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~을/를 토대로

A2 noun #4,000 más común 8 min de lectura

~을/를 토대로

-eul/reul todaero Top 4,000

Practícalo Ejemplos Notas y consejos ~을/를 토대로 en 30 segundos

Explicación ~을/를 토대로 in your Level:

At the A1 level, you might not use '~을/를 토대로' very often because it is a bit formal. However, it's helpful to recognize the word '토대' as meaning 'foundation' or 'base.' Think of it like building with blocks. If you use a big, flat block as your base, that is your '토대.' In simple sentences, you can think of it as meaning 'using' something to make something else. For example, 'I used this story to make a movie.' In Korean, you would say '이 이야기를 토대로 영화를 만들었어요.' At this level, just focus on the idea that the first noun is the 'starting material' for the action that follows. Remember to use '~을' after a consonant and '~를' after a vowel.

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At the A2 level, you can start using '~을/를 토대로' to describe how you do things. It's a great way to talk about your projects, hobbies, or reports. When you say 'I based my presentation on this book,' you are showing a higher level of Korean by using a more precise word than just 'using' (사용하다). This expression helps you connect two ideas: the source (like a map, a story, or data) and the result (like a trip plan, a drawing, or a report). It makes your Korean sound more organized. Practice with common nouns like '경험' (experience), '사실' (fact), and '계획' (plan). Notice how it is always followed by an action verb like '만들다' (to make) or '쓰다' (to write).

At the B1 level, '~을/를 토대로' becomes an essential tool for formal writing and speaking. You will often see it in TOPIK reading passages and hear it in news clips. At this stage, you should understand the nuance that '토대' implies a firm, reliable foundation. It's not just a casual reference; it's the structural base of your argument or creation. You can use it to explain the methodology behind your work. For example, '설문 조사를 토대로 분석했습니다' (I analyzed it based on the survey). This level of precision is expected in professional or academic settings. You should also be comfortable using the adjective form '~을/를 토대로 한 [Noun],' such as '실화를 토대로 한 소설' (a novel based on a true story).

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At the B2 level, you should be able to distinguish '~을/를 토대로' from its close synonyms like '~을/를 바탕으로,' '~을/를 근거로,' and '~에 의거하여.' You use '토대로' when you want to emphasize the structural development of an idea or project. It's particularly useful in business contexts, such as '시장 조사를 토대로 마케팅 전략을 수립했습니다' (We established a marketing strategy based on market research). You should also notice how this phrase is used in more abstract ways, such as building a relationship '신뢰를 토대로' (based on trust), although '바탕으로' is also common there. Your usage should reflect an understanding of the formal register this expression carries.

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At the C1 level, you will use '~을/를 토대로' in complex academic and professional discourse. You'll encounter it in research papers where it introduces the theoretical or empirical foundation of a study. For example, '본 연구는 기존의 이론적 프레임워크를 토대로...' (This study, based on existing theoretical frameworks...). At this level, you should be able to use it naturally within long, complex sentences that include multiple clauses. You should also be aware of its historical and architectural roots (토대 as a foundation stone) to appreciate the metaphorical weight it adds to your speech. Your ability to use this phrase accurately in a debate or a high-level presentation will demonstrate your mastery of formal Korean syntax.

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At the C2 level, '~을/를 토대로' is part of your natural repertoire for high-level intellectual discussion. You can use it to dissect complex structures, whether they are social, political, or philosophical. You might use it to discuss how a modern legal system was built '민주주의 원칙을 토대로' (based on democratic principles) or how a philosophical argument is constructed. You are also capable of recognizing when this phrase is used for rhetorical effect in literature or political speeches to evoke a sense of stability and historical continuity. At this level, the distinction between '토대로' and even more formal alternatives like '입각하여' or '기저로 하여' is clear to you, and you choose the most appropriate one based on the specific nuance of 'foundation' you wish to convey.

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Practícalo Ejemplos Notas y consejos

~을/를 토대로 en 30 segundos

Used to show that a noun is the foundation or starting point for an action.
Commonly paired with verbs like 'make', 'write', 'analyze', and 'plan'.
More formal than '~을/를 바탕으로', making it ideal for business or academic use.
Requires the object markers '~을' or '~를' depending on the preceding noun's final consonant.

The Korean expression ~을/를 토대로 is a sophisticated way to express that something is being built, created, or decided based on a specific foundation or starting point. The core noun here is 토대 (todae), which literally refers to the foundation or the base of a physical structure like a house or a monument. When you add the particle ~로 (meaning 'as' or 'by means of') and use the object markers ~을/를, you are saying 'using [Noun] as the foundation.' This expression is ubiquitous in academic writing, professional reports, news broadcasts, and formal discussions where logical progression and evidence-based reasoning are valued.

Literal Meaning: Using something as a base or foundation stone.
Figurative Meaning: Developing a concept, plan, or story based on existing facts, data, or experiences.

Imagine you are writing a novel. If that novel is inspired by your real-life experiences, you would say your experience served as the 토대. In a business context, if you are making a financial projection for the next year, you would use the current year's sales data as the foundation. This structure is slightly more formal and 'heavy' than the similar expression ~을/를 바탕으로, though they are often used interchangeably in daily conversation. However, in a scientific paper or a legal document, 토대로 provides a sense of structural stability and rigorous methodology.

실험 결과를 토대로 보고서를 작성했습니다. (I wrote the report based on the experimental results.)

People use this phrase when they want to emphasize that their current action or conclusion didn't appear out of thin air. It establishes a clear causal or developmental link between the 'source material' and the 'result.' For example, when a government develops a new policy, they might say it was created 국민의 의견을 토대로 (based on the opinions of the citizens). This confers a sense of legitimacy and thoroughness to the work being described.

In terms of frequency, you will encounter this expression most often in written Korean. While it is perfectly acceptable in spoken Korean, especially in professional settings like meetings or presentations, it might feel a bit stiff in a casual chat with friends over coffee. In those cases, speakers might prefer ~을/를 보고 (looking at/seeing) or ~을/를 가지고 (with/using). But if you want to sound educated and precise, ~을/를 토대로 is an excellent choice to add to your vocabulary.

Common Contexts: Research papers, business presentations, news reports, historical analysis, and documentary narration.

Grammatically, ~을/를 토대로 functions as an adverbial phrase. It consists of three parts: a noun, an object marker, and the word '토대로'. The choice between ~을 and ~를 depends entirely on whether the preceding noun ends in a consonant (batchim) or a vowel. If the noun ends in a consonant, use ~을; if it ends in a vowel, use ~를.

데이터(vowel) + 를 토대로 → 데이터를 토대로 (Based on data)
사실(consonant) + 을 토대로 → 사실을 토대로 (Based on facts)

The phrase is typically followed by a verb that describes an action of creation, judgment, or planning. Common verbs that pair with this expression include 만들다 (to make), 작성하다 (to write/draft), 계획하다 (to plan), 판단하다 (to judge), and 개발하다 (to develop). The structure usually looks like this: [Source Noun] + 을/를 토대로 + [Resulting Action/Verb].

Sentence Structure 1: 과거의 경험을 토대로 새로운 도전을 시작했습니다. (I started a new challenge based on past experiences.)
Sentence Structure 2: 이 영화는 실화를 토대로 제작되었습니다. (This movie was produced based on a true story.)

When using this in professional environments, it is important to ensure the 'source noun' is something substantial. You wouldn't usually say '기분을 토대로' (based on my mood) because '토대' implies a firm, reliable foundation. Instead, you would use nouns like 조사 (investigation), 통계 (statistics), 이론 (theory), or 증거 (evidence). This strengthens the logical weight of your sentence.

설문 조사 결과를 토대로 마케팅 전략을 세웠습니다. (We established a marketing strategy based on the survey results.)

Another nuance to consider is the difference between ~을/를 토대로 and ~에 의해서 (by/due to). While ~에 의해서 focuses on the cause or the agent of an action, ~을/를 토대로 focuses on the material or evidence used to build something new. It implies a conscious effort of construction or derivation from the source material.

You will most frequently encounter ~을/를 토대로 in formal media and professional documents. If you watch the evening news on KBS or MBC, you will hear reporters say things like '검찰은 확보한 증거를 토대로 수사를 진행하고 있습니다' (The prosecution is conducting an investigation based on the evidence obtained). In this context, it sounds authoritative and methodical. It tells the viewer that the investigation isn't random; it has a firm basis in evidence.

뉴스 리포트: "이번 신제품은 고객들의 피드백을 토대로 개선되었습니다." (News Report: "This new product has been improved based on customer feedback.")

In the corporate world, this phrase is a staple of business meetings and presentations. A project manager might present a new timeline 현재 진행 상황을 토대로 (based on the current progress). It is also commonly used in the introductions of books or research papers. An author might state that their historical novel was written 철저한 고증을 토대로 (based on thorough historical research). This immediately tells the reader that the work has academic or factual integrity.

In Documentaries: "화석 분석 결과를 토대로 공룡의 생태를 복원했습니다." (We restored the ecology of dinosaurs based on fossil analysis results.)
In Interviews: "감독님, 이 시나리오는 무엇을 토대로 쓰셨나요?" (Director, what did you base this screenplay on?)

Even in educational settings, teachers use this to guide students. A math teacher might say, '방금 배운 공식을 토대로 문제를 풀어보세요' (Try solving the problems based on the formula we just learned). In this way, it acts as a bridge between knowledge (the foundation) and application (the exercise). Understanding this phrase helps you follow the logical flow of Korean instructional speech.

강의 내용: "이 가설은 10년간의 관측 데이터를 토대로 세워졌습니다." (Lecture: "This hypothesis was established based on 10 years of observation data.")

Finally, you might see this on product packaging or in advertisements. A skincare brand might claim their product was developed 피부 과학 연구를 토대로 (based on skin science research). Here, the phrase is used to build trust and authority with the consumer by grounding the product in scientific legitimacy.

One of the most common mistakes learners make is confusing ~을/를 토대로 with other foundation-related expressions like ~을/를 바탕으로 or ~을/를 기초로. While they are very similar, using 토대로 for something very light or informal can sound slightly unnatural. For example, saying '제 꿈을 토대로 그림을 그렸어요' (I drew a picture based on my dream) is grammatically correct but might sound a bit too heavy or serious for a simple drawing. In that case, 바탕으로 would be more common.

Mistake 1: Wrong Particle: Saying '데이터에 토대로' instead of '데이터를 토대로'. The expression requires the object marker (~을/를) because '토대로' functions like a transitive construction here (taking the foundation as...).
Mistake 2: Using it for People: You cannot use this to say 'Based on my teacher...' in the sense of following their example. It must be based on a noun representing information, a concept, or a physical base.

Another frequent error is omitting the object marker entirely. In casual speech, Koreans often drop particles, but ~을/를 토대로 is a formal expression. Dropping the particle (e.g., '사실 토대로') makes the sentence sound incomplete and unpolished. If you are using 토대로, you are likely in a situation where correct particle usage is expected.

Incorrect: 경험 토대로 이야기했습니다.
Correct: 경험을 토대로 이야기했습니다.

Finally, learners sometimes use ~을/를 토대로 when they should use ~에 따라서 (according to). ~에 따라서 means following a set of rules or a specific direction, while ~을/를 토대로 means using something as a starting material to build something new. For example, if you follow instructions, you use 설명에 따라서 (according to the instructions). If you build a model using the instructions as a guide, you might say 설명을 토대로 모델을 만들었습니다. The nuance is subtle but important.

The most common alternative to ~을/를 토대로 is ~을/를 바탕으로. Both mean 'based on,' but 바탕 (batang) has a more general, softer feel. It can refer to the background, the basic nature, or the ground. For instance, '신의를 바탕으로' (based on trust) is very common in interpersonal relationships. 토대 (todae) is more structural and concrete.

~을/를 바탕으로: More general, less formal. Used for abstract things like feelings, trust, or general ideas.
~을/를 기초로: Focuses on the basic elements or fundamental starting point. Common in educational and technical contexts.
~을/를 근거로: Focuses on the 'evidence' (근거). Used primarily in legal, investigative, and logical arguments.

Another alternative, especially in academic or very formal contexts, is ~에 입각하여. This means 'based on' or 'from the standpoint of' and is often used with theories, laws, or philosophies. For example, '원칙에 입각하여' (based on principles). This is much more formal than ~을/를 토대로 and is almost never heard in casual speech.

Comparison:
1. 사실을 토대로 (Building on the facts)
2. 사실을 근거로 (Using the facts as evidence)
3. 사실에 입각하여 (From the standpoint of the facts)

Finally, for a very simple way to say 'based on,' you can use ~에서 따온 if you are talking about something 'taken' from another source. For example, '영화의 제목은 소설에서 따왔어요' (The movie's title was taken from the novel). This is much more conversational and less focused on the 'foundation' aspect, and more on the 'source' aspect.

How Formal Is It?

Dato curioso

In traditional Korean architecture (Hanok), the '토대' was carefully constructed to keep the wooden pillars away from ground moisture, showing that a good foundation is about both support and protection.

Guía de pronunciación

UK tʰo.dɛ.lo

US tʰo.de.lo

In Korean, pitch-accent or stress is not as prominent as in English, but the first syllable '토' (to) often starts with a slightly higher pitch due to the aspirated consonant.

Rima con

그대로 (geudaero) 미래로 (miraero) 노래로 (noraero) 차례로 (charyero) 제대로 (jedaero) 모태로 (motaero) 사태로 (sataero) 실태로 (siltaero)

Errores comunes

Pronouncing '토' like '도' (unvoiced vs voiced).
Stressing the '로' too much.
Merging the '을/를' with '토' too quickly without clear separation.

Nivel de dificultad

Lectura 3/5

Common in news and books, so it's essential for intermediate readers.

Escritura 4/5

Requires correct object marker usage and formal verb pairings.

Expresión oral 3/5

Easy to use once you know the pattern, but sounds formal.

Escucha 3/5

Easy to identify because '토대' is a distinct noun.

Qué aprender después

Requisitos previos

토대 을/를 로 바탕 기초

Aprende después

~에 의거하여 ~에 입각하여 ~을/를 근거로 구축하다 수립하다

Avanzado

기저 (underlying base) 근본 (root/fundamental) 원칙 (principle) 메커니즘 (mechanism)

Gramática que debes saber

~을/를 바탕으로

신뢰를 바탕으로 사업을 합니다.

~에 따라(서)

규칙에 따라 행동하세요.

~에 의해서

바람에 의해서 나무가 쓰러졌어요.

~을/를 원인으로

스트레스를 원인으로 병이 생겼어요.

~을/를 기초로

사실을 기초로 판단하십시오.

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Ejemplos por nivel

지도를 토대로 길을 찾아요.

I find the way based on the map.

지도를 (map + object marker) + 토대로

이 이야기를 토대로 그림을 그려요.

I draw a picture based on this story.

이야기를 (story + object marker) + 토대로

사진을 토대로 얼굴을 그려요.

I draw a face based on a photo.

사진을 (photo + object marker) + 토대로

책을 토대로 공부해요.

I study based on the book.

책을 (book + object marker) + 토대로

요리법을 토대로 음식을 만들어요.

I make food based on the recipe.

요리법을 (recipe + object marker) + 토대로

영화를 토대로 연극을 해요.

We perform a play based on the movie.

영화를 (movie + object marker) + 토대로

날씨를 토대로 옷을 입어요.

I dress based on the weather.

날씨를 (weather + object marker) + 토대로

이름을 토대로 사람을 찾아요.

I look for a person based on their name.

이름을 (name + object marker) + 토대로

경험을 토대로 조언을 해 주었어요.

I gave advice based on my experience.

경험 (experience) ends in a consonant, so use '을'.

조사 결과를 토대로 보고서를 썼어요.

I wrote a report based on the survey results.

결과 (result) ends in a vowel, so use '를'.

사실을 토대로 기사를 작성했습니다.

I wrote the article based on the facts.

사실 (fact) ends in a consonant, so use '을'.

계획을 토대로 여행을 떠났어요.

I went on a trip based on the plan.

계획 (plan) ends in a consonant, so use '을'.

이론을 토대로 실험을 시작했습니다.

I started the experiment based on the theory.

이론 (theory) ends in a consonant, so use '을'.

뉴스 내용을 토대로 토론을 했어요.

We had a discussion based on the news content.

내용 (content) ends in a consonant, so use '을'.

성적을 토대로 대학을 선택했습니다.

I chose a university based on my grades.

성적 (grades) ends in a consonant, so use '을'.

설명서를 토대로 가구를 조립했어요.

I assembled the furniture based on the manual.

설명서 (manual) ends in a vowel, so use '를'.

그 영화는 실화를 토대로 제작되었습니다.

The movie was produced based on a true story.

실화 (true story) + 를 토대로 + 제작되다 (to be produced).

통계 자료를 토대로 인구 변화를 분석했습니다.

We analyzed population changes based on statistical data.

자료 (data) + 를 토대로 + 분석하다 (to analyze).

현장의 증거를 토대로 범인을 잡았습니다.

They caught the criminal based on evidence from the scene.

증거 (evidence) + 를 토대로 + 잡다 (to catch).

고객의 제안을 토대로 서비스를 개선했습니다.

We improved the service based on customer suggestions.

제안 (suggestion) + 을 토대로 + 개선하다 (to improve).

연구 논문을 토대로 새로운 약을 개발했습니다.

They developed a new medicine based on a research paper.

논문 (paper) + 을 토대로 + 개발하다 (to develop).

면접 결과를 토대로 최종 합격자를 발표했습니다.

We announced the final successful candidates based on the interview results.

결과 (result) + 를 토대로 + 발표하다 (to announce).

과거의 사례를 토대로 대책을 마련했습니다.

We prepared measures based on past cases.

사례 (case) + 를 토대로 + 마련하다 (to prepare).

성경을 토대로 한 예술 작품이 많습니다.

There are many artworks based on the Bible.

성경 (Bible) + 을 토대로 한 (adjective form).

이 소설은 작가의 어린 시절 경험을 토대로 쓰였습니다.

This novel was written based on the author's childhood experiences.

쓰였다 is the passive form of 쓰다 (to write).

정부는 전문가의 의견을 토대로 새로운 법안을 마련했습니다.

The government prepared a new bill based on experts' opinions.

의견 (opinion) + 을 토대로 + 마련하다 (to prepare).

우리는 상호 신뢰를 토대로 파트너십을 맺었습니다.

We formed a partnership based on mutual trust.

신뢰 (trust) is often used with '토대로' in professional contexts.

이 가설은 수년간의 관찰을 토대로 세워졌습니다.

This hypothesis was established based on years of observation.

관찰 (observation) + 을 토대로 + 세워지다 (to be established).

분석된 데이터를 토대로 미래의 시장을 예측합니다.

We predict the future market based on analyzed data.

데이터 (data) + 를 토대로 + 예측하다 (to predict).

철저한 조사를 토대로 사건의 전말이 밝혀졌습니다.

The full story of the case was revealed based on a thorough investigation.

조사 (investigation) + 를 토대로 + 밝혀지다 (to be revealed).

기존의 설계를 토대로 건물을 리모델링했습니다.

The building was remodeled based on the existing design.

설계 (design) + 를 토대로 + 리모델링하다.

역사적 사실을 토대로 한 드라마가 인기입니다.

Dramas based on historical facts are popular.

사실 (fact) + 을 토대로 한 (adjective form).

본 연구는 현상학적 접근을 토대로 인간의 의식을 탐구합니다.

This study explores human consciousness based on a phenomenological approach.

접근 (approach) + 을 토대로 + 탐구하다 (to explore).

경제 지표를 토대로 내년도 경제 성장률을 전망했습니다.

We forecasted next year's economic growth rate based on economic indicators.

지표 (indicator) + 를 토대로 + 전망하다 (to forecast).

민주주의 원칙을 토대로 국가의 기틀을 다졌습니다.

They laid the foundation of the nation based on democratic principles.

기틀을 다지다 is an idiom meaning 'to lay the foundation'.

논리적 추론을 토대로 결론에 도달했습니다.

We reached a conclusion based on logical reasoning.

추론 (reasoning) + 을 토대로 + 도달하다 (to reach).

문헌 조사를 토대로 논문의 이론적 배경을 서술했습니다.

I described the theoretical background of the paper based on a literature review.

조사 (review/investigation) + 를 토대로 + 서술하다 (to describe).

심리학적 이론을 토대로 환자의 상태를 진단했습니다.

They diagnosed the patient's condition based on psychological theory.

이론 (theory) + 을 토대로 + 진단하다 (to diagnose).

방대한 데이터를 토대로 인공지능 모델을 학습시켰습니다.

We trained the AI model based on vast amounts of data.

데이터 (data) + 를 토대로 + 학습시키다 (to train).

고전 문학을 토대로 현대적으로 재해석한 작품입니다.

It is a work reinterpreted in a modern way based on classical literature.

재해석하다 (to reinterpret) is a high-level verb.

칸트의 정언 명령을 토대로 윤리적 딜레마를 분석해 봅시다.

Let's analyze ethical dilemmas based on Kant's categorical imperative.

Highly academic context using philosophical terms.

빅데이터 분석 결과를 토대로 정교한 알고리즘을 구축했습니다.

We built a sophisticated algorithm based on big data analysis results.

구축하다 (to build/construct) is a formal verb for systems or foundations.

법적 근거를 토대로 판결을 내리는 것이 사법부의 의무입니다.

It is the duty of the judiciary to pass judgment based on legal grounds.

판결을 내리다 (to hand down a judgment).

인류학적 고찰을 토대로 문명의 발달 과정을 추적했습니다.

They traced the development of civilization based on anthropological considerations.

고찰 (consideration/contemplation) is a C2-level academic term.

정밀한 측정을 토대로 우주의 팽창 속도를 계산했습니다.

They calculated the expansion rate of the universe based on precise measurements.

측정 (measurement) + 을 토대로 + 계산하다.

사회적 합의를 토대로 헌법 개정안을 논의 중입니다.

The constitutional amendment is being discussed based on social consensus.

합의 (consensus) + 를 토대로 + 논의하다.

생물학적 진화론을 토대로 생태계의 복잡성을 설명합니다.

The complexity of the ecosystem is explained based on biological evolutionary theory.

진화론 (evolutionary theory) + 을 토대로.

실증적 연구를 토대로 정책의 효용성을 검증해야 합니다.

The effectiveness of the policy must be verified based on empirical research.

실증적 (empirical) and 효용성 (utility/effectiveness) are C2 words.

Colocaciones comunes

사실을 토대로

경험을 토대로

데이터를 토대로

조사 결과를 토대로

이론을 토대로

실화를 토대로

증거를 토대로

피드백을 토대로

통계를 토대로

원칙을 토대로

Frases Comunes

토대를 닦다

— To lay the foundation for something great. It is often used for national or long-term projects.

경제 발전의 토대를 닦았습니다.

토대를 마련하다

— To prepare the foundation. Similar to '닦다' but focuses on the preparation stage.

성공의 토대를 마련했습니다.

토대가 튼튼하다

— To have a strong foundation. Used for buildings or abstract concepts like knowledge.

이 건물은 토대가 튼튼해요.

토대를 흔들다

— To shake the foundation. Used when a crisis threatens a system.

그 스캔들은 국가의 토대를 흔들었습니다.

토대 위에 세우다

— To build upon a foundation. Emphasizes the construction process.

민주주의라는 토대 위에 세워진 나라.

토대를 강화하다

— To strengthen the foundation.

기초 학문의 토대를 강화해야 합니다.

토대를 상실하다

— To lose one's foundation.

그 이론은 논리적 토대를 상실했습니다.

토대를 구축하다

— To establish or build a foundation.

협력의 토대를 구축합시다.

토대를 제공하다

— To provide a foundation.

이 연구는 후속 연구의 토대를 제공합니다.

토대를 다지다

— To solidify the foundation.

승리의 토대를 다지는 골이었습니다.

Se confunde a menudo con

~을/를 토대로 vs ~을/를 바탕으로

More general and less formal. Used for abstract concepts like 'trust' or 'heart'.

~을/를 토대로 vs ~에 따라서

Means 'following' a rule or change, whereas '토대로' is about using something as a building block.

~을/를 토대로 vs ~을/를 근거로

Specifically implies 'evidence' used for an argument or legal case.

Modismos y expresiones

"모래 위에 세운 성 (사상누각)"

— A castle built on sand. Something that has no solid foundation (토대) and will easily collapse.

토대 없이 시작한 사업은 사상누각일 뿐이다.

Literary/Proverb

"뿌리 깊은 나무"

— A deep-rooted tree. Refers to something with a very strong foundation that doesn't shake.

우리 회사는 토대가 튼튼한 뿌리 깊은 나무 같습니다.

General

"기틀을 잡다"

— To get things into shape or establish a foundation.

새로운 프로젝트의 기틀을 잡는 것이 중요합니다.

Business

"발판을 마련하다"

— To prepare a stepping stone. Often used when a small success leads to a bigger foundation.

이번 승리로 결승 진출의 발판을 마련했습니다.

Sports/Business

"밑바닥부터 시작하다"

— To start from the very bottom/foundation.

그는 밑바닥부터 시작해서 성공한 사람입니다.

General

"근본을 잊지 않다"

— To not forget one's roots or foundation.

성공하더라도 근본을 잊지 말아야 합니다.

Moral

"기반을 다지다"

— To solidify the base/foundation.

수출 시장의 기반을 다지는 것이 시급합니다.

Economic

"주춧돌을 놓다"

— To lay the cornerstone. Meaning to start the most important part of a foundation.

그는 현대 문학의 주춧돌을 놓은 인물입니다.

Historical

"뼈대를 세우다"

— To build the frame/skeleton. Refers to the main structural foundation.

보고서의 전체적인 뼈대를 세웠습니다.

General

"바닥이 드러나다"

— To show the bottom. Meaning one's lack of foundation or resources is exposed.

계속된 질문에 그의 실력 바닥이 드러났다.

Informal

Fácil de confundir

~을/를 토대로 vs 기초

Both mean foundation.

기초 is often for the 'start' or 'basics' of learning, while 토대 is for the structural 'base' of a project.

기초가 부족해요 (My basics are lacking) vs 사실을 토대로 (Based on facts).

~을/를 토대로 vs 기반

Both mean foundation.

기반 is often used for 'infrastructure' or the 'social ground' of something.

산업 기반 (Industrial infrastructure).

~을/를 토대로 vs 바탕

Both mean foundation.

바탕 is more abstract, like the 'background' or 'canvas' of a painting.

성실함을 바탕으로 (Based on sincerity).

~을/를 토대로 vs 근거

Both mean basis.

근거 is specifically 'proof' or 'reason'.

무슨 근거로 그렇게 말해요? (On what basis do you say that?)

~을/를 토대로 vs 원천

Both mean source.

원천 is the 'origin' or 'spring' where something starts flowing.

에너지의 원천 (The source of energy).

Patrones de oraciones

[Noun]을/를 토대로 [Verb]해요

지도를 토대로 길을 찾아요.

[Noun]을/를 토대로 한 [Noun]

실화를 토대로 한 영화.

[Noun]을/를 토대로 [Verb]되었습니다

조사 결과를 토대로 작성되었습니다.

[Abstract Noun]을/를 토대로 [Action]

상호 신뢰를 토대로 협력합니다.

[Academic Noun]을/를 토대로 [Analysis]

이론적 배경을 토대로 분석했습니다.

[Noun]을/를 토대로 하여 [Verb]

사실을 토대로 하여 판단을 내렸습니다.

[Complex Noun]을/를 토대로 [System Construction]

민주주의 원칙을 토대로 국가 기틀을 다졌습니다.

[Evidence]을/를 토대로 한 정밀한 [Task]

정밀 측정을 토대로 한 궤도 계산.

Familia de palabras

Sustantivos

토대 (foundation)

기초 (base)

기반 (groundwork)

근거 (evidence)

Verbos

토대하다 (to base on - rare)

기초하다 (to be based on)

근거하다 (to be based on)

Adjetivos

토대적인 (foundational - rare)

기초적인 (basic)

근본적인 (fundamental)

Relacionado

건축 (architecture)

논리 (logic)

증거 (evidence)

바탕 (background)

뿌리 (root)

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Cómo usarlo

frequency

High in written and formal spoken Korean; moderate in casual spoken Korean.

Errores comunes

데이터에 토대로 → 데이터를 토대로
You must use the object marker, not the location particle.
친구를 토대로 → 친구의 조언을 토대로
You can't base something on a person directly; use their action or words.
기분이 토대로 → 기분을 바탕으로
'토대' is too heavy/formal for a 'mood'. Use '바탕으로' instead.
사실 토대로 → 사실을 토대로
In formal writing, don't drop the object marker.
규칙을 토대로 하세요 → 규칙에 따라 하세요
If you are just following a rule, '~에 따라' is more natural.

Consejos

Academic Writing

Use this when citing your sources in an essay to sound more professional.

Professionalism

Using this in a job interview when talking about your past experiences will impress the recruiter.

Particle Check

Always check if the noun ends in a consonant (을) or vowel (를) before '토대로'.

Synonym Nuance

Remember that '토대' is like stone/concrete, while '바탕' is like paper/canvas.

News Patterns

Listen for '증거를 토대로' in crime news; it's a very common phrase.

Adjective Form

Use '~을/를 토대로 한' to describe a noun, like '사실을 토대로 한 이야기'.

Foundation Matters

Koreans value '기초' (basics), so showing your '토대' (basis) is culturally polite and logical.

Tower Foundation

Think: 'TO-dae' = 'TO-wer base'.

Vs. According To

Don't confuse it with '~에 따라'. '토대로' is for building/creating; '~에 따라' is for following.

Hanja Knowledge

Knowing 土 (earth) and 臺 (platform) helps you remember the literal meaning.

Memorízalo

Mnemotecnia

Imagine a big 'T' (for To-dae) as the 'Table' legs supporting your project. Without the legs (the foundation), the table falls.

Asociación visual

Visualize a skyscraper. The deep concrete base underground is the '토대'. Everything above ground is built '토대를 토대로' (based on that foundation).

Word Web

토대 기초 바탕 근거 기반 사실 데이터 경험

Desafío

Try to write three things you did today 'based on' something. For example: '날씨를 토대로 옷을 입었어요' (I dressed based on the weather).

Origen de la palabra

The word '토대' (土臺) comes from Sino-Korean roots. '토' (土) means earth or soil, and '대' (臺) means a platform or stand. Together, it literally means an 'earth platform' or the base upon which a building is constructed.

Significado original: A physical foundation made of earth or stone for a building.

Sino-Korean (Hanja)

Contexto cultural

There are no major sensitivities, but using '토대로' for very trivial things (like 'I chose this gum based on the color') can sound ironically dramatic or humorous.

In English, we often say 'based on' for almost everything. In Korean, '토대로' is more specific and formal than 'based on' usually feels in English conversation.

The movie 'Parasite' was written based on (토대로) Bong Joon-ho's personal observations of class dynamics. K-pop training systems are built based on (토대로) rigorous discipline and foundational skills. The Korean constitution is built based on (토대로) the spirit of the March 1st Movement.

Practica en la vida real

Contextos reales

Academic Writing

기존 연구를 토대로
설문 조사를 토대로
이론적 배경을 토대로
데이터 분석을 토대로

Business

시장 조사를 토대로
고객 피드백을 토대로
매출 실적을 토대로
협력 관계를 토대로

Law & News

증거를 토대로
진술을 토대로
사실 확인을 토대로
법적 근거를 토대로

Arts

실화를 토대로 한
원작을 토대로 한
상상력을 토대로
고전 문학을 토대로

Daily Life

경험을 토대로
느낀 점을 토대로
책 내용을 토대로
설명서를 토대로

Inicios de conversación

"이 영화가 실화를 토대로 만들어졌다는 사실을 알고 있었나요?"

"자신의 경험을 토대로 조언을 해줄 수 있나요?"

"어떤 데이터를 토대로 그런 결론을 내리셨나요?"

"이 책을 토대로 토론을 시작해 볼까요?"

"우리의 계획을 토대로 다음 단계를 논의해 봅시다."

Temas para diario

오늘 배운 내용을 토대로 일기를 써 보세요. (Write a diary entry based on what you learned today.)

자신의 가치관을 토대로 미래의 목표를 적어 보세요. (Write your future goals based on your values.)

과거의 실수를 토대로 배운 점이 무엇인지 써 보세요. (Write about what you learned based on past mistakes.)

읽은 책의 내용을 토대로 짧은 서평을 작성해 보세요. (Write a short book review based on a book you read.)

뉴스 기사를 토대로 자신의 의견을 정리해 보세요. (Organize your opinion based on a news article.)

Preguntas frecuentes

10 preguntas

Usually no. You don't say 'Based on my mom.' You would say 'Based on my mom's advice' (어머니의 조언을 토대로). It needs a noun that represents information or a concept.

In very casual speech, it might happen, but it's not recommended. Since '~을/를 토대로' is a formal expression, keeping the particle is important for sounding natural.

Adding '하여' (the 'ha' verb form) makes it slightly more formal and descriptive, often used in written academic papers. They mean the same thing.

Not exactly. It means the noun is the material you used to build something. 'Because of' is '~때문에' or '~기 때문에'.

The '토대로' part doesn't change, but the verb at the end of the sentence does. e.g., '토대로 만들었어요' (made based on).

Yes, extremely common in TOPIK II (Intermediate/Advanced) reading and writing sections.

Yes. '제 생각을 토대로...' (Based on my thoughts/ideas...) is fine, though '제 생각을 바탕으로' is more common.

No, it's neutral. You can base something on a 'mistake' (실수를 토대로), which is a positive way to look at a negative event.

There isn't a direct opposite noun, but you could say '무근거' (no basis) or '허구' (fiction/no foundation in fact).

Yes, '레시피를 토대로' is common if you are following or adapting a recipe.

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