).

بسیاری از تجهیزات کارخانه کاملاً مستهلک شده‌اند.

(Many of the factory's equipments have become completely worn out/depreciated.)

When discussing taxation, استهلاک is a key term for deductions. You might hear: "Darsad-e estehlak-e in dārāyi cheghadr ast?" (What is the depreciation percentage of this asset?). This demonstrates its use as a quantifiable variable in financial calculations.

قوانین مالیاتی جدید، نرخ استهلاک را تغییر داده است.

(New tax laws have changed the depreciation rate.)

By practicing these patterns, you can move from simple descriptions of 'old' things to professional-level discussions about value management and mechanical durability. Remember to always link it to the object using the Ezafe (-e) for the most natural sound.

If you are in Iran or speaking with Persian speakers abroad, you won't hear استهلاک at a casual birthday party, but you will hear it constantly in specific environments. Knowing these contexts will help you recognize the word even when spoken quickly or in a thick accent. The most common places are car dealerships, accounting offices, and industrial zones.

At the Car Market (Bāzār-e Khodro)
When Iranians buy or sell cars, they are obsessed with 'estehlak'. A 'low estehlak' car is a prize because it means it doesn't need frequent repairs. You might hear: این مدل استهلاک زیادی دارد، سراغش نرو (This model has high wear/maintenance, don't go for it).

تویوتا به خاطر استهلاک پایینش در ایران محبوب است.

(Toyota is popular in Iran because of its low wear and tear/maintenance.)

In the business world, during the end-of-year financial closing (Anbār-gardāni and Tastieh Hesāb), the word 'Estehlak' is used in every meeting. Accountants discuss 'Estehlak-e Anbāshteh' (Accumulated Depreciation) to determine the current book value of company assets. If you work in an Iranian office, this is a word you'll see in every spreadsheet.

News and Economy
Economic analysts on TV or in newspapers like 'Donya-e-Eqtesad' use it to talk about the 'Estehlak-e Sarmayeh-gozari' (Depreciation of investment). They argue that if the inflation is higher than the نرخ استهلاک, the economy is in trouble.

بخش صنعت با بحران استهلاک ماشین‌آلات قدیمی روبروست.

(The industrial sector is facing a crisis of depreciation/wear of old machinery.)

Real estate is another prime location for this word. When a building gets older, its 'price of the structure' (qeymat-e banā) decreases due to 'estehlak', while the 'price of the land' (qeymat-e zamin) usually goes up. A savvy buyer will ask about the 'estehlak-e looleh-keshi' (wear and tear of the plumbing) before committing.

Manufacturing and Factories
Engineers use it to schedule 'Negahdari va Ta'mirat' (Maintenance and Repairs). They calculate when a part will reach its حد استهلاک (limit of wear) and needs replacement.

برای کاهش استهلاک، باید روغن دستگاه را هر ماه عوض کرد.

(To reduce wear and tear, the machine oil must be changed every month.)

In summary, whether you are reading a financial report, talking to a mechanic, or listening to an economic podcast, استهلاک is the go-to term for the cost of time and usage. It is a word that signals you have moved beyond basic 'survival' Persian into professional and technical fluency.

While استهلاک is a precise term, many learners (and sometimes native speakers in casual settings) trip up on its specific application and its relationship with similar-sounding or similar-meaning words. Avoiding these pitfalls will make your Persian sound much more natural and professional.

Mistake 1: Confusing 'Estehlak' with 'Masraf' (Consumption)
Learners often use 'estehlak' when they mean 'using up' a resource like water or electricity. That is مصرف. 'Estehlak' is for the degradation of the vessel or tool, not the resource itself. You consume (masraf) gasoline, which causes wear (estehlak) to the engine.

غلط: استهلاک بنزین این ماشین زیاد است. (Wrong: The depreciation of gasoline is high.)

درست: مصرف بنزین این ماشین زیاد است. (Correct: The consumption of gasoline is high.)

Another common error is failing to distinguish between استهلاک and خرابی (breakdown/damage). 'Estehlak' is a slow, expected process. 'Kharabi' is often sudden. If your car won't start because you didn't change the oil for three years, that's 'estehlak' leading to 'kharabi'.

Mistake 2: Over-using it for people
While you can metaphorically use it for human fatigue in literature, using it in daily speech to say "I am tired" or "I am worn out" sounds very strange or overly dramatic. Stick to خستگی or فرسودگی for people.

غلط: من از کار زیاد دچار استهلاک شده‌ام. (Sounds like you are an accounting asset.)

A subtle mistake occurs in pluralization. Persian learners often try to use the English plural logic ('depreciations'). In Persian, استهلاک is almost always singular. Even if you are talking about ten different machines, you talk about the 'estehlak' of those machines as a collective concept.

Mistake 3: Misplacing the Ezafe
Remember that 'Estehlak' usually links to the object. It is استهلاکِ ماشین (estehlāk-e māshin). Forgetting that '-e' sound makes the sentence sound disjointed and clarifies that you are a beginner.

یادتان باشد: همیشه بگویید «هزینهٔ استهلاک»، نه «هزینه استهلاک» (with a clear ezafe link).

Finally, be careful with the spelling. The letter 'h' (ه) in the middle is essential. Some learners mistakenly write it with 'h' (ح) or omit it entirely. Always remember: ا-س-ت-ه-ل-ا-ک.

To truly master استهلاک, you need to know the words that live in its neighborhood. Persian has several terms for 'wearing out' or 'declining', and choosing the right one depends on whether you are talking about a car, a piece of clothing, a historic building, or a bank account.

1. فرسودگی (Farsudegi)
Comparison: While 'Estehlak' is often financial or mechanical, فرسودگی is more about the physical state of being old and worn out. You would call an old, crumbling house 'farsudeh', but you calculate its 'estehlak' for the tax office.

بافت فرسوده شهر نیاز به بازسازی دارد.

(The worn-out texture/areas of the city need renovation.)

Another close relative is فرسایش (Farsāyesh). This is primarily used for 'erosion' in a geological or physical sense—like wind eroding a rock or tires rubbing against the asphalt. While 'estehlak' is the result, 'farsayesh' is often the process.

2. فرسایش (Farsāyesh)
Usage: Best for soil erosion (فرسایش خاک) or the physical wearing down of surfaces. 'Estehlak' is broader and more 'human-centered' (related to use and value).

فرسایش لاستیک‌ها در تابستان بیشتر است.

(The erosion/wear of tires is higher in summer.)

In accounting, you might also hear تقلیل ارزش (Taqli-e Arzesh), which literally means 'reduction of value'. This is a more literal, less technical term than 'estehlak', often used for assets that aren't physical machines, like stocks or brand reputation.

3. کاهش ارزش (Kāhesh-e Arzesh)
Context: General value drop. استهلاک is a type of value drop caused by use and time. 'Kahesh-e arzesh' could be caused by a market crash, which is NOT 'estehlak'.

For clothing or small household items, Persians often use کهنه شدن (Kohneh shodan - to become old/worn). You wouldn't say your shirt has 'estehlak'; you'd say it's 'kohneh' (old/ragged).

این لباس دیگر کهنه شده است.

(This clothing has become old/worn out already.)

By understanding these nuances, you can avoid the 'one-size-fits-all' approach to vocabulary and speak Persian with the precision of a native speaker.

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Beispiele nach Niveau

1

این ماشین قدیمی است و استهلاک دارد.

This car is old and has wear and tear.

Simple subject + adjective + noun + verb.

2

استهلاک یعنی چه؟

What does 'estehlak' mean?

Asking for a definition.

3

دوچرخه من استهلاک کمی دارد.

My bicycle has little wear and tear.

Using 'kam' (little) with the noun.

4

آیا این دستگاه استهلاک دارد؟

Does this machine have wear and tear?

Simple question form.

5

استهلاک برای ماشین بد است.

Wear and tear is bad for the car.

Using 'barāye' (for).

6

او درباره استهلاک حرف می‌زند.

He is talking about depreciation.

Present continuous context.

7

قیمت به خاطر استهلاک کم شد.

The price decreased because of wear and tear.

Using 'be khāter-e' (because of).

8

استهلاک در همه چیز هست.

Wear and tear is in everything.

Universal statement.

1

استهلاک این قطعات خیلی زیاد است.

The wear and tear of these parts is very high.

Ezafe construction: estehlak-e gheta'at.

2

ما باید هزینه استهلاک را بدهیم.

We must pay the depreciation cost.

Using 'bāyad' (must) + compound noun.

3

چرا استهلاک این موتور بالاست؟

Why is the wear and tear of this motor high?

Question with 'cherā' (why).

4

این جاده باعث استهلاک ماشین می‌شود.

This road causes wear and tear on the car.

Using 'bā'es shodan' (to cause).

5

استهلاک سالانه این خانه چقدر است؟

How much is the annual depreciation of this house?

Adjective 'sālāneh' (annual) modifying the noun.

6

دفترچه راهنما درباره استهلاک توضیح داده است.

The manual has explained about wear and tear.

Present perfect tense.

7

شما می‌توانید استهلاک را کم کنید.

You can reduce the wear and tear.

Using 'tavānestan' (can) + 'kam kardan'.

8

استهلاک ترمزها در کوهستان زیاد است.

The wear of brakes is high in the mountains.

Locational context.

1

هزینه استهلاک تجهیزات در بودجه دیده شده است.

The equipment depreciation cost has been included in the budget.

Passive construction 'dideh shodeh ast'.

2

استهلاک بیش از حد باعث خرابی دستگاه شد.

Excessive wear and tear caused the machine to break down.

'Bish az had' (excessive) as a modifier.

3

روش‌های مختلفی برای محاسبه استهلاک وجود دارد.

There are different methods for calculating depreciation.

Plural 'ravash-hā' (methods).

4

این خودرو به دلیل استهلاک پایین، بسیار پرفروش است.

This vehicle is a best-seller due to low maintenance/wear.

Using 'be dalil-e' (due to).

5

مالیات بر اساس استهلاک دارایی‌ها تعیین می‌شود.

Tax is determined based on asset depreciation.

'Bar asās-e' (based on).

6

استهلاک لاستیک‌ها در هوای گرم سریع‌تر است.

Tire wear is faster in hot weather.

Comparative 'sari'-tar' (faster).

7

مدیر شرکت نگران استهلاک سریع سرمایه است.

The company manager is worried about rapid capital depreciation.

Adjective 'sari'' (rapid).

8

سرویس دوره‌ای از استهلاک زیاد جلوگیری می‌کند.

Periodic servicing prevents excessive wear and tear.

'Jologiri kardan' (to prevent).

1

نرخ استهلاک انباشته در ترازنامه ثبت شده است.

The accumulated depreciation rate is recorded in the balance sheet.

Technical term 'estehlak-e anbashteh'.

2

استهلاک ماشین‌آلات صنعتی یک عامل کلیدی در قیمت‌گذاری است.

Depreciation of industrial machinery is a key factor in pricing.

Using 'āmel-e kelidi' (key factor).

3

باید بین استهلاک فیزیکی و کاهش ارزش اقتصادی تفاوت قائل شد.

One must distinguish between physical wear and economic value reduction.

'Tafāvot ghā'el shodan' (to distinguish).

4

استهلاکِ منابع انسانی در محیط‌های پرفشار بسیار جدی است.

The 'wear and tear' of human resources in high-pressure environments is very serious.

Metaphorical use of the word.

5

قوانین جدید اجازه می‌دهند استهلاک را به صورت شتاب‌زده محاسبه کنید.

New laws allow you to calculate depreciation in an accelerated manner.

'Be surate' (in the manner of).

6

استهلاک زیرساخت‌های جاده‌ای هزینه‌های سنگینی به دولت تحمیل می‌کند.

The depreciation of road infrastructure imposes heavy costs on the government.

'Tahmil kardan' (to impose).

7

در این قرارداد، مسئولیت استهلاک متعارف با مستأجر نیست.

In this contract, responsibility for normal wear and tear is not with the tenant.

Legal term 'estehlak-e motāref'.

8

تکنولوژی‌های جدید نرخ استهلاک قطعات الکترونیکی را کاهش داده‌اند.

New technologies have reduced the wear rate of electronic components.

Present perfect compound verb.

1

تحلیل استهلاک دارایی‌های نامشهود نیازمند تخصص بالایی است.

Analyzing the amortization of intangible assets requires high expertise.

Using 'dārāyi-hāye nā-mash-hud'.

2

استهلاک در فلسفه اقتصادی به معنای زوال تدریجی ارزش مصرفی است.

Depreciation in economic philosophy means the gradual decline of use-value.

Complex definition structure.

3

عدم تخصیص بودجه برای استهلاک، منجر به ورشکستگی فنی می‌شود.

Failure to allocate budget for depreciation leads to technical bankruptcy.

'Monjar be ... shodan' (to lead to).

4

پارادایم‌های نوین حسابداری بر بازنگری در دوره‌های استهلاک تأکید دارند.

Modern accounting paradigms emphasize revising depreciation periods.

Academic vocabulary like 'pārādāym'.

5

استهلاکِ سیستم‌های نرم‌افزاری به دلیل پیشرفت سریع تکنولوژی رخ می‌دهد.

The 'depreciation' (obsolescence) of software systems occurs due to rapid technological progress.

Abstract application of the word.

6

بررسی نرخ استهلاک سرمایه ثابت در کشورهای در حال توسعه حیاتی است.

Examining the fixed capital depreciation rate in developing countries is vital.

Compound technical term 'sarmāye-ye sābet'.

7

استهلاکِ روانی ناشی از ترافیک کلان‌شهرها غیرقابل انکار است.

The psychological wear and tear resulting from megacity traffic is undeniable.

Using 'ghayr-e ghābel-e enkār' (undeniable).

8

این مدل ریاضی، استهلاک را به عنوان تابعی از زمان و شدت بهره‌برداری در نظر می‌گیرد.

This mathematical model considers depreciation as a function of time and intensity of use.

Using 'tābe' (function).

1

استهلاک در ساحت هستی‌شناختی، گواهی بر فناپذیری ماده است.

Depreciation in the ontological realm is a testament to the perishability of matter.

Highly formal/philosophical register.

2

مکانیسم‌های استهلاک در قراردادهای بین‌المللی نفت و گاز بسیار پیچیده هستند.

Depreciation mechanisms in international oil and gas contracts are very complex.

Specific industry application.

3

تقابل میان انباشت سرمایه و استهلاک آن، موتور محرک اقتصاد کلاسیک است.

The contrast between capital accumulation and its depreciation is the driving engine of classical economics.

Theoretical economic discourse.

4

استهلاکِ تدریجی اقتدار سیاسی در غیاب مشروعیت، امری محتوم است.

The gradual erosion of political authority in the absence of legitimacy is inevitable.

Political science metaphor.

5

محاسبه استهلاک دارایی‌های بیولوژیک در کشاورزی صنعتی چالش‌برانگیز است.

Calculating the depreciation of biological assets in industrial agriculture is challenging.

Niche scientific/financial term.

6

این جستار به واکاوی مفهوم استهلاک در ادبیات مدرن فارسی می‌پردازد.

This essay explores the concept of 'erosion/wear' in modern Persian literature.

Using 'vākāvi' (exploration/analysis).

7

استهلاکِ معنا در ترجمه‌های شتاب‌زده، خیانتی به متن اصلی است.

The 'wearing down' of meaning in rushed translations is a betrayal of the original text.

Linguistic/philosophical usage.

8

فرآیند استهلاک در سیستم‌های ترمودینامیکی با افزایش آنتروپی همسو است.

The process of wear/depreciation in thermodynamic systems is aligned with the increase of entropy.

Scientific interdisciplinary usage.

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