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B1 adjective #3,500 am häufigsten 8 Min. Lesezeit

自主

zizhu Top 3,500

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Erklärung 自主 in your Level:

At the A1 level, '自主' (zìzhǔ) might be too complex to use in daily conversation, but you might see it in very simple contexts like '自主服务' (self-service) at a supermarket or library. Think of it as 'doing it yourself.' Even though you usually use '自己' (zìjǐ) at this stage, recognizing '自主' helps you understand that some actions are meant to be done without a staff member's help. It's like the 'self' in 'self-checkout.' You don't need to worry about the grammar yet, just recognize the '自' (self) character and know it relates to you doing something on your own.

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At the A2 level, you are starting to learn about habits and school life. You might hear your teacher say '自主学习' (zìzhǔ xuéxí), which means 'self-study' or 'learning by yourself.' At this level, you can understand that '自主' is a more formal way to say you are taking charge of your work. You might use it in a simple sentence like '我要自主学习汉语' (I want to study Chinese independently). It shows you are moving beyond just following a teacher and are starting to make your own choices about how you spend your time.

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As a B1 learner, '自主' becomes a key vocabulary word for discussing personal development and professional skills. You should be able to use it to describe your working style or your approach to education. You'll encounter it in phrases like '自主权' (zìzhǔquán - the right to decide) or '自主意识' (zìzhǔ yìshí - sense of autonomy). You can now distinguish it from '自由' (freedom) and understand that '自主' is about the responsibility of making decisions. For example, you might discuss how a good manager gives employees the '自主空间' (autonomous space) to complete their tasks.

At the B2 level, you encounter '自主' in more abstract and formal contexts, such as news reports about '自主创新' (independent innovation) or '自主研发' (independent R&D). You should be able to discuss the importance of autonomy in society and politics. You'll see it used in four-character idioms like '独立自主' (independent and autonomous). At this stage, you are expected to use '自主' in essays to describe the agency of individuals or organizations. You understand that it implies a level of maturity and intellectual independence that simpler words do not convey.

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For C1 learners, '自主' is used to analyze complex social structures and philosophical concepts. You might read academic papers on '学生自主性' (student autonomy) or '地方自主权' (regional autonomy). You can use the word to debate the ethics of '自主驾驶' (autonomous driving) and the legal implications of AI decision-making. Your usage should be precise, distinguishing '自主' from '主动' (proactive) or '自发' (spontaneous) in nuanced ways. You are comfortable using it in high-level business negotiations to describe a company's strategic independence.

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At the C2 level, you have a complete grasp of the historical and political weight of '自主.' You understand its role in China's modern history, particularly in the context of '独立自主' as a core principle of foreign policy. You can use it to discuss deep philosophical questions about free will and '主体性' (subjectivity). You can recognize it in classical-style modern prose and use it with perfect register in any formal or academic setting. You understand the subtle connotations it carries regarding national dignity, personal empowerment, and the evolution of governance.

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自主 in 30 Sekunden

自主 (zìzhǔ) means 'autonomy' or 'independence,' emphasizing the right and ability to make one's own decisions without external control.
It is frequently used in formal contexts like education (self-study), business (independent R&D), and politics (sovereignty).
Grammatically, it often modifies nouns like 'learning' (学习), 'rights' (权), or 'innovation' (创新) to show they are self-driven.
Unlike 'freedom' (自由), '自主' implies a level of responsibility, mastery, and structured decision-making by the individual or entity.

The term 自主 (zìzhǔ) is a cornerstone of modern Chinese vocabulary, particularly in the realms of education, politics, and personal development. At its core, it represents the concept of autonomy or self-determination. The first character, 自 (zì), means 'self' or 'from,' while the second, 主 (zhǔ), means 'master,' 'host,' or 'to lead.' Together, they describe a state where the 'self is the master.' This isn't just about doing things alone; it's about the agency and the right to make decisions without external coercion. In a psychological context, it refers to the internal drive that allows an individual to take charge of their learning or life path. In a political or corporate context, it refers to the independence of an entity to manage its own affairs.

Educational Context: In Chinese schools, you will constantly hear the phrase '自主学习' (zìzhǔ xuéxí), which translates to self-directed learning. This emphasizes that students should not merely wait for teachers to provide information but should actively seek out knowledge and manage their own study schedules.

现代教育强调培养学生的自主能力，让他们学会独立思考。(Modern education emphasizes cultivating students' autonomous abilities, letting them learn to think independently.)

Business Context: In the corporate world, '自主研发' (zìzhǔ yánfā) refers to independent research and development. It is a point of pride for Chinese companies to show they own the intellectual property and aren't just assembling foreign designs.

这家公司拥有多项自主知识产权。(This company possesses several independent intellectual property rights.)

Furthermore, the word appears in social discussions regarding '自主权' (zìzhǔquán) or the right to autonomy. This can apply to women's rights, regional governance, or medical ethics where a patient has the '自主权' to choose their treatment. It is a formal, respectful word that implies maturity and capability. When you use this word, you are acknowledging the subject's power to act as their own authority. It is rarely used in casual slang but is ubiquitous in news, textbooks, and professional feedback.

Using 自主 correctly requires understanding its role as an adjective that often functions like a noun modifier or a predicate. It describes the nature of an action or the quality of a person/entity. In most cases, it is followed by a noun like '学习' (learning), '权' (right), or '意识' (consciousness). However, it can also stand alone in formal definitions of status, such as '独立自主' (independent and autonomous).

As a Modifier: When modifying a noun, it describes the internal nature of that noun. For example, '自主选择' (autonomous choice) implies the choice was made without outside pressure.

每个人都有自主选择职业的权利。(Everyone has the right to autonomously choose their profession.)

In Fixed Phrases: The phrase '独立自主' is a four-character idiom (chengyu) that is extremely common in diplomatic and personal contexts to describe total self-reliance.

我们坚持独立自主的和平外交政策。(We adhere to an independent and autonomous peaceful foreign policy.)

To use it effectively, think about whether the person is the 'master' of the situation. If a student decides their own homework schedule, they are '自主安排' (autonomously arranging). If a company develops its own chip technology, it is '自主开发' (autonomously developing). It is often contrasted with '受控' (controlled) or '被动' (passive). In academic writing, you might see '自主性' (autonomy/subjectivity) used to discuss the degree of agency an individual has within a social structure. When speaking, using '自主' makes you sound more professional and precise than using simpler words like '自己做' (do it oneself).

You will encounter 自主 in environments that value self-regulation and innovation. In China, one of the most stressful but common places to hear this word is in the context of '自主招生' (zìzhǔ zhāoshēng), which refers to the independent recruitment programs of universities. These programs allow top-tier universities to select students based on their own criteria rather than just the national Gaokao score.

In the Media: News broadcasts frequently use '自主创新' (independent innovation) when discussing China's technological advancements in space exploration, high-speed rail, or telecommunications. It carries a strong sense of national pride.

中国航天事业走出了的一条自主创新的道路。(China's aerospace industry has embarked on a path of independent innovation.)

Everyday Technology: In the tech world, '自主驾驶' (autonomous driving) is the standard term for self-driving cars. While '自动' (automatic) is also used, '自主' implies a higher level of intelligent decision-making by the AI.

这款无人机具备全自主飞行能力。(This drone possesses full autonomous flight capabilities.)

If you are a student in China, your teachers will likely encourage you to '增强自主意识' (strengthen your sense of autonomy). This means they want you to take responsibility for your own life and studies. You might also see it on signs in museums or libraries that offer '自主服务' (self-service), such as '自主还书' (self-service book return). In these contexts, it is synonymous with 'self-help' or 'automated,' but it sounds more dignified and empowers the user. Hearing this word often signals that you are in a space that expects you to be proactive and capable.

While 自主 is a positive and powerful word, learners often misuse it by confusing it with similar terms or applying it to inappropriate contexts. The most common error is using it as a direct synonym for '自由' (freedom). '自由' is a state where you are not restricted, but '自主' is the specific ability to govern yourself. You can have '自由' but lack the '自主' capability to make a plan.

Mistake: Confusing with '自动': '自动' (zìdòng) means 'automatic' (like a machine). '自主' implies a conscious choice. You wouldn't say an automatic washing machine is '自主,' but you might say an AI is '自主' if it makes complex decisions.

错误：这台洗衣机是自主的。(Incorrect: This washing machine is autonomous.)
正确：这台洗衣机是自动的。(Correct: This washing machine is automatic.)

Mistake: Redundancy: Learners often say '自己自主' (oneself autonomous). This is redundant because '自' already means 'self.' Simply use '自主' or '独立自主.'

不要说：他想自己自主决定。(Don't say: He wants to oneself autonomously decide.)
要说：他想自主决定。(Say: He wants to autonomously decide.)

Another mistake is the register. '自主' is quite formal. If you are talking to a friend about choosing what to eat for dinner, saying '我要自主选择晚餐' (I want to autonomously choose dinner) sounds incredibly stiff and robotic. In that case, '我自己选' (I'll choose myself) is much more natural. Save '自主' for discussions about rights, learning strategies, business independence, or technological autonomy. Finally, remember that '自主' usually acts on something (自主学习, 自主研发). Using it as a lonely adjective without a context or a noun can sometimes leave the listener waiting for more information.

Understanding the nuances between 自主 and its synonyms will elevate your Chinese from basic to advanced. While they all touch on the idea of 'self' and 'doing,' their applications vary significantly based on the level of agency and the context of the action.

自主 vs. 独立 (Dúlì): '独立' means 'independent.' It often refers to not needing help from others or being a separate entity (like an independent country). '自主' emphasizes the authority to make decisions. You can be '独立' (living alone) but not '自主' (if you still follow your parents' every command).
自主 vs. 主动 (Zhǔdòng): '主动' means 'proactive' or 'taking the initiative.' It describes the energy or timing of an action. '自主' describes the source of authority. If you '主动' clean the house, you did it before being asked. If you '自主' decide to clean the house, you are exercising your right to manage your space.

虽然他很独立，但在大事上缺乏自主权。(Although he is very independent, he lacks autonomy in major matters.)

自主 vs. 自发 (Zìfā): '自发' means 'spontaneous.' It describes actions that happen naturally or without organized planning. '自主' is the opposite—it usually implies a deliberate, conscious exercise of will. A '自发' protest happens because people are angry; a '自主' organization is one that governs itself through rules.

In summary, use 自主 when you want to emphasize the right to decide, the power of self-governance, or the intelligent agency of a person or system. Use '独立' for status, '主动' for initiative, and '自发' for spontaneity. Mastering these distinctions will allow you to describe complex social and psychological states with the precision of a native speaker.

How Formal Is It?

Wusstest du?

The character '主' (zhǔ) originally depicted a lamp with a flame, symbolizing the person who provides light and leads the house (the host/master).

Aussprachehilfe

UK /dz̩ mʊ/

US /dz̩ mʊ/

Both characters are stressed equally, but 'zì' is 4th tone (falling) and 'zhǔ' is 3rd tone (falling-rising).

Reimt sich auf

自 (zì) rhymes with 字 (zì), 次 (cì), 刺 (cì). 主 (zhǔ) rhymes with 煮 (zhǔ), 属 (shǔ), 苦 (kǔ).

Häufige Fehler

Pronouncing 'zi' like 'zee' (English). It should be a buzzing sound.
Forgetting the retroflex 'zh' and saying 'zu' instead.
Getting the tones wrong (saying zi1 zhu1 instead of zi4 zhu3).

Schwierigkeitsgrad

Lesen 3/5

The characters are common, but the abstract meaning requires context.

Schreiben 4/5

The character '主' is easy, but '自' needs to be balanced. Using it correctly in essays is key.

Sprechen 3/5

Pronunciation is tricky due to tones and retroflex 'zh'.

Hören 3/5

Common in news and academic settings; easy to identify.

Was du als Nächstes lernen solltest

Voraussetzungen

自己主人学习独立权利

Als Nächstes lernen

自立创新研发主权意识

Fortgeschritten

主体性自决权自负盈亏各行其是独断专行

Wichtige Grammatik

Adjectives as adverbial modifiers

他自主决定了这件事。(He autonomously decided this matter.)

Noun + 性 to form abstract nouns

自主性 (Autonomy)

Fixed four-character idioms (Chengyu)

独立自主 (Independent and autonomous)

Verb-Object phrases acting as modifiers

自主招生考试 (Independent recruitment exam)

Subjective vs Objective 'Self' (自 vs 自己)

自主 vs 自己做

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Beispiele nach Niveau

这里可以自主还书。

You can return books by yourself here.

自主 here acts as a prefix for 'self-service'.

我们要学会自主。

We need to learn to be independent.

Used as a simple adjective.

自主服务很方便。

Self-service is very convenient.

自主 modifying the noun 'service'.

这是自主选择。

This is an independent choice.

自主 modifying 'choice'.

他很自主。

He is very independent.

Used as a predicate adjective.

自主学习很重要。

Self-directed learning is important.

Common educational phrase.

请自主排队。

Please line up on your own initiative.

Used as an adverbial modifier.

我有自主权。

I have the right to decide.

Introducing the noun 'right'.

学生应该练习自主学习。

Students should practice self-directed learning.

Standard verb + noun phrase.

这家超市有自主收银机。

This supermarket has self-checkout machines.

自主 modifying 'checkout machine'.

你可以自主决定去哪里。

You can decide where to go on your own.

自主 used as an adverb.

我们要培养孩子的自主意识。

We need to cultivate children's sense of autonomy.

Abstract noun phrase.

他是一个非常有自主性的人。

He is a person with a lot of autonomy.

Using the suffix -性 to create 'autonomy'.

这些问题需要自主解决。

These problems need to be solved independently.

Adverbial usage.

公司给了我很大的自主空间。

The company gave me a lot of autonomous space.

Metaphorical use of 'space'.

自主招生对优秀学生有利。

Independent recruitment is beneficial for excellent students.

Specific educational term.

在工作中，自主性是非常重要的。

In work, autonomy is very important.

Subject of the sentence.

我们需要更多的自主研发技术。

We need more independently developed technologies.

Modifying a complex noun phrase.

他坚持独立自主的生活方式。

He insists on an independent and autonomous lifestyle.

Using the idiom 独立自主.

患者有权自主选择治疗方案。

Patients have the right to autonomously choose treatment plans.

Formal medical context.

政府鼓励企业自主创新。

The government encourages enterprises to innovate independently.

Verb + Object + Complement structure.

这辆车具备自主泊车功能。

This car has an autonomous parking function.

Technical terminology.

这种学习模式强调学生的自主参与。

This learning model emphasizes students' autonomous participation.

Formal educational theory.

我们要尊重每个人的自主权。

We must respect everyone's right to autonomy.

Ethical/Social context.

提升自主创新能力是国家的核心战略。

Enhancing independent innovation capability is a core national strategy.

Political/Economic discourse.

教育的目的是让学生实现自我自主。

The goal of education is to let students achieve self-autonomy.

Philosophical educational goal.

他在处理事务时表现出极强的自主性。

He showed strong autonomy when handling affairs.

Character description.

该地区获得了更高程度的自主管理权。

The region has obtained a higher degree of autonomous management rights.

Legal/Administrative context.

自主品牌在国际市场上越来越有竞争力。

Self-owned brands are becoming more competitive in the international market.

Business/Market context.

通过自主探索，他终于找到了答案。

Through independent exploration, he finally found the answer.

Process-oriented usage.

这种算法允许机器人进行自主决策。

This algorithm allows robots to make autonomous decisions.

AI/Technology context.

我们要坚持独立自主的和平外交政策。

We must adhere to an independent and autonomous peaceful foreign policy.

Fixed political phrase.

这种制度剥夺了基层组织的自主权。

This system deprived grassroots organizations of their autonomy.

Critical social analysis.

自主性是现代人格发展的重要标志。

Autonomy is an important hallmark of modern personality development.

Psychological/Sociological theory.

企业应建立自主经营、自负盈亏的机制。

Enterprises should establish mechanisms for autonomous operation and sole responsibility for profits and losses.

Formal economic terminology.

在复杂环境下，自主导航系统面临巨大挑战。

In complex environments, autonomous navigation systems face huge challenges.

Engineering/Scientific context.

法律保障公民在私生活领域的自主选择。

The law guarantees citizens' autonomous choices in the realm of private life.

Legal rights discourse.

他在哲学论文中探讨了人类意志的自主性。

In his philosophy paper, he explored the autonomy of the human will.

Academic/Philosophical context.

这种教学法旨在激发学习者的自主动机。

This teaching method aims to stimulate learners' autonomous motivation.

Educational psychology.

在全球化背景下，如何保持文化自主是一个难题。

In the context of globalization, how to maintain cultural autonomy is a difficult problem.

Cultural studies context.

独立自主、艰苦奋斗是我们的优良传统。

Independence, autonomy, and hard struggle are our fine traditions.

Ideological/Historical phrase.

该论文深入剖析了康德关于道德自主的论述。

The paper provides an in-depth analysis of Kant's discourse on moral autonomy.

High-level academic analysis.

在高度集权的体系中，地方政府的自主空间有限。

In a highly centralized system, the autonomous space for local governments is limited.

Political science terminology.

这种艺术风格体现了创作者对审美自主的追求。

This artistic style reflects the creator's pursuit of aesthetic autonomy.

Art criticism.

我们需要构建具有自主知识产权的核心技术体系。

We need to construct a core technology system with independent intellectual property rights.

Strategic economic planning.

他强调了在算法时代维护个体自主性的迫切性。

He emphasized the urgency of maintaining individual autonomy in the age of algorithms.

Contemporary social critique.

这项政策旨在赋予学校更多的办学自主权。

This policy aims to give schools more autonomy in their operations.

Administrative policy language.

主权国家有权自主决定其社会制度。

Sovereign states have the right to autonomously determine their social systems.

International law/Sovereignty.

Synonyme

独立自立自决自觉

Gegenteile

被动依赖从属

Häufige Kollokationen

自主学习

自主研发

自主创新

自主权

自主选择

自主招生

自主意识

自主管理

自主品牌

自主驾驶

Häufige Phrasen

独立自主

— To be completely independent and self-reliant. Often used for countries or strong personalities.

我们坚持独立自主的原则。

自主经营

— Operating a business independently without government or parent company interference.

企业获得了自主经营的权利。

自负盈亏

— Being responsible for one's own profits and losses (often paired with 自主).

企业自主经营、自负盈亏。

自主性强

— Having a strong sense of autonomy or being very self-directed.

这个孩子的自主性很强。

自主招生考试

— The independent entrance exam held by specific universities.

他正在准备自主招生考试。

失去自主

— To lose control over oneself or one's decisions.

在药物影响下，他失去了自主能力。

高度自主

— A high level of autonomy.

这台机器人可以高度自主地工作。

缺乏自主

— Lacking autonomy or initiative.

他性格软弱，缺乏自主精神。

自主开发

— Developing something (like software or tech) by oneself.

这是我们公司自主开发的软件。

自主知识产权

— Independent intellectual property rights.

我们要保护自主知识产权。

Wird oft verwechselt mit

自主 vs 自由

Freedom is the state of being free; autonomy is the act of governing oneself.

自主 vs 自动

Automatic refers to machines; autonomous refers to intelligent agency.

自主 vs 自立

Self-reliance usually refers to financial or physical independence.

Redewendungen & Ausdrücke

"独立自主"

— Standing alone and making one's own decisions; self-reliance.

中国坚持独立自主的外交政策。

Formal

"自作主张"

— To act on one's own without consultation (often used negatively).

你不要自作主张，先问问老师。

Informal/Negative

"自力更生"

— Regeneration through one's own efforts; self-reliance.

我们要自力更生，艰苦奋斗。

Formal/Inspirational

"独当一面"

— To be able to handle a major task or area of responsibility by oneself.

他已经可以独当一面了。

Positive

"各行其是"

— Each goes their own way; each does what they think is right (often implies lack of coordination).

如果大家各行其是，工作就没法做了。

Neutral/Negative

"自取其祸"

— To bring trouble upon oneself (not directly related to autonomy, but uses 'zi').

他不听劝告，真是自取其祸。

Negative

"自告奋勇"

— To volunteer for a difficult task.

他自告奋勇去完成这项任务。

Positive

"听命于人"

— To be at someone's beck and call (antonym concept).

我不愿意听命于人。

Neutral

"任人摆布"

— To be at the mercy of others (antonym concept).

他不想成为任人摆布的棋子。

Negative

"独断专行"

— To act arbitrarily and dictatorially.

领导不能独断专行。

Negative

Leicht verwechselbar

自主 vs 主动

Both involve doing something without being told.

主动 is about initiative and timing; 自主 is about authority and decision-making.

他主动帮忙 (initiative) vs 他自主决定 (authority).

自主 vs 自发

Both come from 'self'.

自发 is spontaneous and often unplanned; 自主 is deliberate and governed by will.

自发掌声 (spontaneous applause) vs 自主管理 (autonomous management).

自主 vs 独立

Both mean 'independent'.

独立 is often a state of being separate; 自主 is the process of making decisions.

独立国家 (independent country) vs 自主权 (right to decide).

自主 vs 自觉

Both involve self-regulation.

自觉 is about being conscientious or self-aware; 自主 is about having the power to act.

自觉排队 (conscientiously queuing) vs 自主选择 (autonomously choosing).

自主 vs 自作

Both start with 'zi'.

自作 (like in 自作主张) is often negative, implying acting without permission.

自作主张 (acting on one's own - negative) vs 自主创新 (independent innovation - positive).

Satzmuster

我们要自主 + Verb

我们要自主学习。

每个人都有自主 + Noun + 的权利

每个人都有自主选择的权利。

在...中，自主性很关键

在工作中，自主性很关键。

通过自主 + Verb，...

通过自主研发，公司取得了成功。

坚持 + 独立自主的 + Noun

坚持独立自主的外交政策。

赋予...更多的自主权

赋予地方政府更多的自主权。

体现了...的自主性

这体现了创作者的审美自主性。

构建...自主体系

构建自主知识产权的核心技术体系。

Wortfamilie

Substantive

自主性 (Autonomy)

自主权 (Right to autonomy)

自主权 (Sovereignty)

Verben

自主 (To act independently - less common as a standalone verb)

Adjektive

自主的 (Autonomous)

独立自主的 (Independent)

Verwandt

自己

主人

主动

自由

自立

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So verwendest du es

frequency

High in professional, academic, and media contexts.

Häufige Fehler

使用‘自主’形容简单的动作 (Using '自主' for simple actions). → 我今天自己去超市。(I went to the supermarket myself today.)
'自主' is too formal for simple daily chores like going to the store.
混淆‘自主’与‘自动’ (Confusing '自主' and '自动'). → 自动售货机 (Vending machine).
A vending machine is 'automatic' (自动), not 'autonomous' (自主).
冗余表达‘自己自主’ (Redundant '自己自主'). → 学生需要自主学习。(Students need to study autonomously.)
The '自' in '自主' already means 'self,' so adding '自己' is unnecessary.
将‘自主’用作‘自由’ (Using '自主' as 'freedom'). → 他渴望自由。(He longs for freedom.)
'自主' refers to decision-making authority, not the general state of being free.
在非正式场合过度使用 (Overusing in informal settings). → 你自己选吧。(You choose yourself.)
In casual talk, '自主' sounds like a robot or a textbook.

Tipps

Noun Modification

When '自主' modifies a noun, you don't always need '的' if it's a fixed term like '自主学习' or '自主研发'.

Pairing with 权

Always remember '自主权' (zìzhǔquán) when talking about rights or authority. It's a very high-frequency phrase.

Innovation Slogan

If you are in a business meeting in China, using '自主创新' will show you understand the local corporate values.

Tone Accuracy

Make sure the 4th tone on 'zì' is sharp and falling to avoid confusion with 'zi' (child).

Essay Structure

Use '自主性' in the introduction of an essay about education to sound more academic.

News Keywords

Listen for '自主' when the news discusses '芯片' (chips) or '科技' (tech) – it refers to domestic development.

Avoid Redundancy

Don't say '我自己自主' (I myself autonomous). Just say '我自主决定' (I autonomously decide).

Professionalism

Using '自主' instead of '自己' in a workplace context makes you sound more competent and professional.

The Master Rule

Associate 'Zhu' with 'Master' to remember that '自主' is about being the master of your own choices.

Autonomous vs. Automatic

Remember: Machines are '自动', people (and smart AI) are '自主'.

Einprägen

Eselsbrücke

Think of 'Zi' as 'Self' and 'Zhu' as the 'Boss'. When you are 'Zi Zhu', you are your own boss.

Visuelle Assoziation

Imagine a student sitting alone in a library, deciding which book to read next without a teacher. That is '自主学习'.

Word Web

学习创新研发权利意识品牌驾驶管理

Herausforderung

Try to use '自主' in a sentence about your own hobbies or work style today.

Wortherkunft

Composed of '自' (self) and '主' (master). In ancient texts, '自' represented a nose (the self), and '主' represented a lamp flame (master/host).

Ursprüngliche Bedeutung: To be the master of oneself; to not be controlled by others.

Sino-Tibetan (Chinese).

Kultureller Kontext

When discussing '自主权' in a political context, be aware that it can be a sensitive topic regarding regional governance.

In English, 'autonomy' is often a philosophical or academic term. In Chinese, '自主' is used much more frequently in daily news and school reports.

The 'Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence' which include mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity. The phrase '独立自主，自力更生' (Independence and self-reliance) popularized by Mao Zedong. Modern '自主招生' policies in universities like Peking University.

Im Alltag üben

Kontexte aus dem Alltag

Education

自主学习
自主招生
培养自主能力
自主探索

Business

自主研发
自主创新
自主品牌
自主经营

Technology

自主驾驶
自主导航
自主知识产权
全自主飞行

Politics

独立自主
自主权
民族自主
外交自主

Psychology/Life

自主意识
自主性
自主选择
失去自主

Gesprächseinstiege

"你觉得在学习中，自主性重要吗？(Do you think autonomy is important in learning?)"

"现在的大学自主招生考试难吗？(Is the current university independent recruitment exam difficult?)"

"你支持自主驾驶汽车普及吗？(Do you support the popularization of autonomous driving cars?)"

"你更喜欢自主创业还是去大公司工作？(Do you prefer starting your own business or working for a large company?)"

"父母应该给孩子多少自主权？(How much autonomy should parents give their children?)"

Tagebuch-Impulse

谈谈你在学习汉语的过程中是如何进行自主学习的。(Talk about how you conduct self-directed learning while studying Chinese.)

描述一次你自主做出的重大决定及其结果。(Describe a major decision you made autonomously and its result.)

你认为现代科技是增强了还是削弱了人类的自主性？(Do you think modern technology has enhanced or weakened human autonomy?)

如果一个公司没有自主研发能力，它能长久生存吗？(If a company has no independent R&D capability, can it survive for long?)

写一写你对‘独立自主’这个词的理解。(Write about your understanding of the term 'independent and autonomous'.)

Häufig gestellte Fragen

10 Fragen

Yes, '自主驾驶' (autonomous driving) is the standard term for cars that can drive themselves using AI.

Yes, in contexts like '自主还书' or '自主收银,' it functions like 'self-service' in English.

'自己' is a pronoun meaning 'myself/yourself.' '自主' is an adjective/noun meaning 'autonomy.' You use '自己' for simple actions and '自主' for formal concepts of decision-making.

Yes, it is almost always positive, implying maturity, intelligence, and strength.

It can function as a verb meaning 'to act on one's own,' but it is much more common as an adjective or part of a noun phrase.

It is a four-character idiom meaning 'independent and autonomous.' It is often used to describe a person's character or a nation's policy.

Yes, many top universities still have forms of independent recruitment, though the specific names and policies change over time.

Usually no. It describes actions or status, not emotions. You wouldn't say 'I feel autonomous' using '自主' in a casual way.

Use '自主性' (zìzhǔxìng) for the quality of autonomy or '自主权' (zìzhǔquán) for the right to autonomy.

Sometimes, to describe a player's ability to make their own plays or '自主进攻' (autonomous offense).

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