C2 Discourse & Pragmatics 1 min read Schwer

Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

Master the art of professional critique by using nuanced evaluative markers like 'seharusnya', 'perlu', and 'kurang' to soften or sharpen your feedback.

  • Use 'seharusnya' to suggest an ideal state: 'Laporan ini seharusnya lebih mendetail.'
  • Use 'kurang' to identify deficits without being overly aggressive: 'Argumen ini masih kurang kuat.'
  • Use 'perlu' to emphasize necessity: 'Data ini perlu diverifikasi kembali sebelum dipublikasikan.'
Subject + [Evaluative Marker] + [Verb/Adjective] + [Contextual Object]

Meanings

The use of specific lexical markers to provide constructive, academic, or professional feedback on a text or performance.

1

Constructive Suggestion

Proposing an improvement to a current state.

“Penulis seharusnya mempertimbangkan perspektif lain.”

“Perlu ada penambahan referensi terkini.”

2

Deficit Identification

Pointing out a missing or weak element.

“Data tersebut kurang akurat.”

“Argumen ini masih bersifat spekulatif.”

3

Validation

Acknowledging merit before critique.

“Secara keseluruhan, karya ini sangat solid.”

“Penyampaian ide Anda sudah sangat menarik.”

Evaluative Marker Usage

Marker Function Tone Example
Seharusnya Suggesting ideal Formal Seharusnya lebih jelas
Perlu Identifying necessity Neutral Perlu diperbaiki
Kurang Identifying deficit Neutral Kurang akurat
Bisa Suggesting possibility Soft Bisa ditingkatkan
Belum Identifying incomplete Neutral Belum lengkap

Reference Table

Reference table for Textual Critique
Form Structure Example
Affirmative Subject + Marker + Verb Analisis ini perlu diperdalam.
Negative Subject + Tidak + Marker + Verb Data ini tidak cukup akurat.
Question Apakah + Subject + Perlu + Verb? Apakah bagian ini perlu diubah?
Softened Mungkin + Subject + Bisa + Verb Mungkin ini bisa lebih ringkas.
Passive Marker + Di-Verb Perlu dipertimbangkan kembali.
Comparative Lebih + Adjective + Daripada Ini lebih baik daripada sebelumnya.

Formalitätsspektrum

Formell
Laporan ini memerlukan data tambahan.

Laporan ini memerlukan data tambahan. (Work report)

Neutral
Laporan ini perlu data tambahan.

Laporan ini perlu data tambahan. (Work report)

Informell
Laporan ini kurang data.

Laporan ini kurang data. (Work report)

Umgangssprache
Data kurang nih.

Data kurang nih. (Work report)

Evaluative Discourse Map

Critique

Markers

  • Seharusnya Should
  • Perlu Need

Softening

  • Mungkin Maybe
  • Rasanya It feels like

Examples by Level

1

Ini bagus.

This is good.

2

Itu tidak bagus.

That is not good.

3

Saya suka ini.

I like this.

4

Bisa lebih baik.

Can be better.

1

Ini kurang jelas.

This is not clear enough.

2

Perlu lebih banyak data.

Need more data.

3

Tulisannya kurang rapi.

The writing is not neat.

4

Bisa diperbaiki lagi.

Can be improved again.

1

Seharusnya ada penjelasan lebih lanjut.

There should be further explanation.

2

Argumen ini masih kurang kuat.

This argument is still not strong enough.

3

Perlu ada referensi yang lebih baru.

There needs to be newer references.

4

Strukturnya bisa lebih sistematis.

The structure could be more systematic.

1

Secara keseluruhan, analisis ini sudah komprehensif, namun perlu penajaman pada metodologi.

Overall, this analysis is comprehensive, but needs sharpening on the methodology.

2

Penulis seharusnya mempertimbangkan variabel lain untuk hasil yang lebih valid.

The author should consider other variables for more valid results.

3

Terdapat ketidakkonsistenan dalam penggunaan terminologi di bab dua.

There is inconsistency in terminology usage in chapter two.

4

Data yang disajikan kurang mendukung kesimpulan yang diambil.

The data presented does not sufficiently support the conclusion drawn.

1

Meskipun argumennya menarik, premis yang diajukan masih bersifat spekulatif dan memerlukan bukti empiris yang lebih kuat.

Although the argument is interesting, the premise proposed is still speculative and requires stronger empirical evidence.

2

Perlu adanya rekonsiliasi antara data kualitatif dan kuantitatif agar narasi yang dibangun lebih koheren.

There needs to be a reconciliation between qualitative and quantitative data so the narrative built is more coherent.

3

Kritik ini tidak bermaksud merendahkan, melainkan untuk memberikan perspektif alternatif terhadap temuan Anda.

This critique is not intended to belittle, but to provide an alternative perspective on your findings.

4

Seharusnya ada upaya lebih untuk mengintegrasikan teori-teori kontemporer dalam pembahasan ini.

There should be more effort to integrate contemporary theories in this discussion.

1

Penyajian data tersebut, meskipun secara visual menarik, secara substansial kurang memiliki kedalaman analitis yang diperlukan untuk mendukung tesis utama.

The presentation of that data, while visually appealing, substantially lacks the analytical depth required to support the main thesis.

2

Perlu dipertimbangkan kembali apakah metodologi yang digunakan sudah selaras dengan tujuan penelitian yang ambisius ini.

It needs to be reconsidered whether the methodology used is aligned with this ambitious research goal.

3

Terdapat celah diskursif yang signifikan yang seharusnya ditutup dengan analisis yang lebih mendalam mengenai konteks sosio-historisnya.

There is a significant discursive gap that should be closed with a deeper analysis of its socio-historical context.

4

Karya ini menunjukkan potensi yang luar biasa, namun masih memerlukan penyempurnaan pada artikulasi argumen di bagian penutup.

This work shows extraordinary potential, but still requires refinement in the articulation of arguments in the concluding section.

Easily Confused

Textual Critique vs. Harus vs Seharusnya

Learners use 'harus' (must) for critique, which sounds like an order.

Textual Critique vs. Tidak vs Kurang

Learners use 'tidak' (not) for everything, which is too blunt.

Textual Critique vs. Perlu vs Harus

Learners use 'harus' for necessity, which is too demanding.

Häufige Fehler

Ini salah.

Ini kurang tepat.

Too direct.

Kamu bodoh.

Analisis ini kurang dalam.

Personal attack.

Ubah ini.

Ini perlu diubah.

Imperative is rude.

Tidak bagus.

Bisa lebih baik.

Negative framing.

Saya tidak suka.

Ini kurang sesuai.

Subjective vs Objective.

Ini jelek.

Ini kurang rapi.

Avoid emotive words.

Kamu harus buat ini.

Ini perlu dibuat.

Avoid 'Kamu'.

Seharusnya kamu tahu.

Seharusnya hal ini dipahami.

Avoid 'Kamu'.

Ini salah total.

Ini masih kurang akurat.

Avoid absolutes.

Perlu ubah.

Perlu diubah.

Passive voice missing.

Ini tidak berguna.

Ini kurang relevan.

Professional terminology.

Saya benci bagian ini.

Bagian ini perlu ditinjau kembali.

Professional distance.

Ini tidak masuk akal.

Argumen ini kurang koheren.

Academic register.

Anda salah.

Terdapat perbedaan interpretasi.

Diplomacy.

Sentence Patterns

Analisis ini ___ ___.

___ ada ___ di bagian ini.

Bagian ini ___ ___ kembali.

___ ini ___ kuat.

Real World Usage

Peer Review constant

Artikel ini perlu revisi pada bagian metodologi.

Texting occasional

Data ini kurang lengkap ya.

Job Interview very common

Saya rasa pengalaman ini perlu dikembangkan.

Food Delivery App common

Porsinya kurang banyak.

Social Media common

Argumennya kurang kuat.

Travel Review common

Pelayanannya seharusnya lebih ramah.

💡

Use Passive Voice

Use passive voice to keep the focus on the work, not the person. It sounds more professional.
⚠️

Avoid 'Kamu'

Using 'Kamu' (you) in a critique can sound like a personal attack. Use 'Penulis' or 'Karya ini' instead.
🎯

The Sandwich Method

Start with a positive, give your critique, and end with an encouraging remark.
💬

Sopan Santun

In Indonesia, being polite is more important than being 100% accurate. Soften your critique.

Smart Tips

Use 'kurang tepat' instead of 'salah'.

Analisis ini salah. Analisis ini kurang tepat.

Use 'perlu' + passive verb.

Kamu harus ubah ini. Bagian ini perlu diubah.

Use 'mungkin' + 'bisa'.

Ini harus lebih jelas. Mungkin ini bisa lebih jelas.

Use the sandwich method.

Ini kurang data. Secara keseluruhan bagus, namun perlu data tambahan. Kerja yang baik.

Aussprache

per-LU

Emphasis

Emphasize the marker (e.g., 'perlu') to show the importance of the critique.

Falling intonation

Ini kurang tepat. ↘

Signals a firm, professional conclusion.

Memorize It

Mnemonic

Use 'SPK' to remember the big three: Seharusnya (Ideal), Perlu (Need), Kurang (Lacking).

Visual Association

Imagine a sandwich: The top slice is a compliment, the middle is your 'SPK' critique, and the bottom slice is a final encouraging remark.

Rhyme

Seharusnya untuk ideal, Perlu untuk hal yang krusial, Kurang untuk yang belum maksimal.

Story

Budi is reviewing a report. He starts by saying 'Great work'. Then he uses 'Perlu' to ask for more data. Finally, he says 'Keep it up'. The report is improved without hurt feelings.

Word Web

SeharusnyaPerluKurangMungkinBisaBelumTepat

Herausforderung

Find a short news article and write three sentences of critique using 'Seharusnya', 'Perlu', and 'Kurang'.

Kulturelle Hinweise

Indonesian discourse is heavily influenced by Javanese 'sopan santun', which prioritizes harmony over directness.

In universities, critique is always framed as a dialogue.

Professional feedback is often indirect to save face.

These markers evolved from standard Indonesian verbs and adjectives to serve as discourse markers.

Conversation Starters

Bagaimana menurut Anda tentang analisis ini?

Apakah argumen ini sudah cukup kuat?

Bagaimana cara meningkatkan kualitas tulisan ini?

Apakah data ini sudah relevan?

Journal Prompts

Critique a recent article you read using 'seharusnya'.
Write a feedback email to a colleague about their report.
Analyze a complex academic text and critique its methodology.
Reflect on your own writing and identify areas for improvement.

Test Yourself

Fill in the blank with the correct marker.

Analisis ini ___ diperdalam.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: perlu
Perlu indicates a need for improvement.
Correct the sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Kamu harus ubah ini.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ini perlu diubah.
Avoid direct address.
Which is more polite? Multiple Choice

Which sentence is better for a peer review?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ini kurang tepat.
Less direct is more polite.
Transform to passive. Sentence Transformation

Anda perlu menambah data.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Data perlu ditambah.
Passive voice is more professional.
Match the marker to its function. Match Pairs

Match each item on the left with its pair on the right:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ideal state
Seharusnya suggests an ideal.
Select the best fit. Multiple Choice

Argumen ini ___ kuat.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: kurang
Kurang kuat means not strong enough.
Fix the tone. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Ini tidak bagus.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ini kurang bagus.
Kurang bagus is softer.
Fill in the blank.

___ ada penjelasan lebih lanjut.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Seharusnya
Seharusnya suggests an ideal addition.

Score: /8

Ubungsaufgaben

8 exercises
Fill in the blank with the correct marker.

Analisis ini ___ diperdalam.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: perlu
Perlu indicates a need for improvement.
Correct the sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Kamu harus ubah ini.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ini perlu diubah.
Avoid direct address.
Which is more polite? Multiple Choice

Which sentence is better for a peer review?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ini kurang tepat.
Less direct is more polite.
Transform to passive. Sentence Transformation

Anda perlu menambah data.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Data perlu ditambah.
Passive voice is more professional.
Match the marker to its function. Match Pairs

Match 'Seharusnya' to its function.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ideal state
Seharusnya suggests an ideal.
Select the best fit. Multiple Choice

Argumen ini ___ kuat.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: kurang
Kurang kuat means not strong enough.
Fix the tone. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Ini tidak bagus.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ini kurang bagus.
Kurang bagus is softer.
Fill in the blank.

___ ada penjelasan lebih lanjut.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Seharusnya
Seharusnya suggests an ideal addition.

Score: /8

FAQ (8)

In Indonesian, 'salah' is very direct and can be seen as rude. Use 'kurang tepat' instead.

Use 'perlu' when something is objectively required for the work to be better.

It is generally formal, but can be used in neutral contexts to suggest improvements.

Use passive voice and avoid 'kamu'. Focus on the work.

Yes, but they might sound a bit stiff. Use 'kurang' for casual feedback.

Compliment, Critique, Compliment. It keeps the relationship positive.

It identifies a deficit, so it is negative, but it is a polite way to do so.

Use very soft markers like 'mungkin' and 'bisa'.

In Other Languages

Spanish partial

Debería / Falta

Spanish is often more direct than Indonesian.

French partial

Devrait / Manque

French relies on verb conjugation for politeness.

German partial

Sollte / Fehlt

German is much more direct.

Japanese high

~beki / fusoku

Japanese uses honorifics (keigo) alongside markers.

Arabic partial

Yajib / Naqs

Arabic is more formal/authoritative.

Chinese moderate

Yinggai / Quefa

Chinese is more concise.

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