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A1 verb 10 min de lectura

Уйлах

To cry

At the A1 level, 'уйлах' is one of the essential verbs you learn to describe basic human emotions and actions. You will primarily use it in its simplest forms: the infinitive 'уйлах', the present continuous 'уйлж байна' (is crying), and the simple past 'уйлсан' (cried). At this stage, you don't need to worry about complex metaphors. Focus on identifying the word in simple sentences like 'The baby is crying' (Хүүхэд уйлж байна) or 'Why are you crying?' (Чи яагаад уйлж байгаа юм бэ?). You might also encounter the negative command 'Битгий уйл' (Don't cry), which is useful for basic social interactions. The goal at A1 is to recognize the root 'уйл-' and understand that it relates to tears and sadness. You should also be able to distinguish it from other basic verbs like 'инээх' (to laugh).
At the A2 level, you begin to expand your use of 'уйлах' by adding adverbs and using it in more varied tenses. You will learn to describe *how* someone is crying, using words like 'чанга' (loudly) or 'бага' (a little). You might also start using the future tense 'уйлах болно' (will cry) or the habitative form 'уйлдаг' (cries regularly). At this stage, you should be able to form sentences that provide a reason for the crying, such as 'Би гунигтай байгаа болохоор уйлж байна' (I am crying because I am sad). You will also encounter the word in simple stories and dialogues, where characters express their feelings. Understanding the difference between 'уйлах' and the noun 'нулимс' (tear) becomes important here as well.
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At the B1 level, you should be comfortable using 'уйлах' in complex sentences with multiple clauses. You will start to see more of the causative form 'уйлуулах' (to make someone cry) and understand how it changes the sentence structure (the person being made to cry takes the accusative case). You will also encounter more specific synonyms like 'мэгших' (to sob) and 'бархирах' (to wail) and should begin to understand the difference in intensity they convey. B1 learners should be able to discuss emotional topics in more detail, such as 'Why do people cry at weddings?' or 'How does a sad movie make you feel?'. You'll also start to notice 'уйлах' in more abstract contexts, like in song lyrics or simple poetry, where it might represent longing or nostalgia.
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At the B2 level, your understanding of 'уйлах' becomes more nuanced, especially regarding its register and cultural connotations. You will understand how the word is used in news reports, literature, and formal speeches. You should be able to use the verb in various conditional and subjunctive moods, such as 'Хэрвээ тэр ирсэн бол би уйлах байсан' (If he had come, I would have cried). B2 learners can also handle idiomatic expressions related to crying and can distinguish between literal and metaphorical uses. You might analyze how a writer uses the act of crying to develop a character's personality. Your vocabulary should now include related nouns like 'уйлаан' (crying/wailing) and adjectives like 'уйланхай' (tearful).
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At the C1 level, you have a deep understanding of 'уйлах' and its place in the Mongolian linguistic system. You can appreciate the subtle differences between 'уйлах', 'мэгших', 'эхэр татах', and 'урсгах' (to pour/shed tears). You can read classical Mongolian literature where 'уйлах' might appear in its older forms or in highly stylized poetic structures. C1 learners can discuss the psychological and sociological aspects of crying in Mongolian culture, such as the concept of 'уянга' and how it relates to national identity. You are also proficient in using the verb in highly complex grammatical structures, including various converbs and participial constructions that indicate subtle timing or cause-and-effect relationships.
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At the C2 level, you possess a native-like command of 'уйлах'. You can use it with total precision in any context, from academic psychological papers to high-level diplomatic discourse or avant-garde poetry. You understand the historical evolution of the word and its cognates in other Mongolic languages. You can pick up on the slightest irony or sarcasm when someone uses the word 'уйлах' and can use it yourself to evoke specific, complex emotions in your writing or speaking. You are familiar with all possible idioms, proverbs, and obscure literary references involving crying. At this level, 'уйлах' is not just a verb, but a versatile tool for expressing the deepest nuances of the human experience in the Mongolian language.
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Ejemplos
The Mongolian verb Уйлах (uilakh) is the foundational term used to describe the act of shedding tears, typically as a response to an emotional state such as sadness, pain, or even extreme joy. In its most literal sense, it refers to the biological process of lacrimation combined with the vocal expressions of grief or distress. However, in the rich tapestry of the Mongolian language, уйлах transcends simple biology. It is an intransitive verb, meaning it does not take a direct object; one simply 'cries.' In the context of Mongolian nomadic culture, where emotional stoicism was historically valued among men, the act of crying is often associated with deep, genuine sentiment—particularly in relation to one's mother, one's homeland, or the loss of a beloved horse.
Literal Definition
The act of shedding tears from the eyes, usually accompanied by sobs or vocal expressions of sorrow.
Metaphorical Usage
Used to describe nature, such as the sky 'crying' (raining) or a musical instrument like the Morin Khuur 'crying' due to its melancholic tone.
When a Mongolian person uses this word, they are often tapping into a shared cultural understanding of 'уянга' (melody/sentiment). You will find this word in various forms depending on the intensity of the emotion. For instance, a child might уйлах because they fell, while an adult might уйлах while listening to a powerful 'Urtyn Duu' (Long Song).

Хүүхэд тоглоомоо алдаад чангаар уйлж байна. (The child is crying loudly after losing their toy.)

It is important to note that Mongolian has many specific verbs for different types of crying, which we will explore later, but уйлах remains the umbrella term. Whether it is a quiet tear or a loud wail, this verb covers the spectrum. Understanding the nuances of уйлах helps you connect with the Mongolian soul, as their history and literature are deeply rooted in expressions of longing and memory that often lead to this very act.

Баярласандаа болоод тэр уйлсан. (He cried because he was so happy.)

Grammatical Category
Intransitive Verb. It follows the masculine vowel harmony rules (contains 'У' and 'А').

Тэнгэр уйлах мэт бороо орж эхэллээ. (It started to rain as if the sky were crying.)

Битгий уйл, бүх зүйл зүгээр болно. (Don't cry, everything will be okay.)

Social Context
While crying in public is generally avoided by adults, it is viewed with deep empathy when it occurs during funerals, weddings (farewell to the bride), or patriotic events.

Ээжийгээ санаад би зөндөө уйлсан. (I cried a lot because I missed my mother.)

Using Уйлах correctly requires an understanding of Mongolian verb conjugation and sentence structure. Mongolian is an SOV (Subject-Object-Verb) language, and verbs are highly agglutinative, meaning you add suffixes to indicate tense, aspect, and mood. For the verb уйлах, the root is 'уйл-'. Because it contains the back vowels 'У' and 'А', any suffixes added must also contain back vowels to maintain vowel harmony.
Present Continuous
To say someone 'is crying' right now, you use the suffix '-ж байна'. Example: 'Тэр уйлж байна' (He/She is crying).
Past Tense
To say someone 'cried', you can use '-сан'. Example: 'Би уйлсан' (I cried). For a more immediate past, use '-лаа': 'Би уйллаа' (I just cried/started crying).
When you want to describe *how* someone is crying, you place the adverb before the verb. Common adverbs used with уйлах include 'чангаар' (loudly), 'чимээгүй' (silently), and 'сэмхэн' (secretly).

Тэр чимээгүйхэн уйлж суув. (He sat silently crying.)

Another important aspect is the causative form. If you want to say 'to make someone cry', you add the suffix '-уул-', resulting in 'уйлуулах'. This is a very common transformation in Mongolian.

Чи намайг уйлууллаа. (You made me cry.)

In more complex sentences, уйлах can be used in its participial form 'уйлдаг' to describe a habit or characteristic. 'Тэр их уйланхай хүүхэд' means 'He is a very tearful (crybaby) child,' where 'уйланхай' is an adjective derived from the verb.

Би кино үзэхээрээ уйлдаг. (I cry whenever I watch a movie.)

Imperative Form
'Уйл!' (Cry!) is the direct command, while 'Битгий уйл' (Don't cry) is the negative command. Adding '-аарай' makes it softer: 'Битгий уйлаарай' (Please don't cry).

Харуусалгүйгээр уйлах хэцүү. (It is hard to cry without regret.)

Тэр баярын нулимс унагаж уйлав. (He cried, shedding tears of joy.)

Interrogative
'Чи яагаад уйлаад байгаа юм бэ?' (Why are you crying?) uses the '-аад' suffix to indicate a state that has started and is continuing.
In Mongolia, you will encounter the word уйлах in a variety of settings, ranging from the mundane to the highly artistic. One of the most common places to hear it is in daily domestic life, especially when dealing with children. Parents will often ask 'Яагаад уйлаад байна?' (Why are you crying?) or say 'Битгий уйл' (Don't cry) to soothe a child. In the realm of entertainment, Mongolian television dramas (known as 'олон ангит кино') are famous for their emotional intensity, and characters frequently engage in уйлах during pivotal moments of betrayal, loss, or reunion.
Pop Culture & Music
Modern Mongolian pop and hip-hop often feature lyrics about heartbreak. Phrases like 'Уйлаад ч яах вэ' (What's the point of crying?) are common tropes in songs about moving on from a relationship.
Traditional Literature
In Mongolian folklore and epic poetry, heroes and their mothers often 'уйлах' when faced with monumental challenges. The 'Secret History of the Mongols' contains many instances where historical figures are described as crying out of grief or anger.
You will also hear this word in spiritual or religious contexts. At funerals or memorial services, the act of уйлах is a natural part of the mourning process, and elders might use the word when discussing the hardships of the past. In a more metaphorical sense, if you visit the countryside during a heavy thunderstorm, a nomad might poetically say 'Тэнгэр уйлж байна' (The sky is crying).

Тэр киног үзээд бүгд уйлсан. (Everyone cried after watching that movie.)

In social news or documentaries, you might hear 'ард түмэн уйлж байна' (the people are crying) when describing a national tragedy. It is a word that carries significant weight and is rarely used lightly in adult conversation.

Сэтгэл өвдөхөд хүн өөрийн эрхгүй уйлдаг. (When the heart hurts, a person cries involuntarily.)

News & Media
Reporters might use the term when interviewing victims of natural disasters or social injustice to emphasize the human element of the story.

Тэрээр ярилцлагын үеэр уйлж эхлэв. (He/She started crying during the interview.)

Охин ээжтэйгээ салах ёс гүйцэтгэхдээ уйлав. (The girl cried while saying goodbye to her mother.)

For English speakers learning Mongolian, the verb уйлах presents a few common pitfalls, primarily related to pronunciation, vowel harmony, and confusion with similar-sounding words. One of the most frequent mistakes is confusing уйлах (to cry) with уулзах (to meet). While they look and sound distinct to a native ear, a beginner might mix them up in fast conversation. Another similar-sounding word is уулах (a rare form of 'to drink' or related to 'mountain'), though 'уух' is the standard verb for drinking.
Vowel Harmony Errors
Beginners often try to add feminine suffixes to 'уйл-'. For example, saying 'уйлж байна' is correct, but accidentally using a feminine past tense suffix like '-сэн' instead of '-сан' (уйлсан) is a common error.
The 'L' Sound
The Mongolian 'л' is not the same as the English 'l'. It is a voiceless alveolar lateral fricative. If you pronounce it like an English 'l', you might not be understood clearly, especially in words where the 'л' is at the end of a syllable.
Another mistake involves the use of the causative. English speakers might try to translate 'You made me cry' literally using a 'make' verb, but in Mongolian, you must use the causative suffix: 'Чи намайг уйлуулсан' (You cry-caused me). Using 'хийсэн' (made) in this context is grammatically incorrect.

Буруу: Чи намайг уйлах болгосон. (Wrong: You made me cry - literal translation.)

Зөв: Чи намайг уйлуулсан. (Correct: You made me cry - causative form.)

Learners also struggle with the difference between 'уйлах' and 'мэгших'. 'Уйлах' is general, while 'мэгших' specifically means to sob or whimper. Using 'уйлах' isn't necessarily wrong, but it lacks the descriptive precision that native speakers appreciate.

Тэр зүгээр л уйлсан биш, мэгшиж байсан. (He wasn't just crying; he was sobbing.)

Transitivity Confusion
Since 'уйлах' is intransitive, you cannot 'cry something' (like 'crying tears') in the same way you can in English. Instead, you 'shed tears' (нулимс унагах) or 'cry with tears' (нулимстай уйлах).

Олон хүн харууссандаа уйлж байлаа. (Many people were crying out of regret.)

Тэр хэзээ ч бусдын өмнө уйлдаггүй. (He never cries in front of others.)

While Уйлах is the most common word for crying, Mongolian has a rich vocabulary to describe the specific *way* someone cries. Choosing the right synonym can make your Mongolian sound much more natural and expressive.
Мэгших (Megshikh)
This means to sob or to cry with short, convulsive breaths. It often implies a deep, suppressed sorrow or the crying of a child who is trying to catch their breath.
Эхэр татах (Ekher tatakh)
This describes the physical act of sobbing where the chest heaves. It is more intense than just crying.
Бархирах (Barkhirakh)
This means to wail, scream, or cry out loudly. It is used for intense pain or extreme grief where the person is vocalizing their distress loudly.
There are also poetic ways to describe crying. Instead of using the verb directly, Mongolians often use phrases involving 'нулимс' (tears). For example, 'нулимс унагах' (to drop tears) or 'нүд нь чийгтэх' (eyes becoming moist). These are considered more subtle and sometimes more respectful in formal writing or literature.

Тэрээр мэгшин уйлж эхлэв. (He began to sob and cry.)

If someone is just about to cry, or their eyes are filling with tears, you might use 'нулимс цийлэгнэх' (tears welling up). This is a very descriptive term often used in novels to show emotion without a full breakdown.

Түүний нүдэнд нулимс цийлэгнэж байлаа. (Tears were welling up in her eyes.)

Гуниглах (Guniglakh)
While not a synonym for crying, it means 'to be sad' or 'to grieve'. Often, 'гуниглах' is the state that leads to 'уйлах'.

Тэр битүүхэн уйлж сууна. (He sits there crying inwardly/secretly.)

Эх хүн үрийнхээ төлөө уйлдаг. (A mother cries for her child.)

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Ejemplos por nivel

1

Хүүхэд уйлж байна.

The baby is crying.

Present continuous tense: уйл- + -ж байна.

2

Битгий уйл.

Don't cry.

Negative imperative: Битгий + verb root.

3

Тэр яагаад уйлсан бэ?

Why did he/she cry?

Past tense question: уйл- + -сан + бэ.

4

Би уйлахгүй.

I will not cry.

Negative future/present: уйл- + -ахгүй.

5

Охин чангаар уйлав.

The girl cried loudly.

Simple past (narrative): уйл- + -ав.

6

Чи уйлмаар байна уу?

Do you want to cry?

Desiderative mood: уйл- + -маар байна.

7

Тэр үргэлж уйлдаг.

He/She always cries.

Habitative aspect: уйл- + -даг.

8

Уйлах хэрэггүй.

No need to cry.

Verb + хэрэггүй (no need to).

1

Тэр кино үзээд уйлсан.

He/She cried after watching a movie.

Converb -аад indicates the action happened before crying.

2

Миний дүү маш их уйлдаг.

My younger sibling cries a lot.

'Маш их' (very much) modifies the frequency.

3

Чи битгий уйлаарай.

Please don't cry.

Polite negative imperative: -аарай.

4

Тэр нулимс дуслуулан уйлж байв.

He was crying, shedding tears.

'Нулимс дуслуулан' describes the manner of crying.

5

Бид баярласандаа уйлсан.

We cried because we were happy.

Dative-Locative '-даа' shows the reason/cause.

6

Тэр эмэгтэй чимээгүй уйлав.

That woman cried silently.

Adverb 'чимээгүй' (silently) before the verb.

7

Уйлах нь эрүүл мэндэд тустай.

Crying is good for health.

Verbal noun 'уйлах' acting as the subject.

8

Тэр дахиад уйлж эхэллээ.

He/She started crying again.

Compound verb: уйлж + эхлэх (to start).

1

Чи намайг уйлуулж байна.

You are making me cry.

Causative form: уйл- + -уул-.

2

Уйлснаас инээсэн нь дээр.

It is better to laugh than to cry.

Comparison using the ablative '-аас'.

3

Би түүнийг уйлахыг харсан.

I saw him/her crying.

Accusative verbal noun 'уйлахыг' as the object of 'харсан'.

4

Сэтгэл өвдөхөд хүн өөрийн эрхгүй уйлдаг.

When the heart hurts, a person cries involuntarily.

Temporal converb '-хэд' (when).

5

Тэр уйлахаа болихгүй байна.

He/She won't stop crying.

'Болих' (to stop) with the reflexive-possessive '-аа'.

6

Уйлж дуусаад нүүрээ угаарай.

After you finish crying, wash your face.

'Дуусаад' (after finishing) used as a converb.

7

Тэр уйлан байж бүгдийг ярьсан.

He/She told everything while crying.

'Уйлан байж' indicates a simultaneous, persistent state.

8

Яагаад уйлаад байгааг чинь мэдэж байна.

I know why you are crying.

Indirect question using the possessive '-г чинь'.

1

Тэр харууссандаа болоод шөнөжин уйлжээ.

He/She cried all night out of regret.

The particle 'жээ' indicates a discovered or past narrative fact.

2

Уйлахгүйгээр энэ зовлонг давах аргагүй.

It's impossible to overcome this suffering without crying.

'-хгүйгээр' (without doing).

3

Түүний уйлах дуу зүрх зүсэм байлаа.

The sound of her crying was heart-wrenching.

'Уйлах' acts as an adjective modifying 'дуу' (sound).

4

Эх орондоо ирээд тэр өөрийн эрхгүй уйлсан юм.

Upon arriving in his homeland, he cried involuntarily.

The particle 'юм' adds an explanatory or emphatic tone.

5

Уйлж суухаар урагшаа тэмүүлсэн нь дээр.

Instead of sitting and crying, it's better to strive forward.

'-хаар' indicates 'instead of' or 'rather than'.

6

Тэр уйлж байхдаа юу ч хэлээгүй.

He/She didn't say anything while crying.

'-хдаа' (while).

7

Уйлаад ч нэмэргүй гэдгийг тэр мэдэж байв.

He knew that crying wouldn't help.

'Уйлаад ч нэмэргүй' is a common idiomatic phrase.

8

Олон хүн түүнийг уйлахыг хараад өрөвдсөн.

Many people saw him crying and felt pity.

Participial construction as a cause.

1

Тэрээр гашуун нулимс урсган уйлж, гомдлоо тайлав.

He cried, shedding bitter tears, and vented his grievance.

'Урсган' (making flow) is a modal converb.

2

Уйлах мэгших хоёр зэрэгцэн, түүний хоолой зангирч байлаа.

Crying and sobbing occurred together, and his voice was choked.

Verbal nouns as subjects; 'зангирах' is a high-level metaphor.

3

Тэнгэр хүртэл уйлах мэт бүрхэг бөгөөд гунигтай өдөр байв.

It was a cloudy and sad day, as if even the sky were crying.

'Хүртэл' (even) and 'мэт' (as if).

4

Уйлж дуулахаас өөр зүйл хийж чадахгүй байлаа.

He/She could do nothing else but cry and sing (laments).

'Уйлж дуулах' is a binomial verb phrase for grieving.

5

Түүний уйлах нь ердийн нэг гомдол биш, гүн гүнзгий харуусал байв.

His crying was not a simple complaint, but a deep regret.

'Уйлах нь' as a nominalized subject.

6

Ард түмэн удирдагчаа алдаад гашуудан уйлж байна.

The people are crying in mourning after losing their leader.

'Гашуудан' (mourning) adds a specific register.

7

Уйлж байсан нүд нь гэнэт баяраар гэрэлтэв.

His eyes, which had been crying, suddenly lit up with joy.

Relative clause modifying 'нүд' (eyes).

8

Хүний нулимс уйлах бүртээ өөр өөр утга агуулдаг.

A person's tears carry different meanings every time they cry.

'-х бүртээ' (every time one does).

1

Тэрээр амьдралынхаа хатуу хүтүүг туулахдаа уйлах эрхгүй мэт зүтгэсээр ирсэн.

While going through the hardships of life, he kept striving as if he had no right to cry.

Complex sentence with multiple converbs and negative potential.

2

Уйлахын оронд ухаарал хайх нь жинхэнэ хүчтэнүүдийн зам билээ.

Seeking enlightenment instead of crying is the path of the truly strong.

'-хын оронд' (instead of) and 'билээ' (stating a truth).

3

Түүний уйлах нь байгалийн жам ёсны үзэгдэл мэт амар амгалан харагдана.

His crying appeared peaceful, like a natural phenomenon.

High-level comparison 'жам ёсны' (natural law).

4

Уйлан дуулсаар өнгөрүүлсэн он жилүүд нь түүнийг хатуужуулжээ.

The years spent crying and singing laments have hardened him.

'-саар' indicates a long-term continuous action.

5

Уйлах мөч бүхэн нь түүнд шинэ эрч хүч, итгэл найдварыг бэлэглэдэг байв.

Every moment of crying used to gift him new energy and hope.

Habitual past 'байдаг байв'.

6

Тэрээр өөрийнхөө уйлахыг бусдаас нуухыг хичээх боловч сэтгэл нь ил байлаа.

He tried to hide his crying from others, but his heart was exposed.

'Боловч' (although) used to contrast actions.

7

Уйлж буй хүүхдийн дуу нь эх хүний зүрхний утсыг хөнддөг.

The sound of a crying child touches the heartstrings of a mother.

'Уйлж буй' is a formal present participle.

8

Уйлах нь хүний сэтгэлийн гүн дэх бохирдлыг угаах мэт ариусгах увидастай.

Crying has the cleansing magic of washing away the impurities deep within the human soul.

Metaphorical use with 'ариусгах' (to purify).

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