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B1 noun #3,000 más común 8 min de lectura

论据

lunju Top 3,000

Practícalo Ejemplos Notas y consejos 论据 en 30 segundos

Explicación 论据 in your Level:

At the A1 level, you don't need to use the word '论据' (lùnjù) in your daily life. It is too formal for a beginner. However, you can think of it as a 'big brother' to the word '理由' (lǐyóu), which means 'reason.' In A1, you learn to say 'Because...' (因为...). '论据' is just a very fancy way of saying 'the reason why my idea is right.' Imagine you are telling a friend you like apples. Your 'reason' is that they are sweet. In a university essay, that 'reason' would be called a '论据.' For now, just remember that this word exists for serious situations like school or news.

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By A2, you are starting to express more opinions. You might say 'I think...' (我觉得...). When someone asks you 'Why?' (为什么?), you provide reasons. '论据' is a word you will start to see in reading passages, especially those about school or simple debates. It means 'evidence for an argument.' While you might still use '理由' (reason) when speaking, you should recognize '论据' as the word used in books. It usually refers to facts or examples. For example: 'He used an example as evidence' (他用例子作为论据).

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At the B1 level, '论据' becomes an important word for your writing. When you write a 'composition' (作文), your teacher will look for your '论据.' This level requires you to distinguish between your opinion (论点) and the facts you use to support it (论据). You should be able to use basic collocations like '充分的论据' (sufficient evidence) and '有力的论据' (strong evidence). You are moving beyond just saying 'I think...' and starting to say 'The evidence shows...' (论据显示...). This word helps your Chinese sound more logical and structured.

At B2, you are expected to use '论据' comfortably in both writing and formal speaking. You should understand the difference between 'factual evidence' (事实论据) and 'theoretical evidence' (道理论据). You will encounter this word frequently in HSK 5 materials. You should be able to critique an argument by saying the '论据不足' (insufficient evidence) or '论据不真实' (the evidence is not true). You should also be able to use verbs like '引用' (cite) or '搜集' (collect) with '论据.' This is the stage where you use this word to build complex, persuasive paragraphs.

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At the C1 level, you are mastering the nuances of '论据.' You understand that it isn't just 'data,' but a strategically chosen piece of information. You can use advanced phrases like '论据确凿' (irrefutable evidence) and '论据与论点脱节' (the evidence is disconnected from the claim). In professional settings or high-level academic discussions, you use '论据' to analyze the logic of others. You are expected to provide multiple, diverse '论据' to support a single '论点,' and you can discuss the 'validity' (有效性) and 'reliability' (可靠性) of these grounds in depth.

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At the C2 level, '论据' is a tool you use with precision and flair. You can engage in deep philosophical or legal debates where the definition of what constitutes a 'valid 论据' is itself the topic of discussion. You can distinguish '论据' from '佐证' (corroborating evidence), '引证' (cited evidence), and '依据' (foundational basis) without hesitation. You use this word in high-level rhetoric to deconstruct complex ideologies or to build sophisticated academic theories. Your mastery of this word reflects a near-native ability to navigate the most formal and intellectual spheres of Chinese society.

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Practícalo Ejemplos Notas y consejos

论据 en 30 segundos

论据 (lùnjù) means 'evidence' or 'grounds' specifically for formal arguments and academic writing.
It is different from 证据 (zhèngjù), which is used for physical or legal proof of a fact.
In the Chinese school system, it is one of the three essential parts of an essay.
It can be factual (like numbers) or theoretical (like scientific laws or quotes).

The term 论据 (lùnjù) is a foundational concept in Chinese logic, rhetoric, and academic writing. At its core, it refers to the 'grounds' or 'evidence' used to support a specific viewpoint or thesis statement. While in English we might use 'evidence' loosely to cover everything from a bloody fingerprint at a crime scene to a statistical chart in a thesis, Chinese distinguishes between physical evidence (证据 zhèngjù) and the logical support used in an argument (论据 lùnjù). If you are writing an essay, participating in a debate, or trying to convince your boss of a new strategy, you are dealing with lùnjù.

Logical Foundation: In the structure of a formal argument (论证 lùnzhèng), the 论据 serves as the pillars holding up the roof, which is your main point or 论点 (lùndiǎn). Without strong pillars, the roof collapses regardless of how beautiful the design is.
Types of Evidence: 论据 generally falls into two categories: factual evidence (事实论据 shìshí lùnjù) like statistics and historical events, and theoretical evidence (道理论据 dàolǐ lùnjù) such as scientific laws, philosophical axioms, or famous quotes from authorities.

为了支持他的观点，他引用了大量的历史论据。(To support his viewpoint, he cited a large amount of historical evidence.)

You will encounter this word most frequently in educational settings. From middle school onwards, Chinese students are taught the 'Three Elements of Argumentation' (议论文三要素): the 论点 (claim), the 论据 (evidence), and the 论证 (reasoning process). Therefore, if you are preparing for the HSK 5 or 6, or planning to attend a Chinese university, mastering this word is non-negotiable. It signifies a transition from basic conversational Chinese to professional, intellectual discourse.

这篇文章的论据非常有力，让人信服。(The evidence in this article is very powerful and convincing.)

Colloquial vs. Formal: While primarily formal, you might hear it in a heated debate between friends where one person says, '你的论据根本站不住脚' (Your evidence simply doesn't hold water/cannot stand up).

Understanding 论据 also requires understanding its components. The character 论 (lùn) means to discuss, debate, or theory. The character 据 (jù) means according to, or grounds/basis. Together, they literally mean 'the basis for the discussion.' This etymological root helps learners remember that this isn't just 'data'—it is data specifically curated and presented to win a point.

缺乏科学论据的理论是不可靠的。(Theories lacking scientific evidence are unreliable.)

Using 论据 correctly involves placing it within the context of logical structures. It is almost always the object of verbs like '寻找' (xúnzhǎo - to look for), '提供' (tígōng - to provide), '引用' (yǐnyòng - to cite), or '加强' (jiāqiáng - to strengthen). It can also be the subject of adjectives describing quality, such as '充分' (chōngfèn - sufficient), '有力' (yǒulì - powerful), or '虚假' (xūjiǎ - false).

Common Verb Pairings: 1. 寻找论据 (Looking for evidence): Used during the research phase.
2. 摆出论据 (Presenting evidence): Used during the actual delivery of an argument.
3. 分析论据 (Analyzing evidence): Examining the validity of the support.

在写论文之前，你必须先收集足够的论据。(Before writing a thesis, you must first collect enough evidence.)

One of the most important sentence patterns involves the relationship between the 论点 (claim) and the 论据. You can use the structure: '[论据] 是支持 [论点] 的有力保证' (Evidence is the strong guarantee supporting the claim). This highlights the functional role of the word. Another common pattern is '以...为论据' (Using... as evidence), which is high-level academic Chinese.

他以这组实验数据作为主要的论据。(He used this set of experimental data as the primary evidence.)

Descriptive Phrases: - 论据确凿 (lùnjù quèzuó): Indisputable evidence.
- 论据单薄 (lùnjù dānbó): Weak/thin evidence.
- 论据典型 (lùnjù diǎnxíng): Typical/representative evidence.

When criticizing someone's logic, you might say, '你的论据与论点脱节' (Your evidence is disconnected from your claim). This implies that while the facts might be true, they don't actually support the point being made. This level of precision in usage is what separates a B1 learner from a C1 speaker.

辩论赛中，选手们需要快速找出对方论据中的漏洞。(In a debate competition, contestants need to quickly find loopholes in the opponent's evidence.)

You won't hear 论据 while buying vegetables at a wet market, but you will hear it constantly in intellectual and professional environments. It is a 'prestige' word that signals a structured, logical approach to a topic.

Academic Lectures: Professors in Chinese universities use this word to critique student papers. '你的结论很大胆，但论据在哪里？' (Your conclusion is bold, but where is the evidence?). It's the standard term for the 'supporting details' section of any scholarly work.
News Analysis and Talk Shows: On programs like CCTV or Phoenix TV, commentators discussing geopolitics or economics will often say, '基于以下几点论据...' (Based on the following points of evidence...). It adds an air of objectivity to their opinions.

在电视辩论中，专家们通过引用数据来强化自己的论据。(In TV debates, experts strengthen their evidence by quoting data.)

In a corporate setting, specifically during strategy meetings or project proposals, a manager might ask for the lùnjù behind a projected sales figure. They aren't asking for 'proof' that you aren't lying (which would be 证据); they are asking for the logical reasoning and market data that justifies your prediction.

教授指出，这篇论文的论据有些过时了。(The professor pointed out that the evidence in this paper is a bit outdated.)

Courtrooms (Specific Usage): While '证据' is the physical evidence presented in court, '论据' is used to describe the logical basis of the lawyer's closing argument or the judge's written opinion.

Finally, in the world of competitive debating (辩论), lùnjù is one of the most common words heard. Debaters are constantly attacking the 'validity' (真实性) and 'relevance' (关联性) of the other side's evidence.

我们要想说服观众，就必须准备更具冲击力的论据。(If we want to persuade the audience, we must prepare more impactful evidence.)

The most common mistake learners make with 论据 is confusing it with its close relative, 证据 (zhèngjù). While both translate to 'evidence' in English, their usage is strictly delineated in Chinese logic.

论据 vs. 证据: 证据 is for proving a fact or a crime. It is 'proof.' (e.g., DNA, a receipt).
论据 is for supporting a theory or an opinion. It is 'logical grounds.' (e.g., a quote from a philosopher, a trend in data). You cannot use '论据' to prove someone stole your lunch.

❌ Incorrect: 警察找到了他偷东西的论据。
✅ Correct: 警察找到了他偷东西的证据。

Another mistake is confusing 论据 with 论点 (lùndiǎn). A 论点 is the 'point' or 'thesis,' while the 论据 is the 'support.' Many students accidentally say '我的论据是全球变暖是真的' (My evidence is that global warming is real). No, that is your 论点. Your 论据 would be the rising sea level statistics.

初学者常把“观点”和“论据”混为一谈。(Beginners often confuse 'viewpoint' and 'evidence'.)

Collocation Errors: Learners sometimes use '做' (zuó - to do) with 论据. You don't 'do' evidence. You 'find' (找), 'provide' (提供), or 'use' (用/作为) evidence.

Finally, be careful with the word '事实' (shìshí - fact). While a fact can serve as a 论据, they are not synonyms. A fact is just a thing that is true; a 论据 is a fact that has been weaponized for an argument. Use the word that reflects the function, not just the nature of the information.

他的发言虽然有很多事实，但没有一个能作为有力的论据。(Although his speech had many facts, none could serve as powerful evidence.)

To truly master 论据, you must understand how it sits within a family of words related to proof and reasoning. Choosing the right one depends on the 'flavor' of the support you are providing.

论据 (lùnjù) vs. 理由 (lǐyóu): 理由 is the everyday word for 'reason.' It can be personal, emotional, or logical. 'I'm late because of traffic' is a 理由. 论据 is strictly for formal argumentation and intellectual support. You wouldn't use 论据 to explain why you didn't do your homework unless you were writing a philosophical treatise on the impossibility of homework.
论据 (lùnjù) vs. 根据 (gēnjù): 根据 means 'basis' or 'according to.' It is often used as a preposition. While 论据 is the noun for the evidence itself, 根据 is the foundation upon which something is built. '根据调查' (According to the survey) uses 根据, while the survey results themselves are the 论据.

比起感性的理由，理性的论据在学术界更受重视。(Compared to emotional reasons, rational evidence is more valued in academia.)

Other alternatives include 凭据 (píngjù), which refers to a physical voucher or proof of a transaction (like a receipt), and 佐证 (zuǒzhèng), which means 'corroborating evidence'—something that supports a primary piece of evidence.

我们需要寻找更多的佐证来支持这个主要的论据。(We need to find more corroborating evidence to support this main argument.)

Summary Table

论据: Intellectual support for a claim.
证据: Legal/factual proof of a reality.
理由: General reason for an action or belief.
依据: The standard or rule something is based on.

How Formal Is It?

Dato curioso

In ancient Chinese, '据' often referred to a physical object one would hold for support, like a staff. Now, it refers to the intellectual 'staff' that supports your ideas.

Guía de pronunciación

UK lùnjù

US lùnjù

Both syllables receive equal stress as they are both fourth tone.

Rima con

论 (lùn) rhymes with: 问 (wèn), 顿 (dùn), 困 (kùn) 据 (jù) rhymes with: 去 (qù), 句 (jù), 剧 (jù)

Errores comunes

Pronouncing 'jù' as 'jū' (first tone).
Confusing the 'u' in 'jù' with a standard English 'u' (it is actually the 'ü' sound, even though the dots are omitted after 'j').
Failing to drop the pitch sufficiently on the fourth tones.
Pronouncing 'lùn' as 'lún' (second tone).
Mixing up 'jù' with 'qù' (to go).

Nivel de dificultad

Lectura 3/5

Common in textbooks and news, easy to recognize once learned.

Escritura 4/5

Requires understanding of formal structures to use correctly.

Expresión oral 4/5

Rarely used in casual speech; sounds very formal.

Escucha 3/5

Easy to hear in lectures or formal presentations.

Qué aprender después

Requisitos previos

理由观点事实根据支持

Aprende después

论证驳论逻辑前提假设

Avanzado

辩证归纳演绎谬误佐证

Gramática que debes saber

Using '作为' (as) with 论据

他用这段历史作为论据。

The '以...为...' structure

他以这组数据为论据。

Adjective-Noun collocation

充分的论据是必须的。

Verb-Object relationship

我们需要搜集论据。

Topic-Comment structure

他的论据，我看很有力。

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Ejemplos por nivel

这是我的理由。

This is my reason (simple version of 论据).

A1 uses 理由 instead of 论据.

他有很多事实。

He has many facts.

Simple noun usage.

这个例子很好。

This example is good.

Examples are types of 论据.

为什么你这样想？

Why do you think so?

Asking for grounds.

我有证据。

I have proof.

证据 is more common at A1.

他说的话是对的。

What he said is correct.

Validating a point.

我看了一本书。

I read a book.

Books provide 论据.

请给我一个例子。

Please give me an example.

Requesting support.

他用这个例子作为论据。

He used this example as evidence.

Using '作为' (as).

书里有很多论据。

There is a lot of evidence in the book.

Locative phrase.

你的论据是什么？

What is your evidence?

Direct question.

我不相信他的论据。

I don't believe his evidence.

Negative verb phrase.

这个论据很有趣。

This evidence is very interesting.

Adjective description.

我们需要找论据。

We need to find evidence.

Verb '找' (find).

论据在第二页。

The evidence is on the second page.

Simple location.

这个论据不全。

This evidence is incomplete.

Stating deficiency.

这篇文章的论据非常充分。

The evidence in this article is very sufficient.

Collocation: 充分 (sufficient).

你必须提供有力的论据。

You must provide powerful evidence.

Collocation: 有力 (powerful).

我们需要搜集更多的论据。

We need to collect more evidence.

Verb: 搜集 (collect).

这些论据支持了他的观点。

This evidence supported his viewpoint.

Verb: 支持 (support).

论据的真实性很重要。

The truthfulness of the evidence is important.

Noun phrase with '的'.

他引用了科学家的论据。

He cited the evidence of scientists.

Verb: 引用 (cite).

你的论据不够说服力。

Your evidence is not convincing enough.

Resultative: 够 (enough).

我们要分析这些论据。

We need to analyze this evidence.

Verb: 分析 (analyze).

辩论时，论据的选择至关重要。

When debating, the choice of evidence is crucial.

Subject as a noun phrase.

他的论点缺乏事实论据。

His claim lacks factual evidence.

Compound: 事实论据 (factual evidence).

作者通过引用名言作为道理论据。

The author used famous quotes as theoretical evidence.

Compound: 道理论据 (theoretical evidence).

这些论据不足以推翻他的结论。

This evidence is not enough to overturn his conclusion.

Structure: 不足以 (not enough to).

论据必须具备客观性。

Evidence must possess objectivity.

Verb: 具备 (possess).

他试图寻找反驳对方的论据。

He tried to find evidence to refute the opponent.

Modifying clause before 论据.

论据和论点之间要有逻辑联系。

There must be a logical connection between the evidence and the claim.

Coordinating conjunction: 和 (and).

这个论据被证明是虚假的。

This evidence was proven to be false.

Passive structure with 被.

他的论据虽然确凿，但逻辑有误。

Although his evidence is indisputable, the logic is flawed.

Adjective: 确凿 (indisputable).

这篇文章的论据与论点严重脱节。

The evidence in this article is seriously disconnected from the claim.

Verb: 脱节 (disconnected).

我们需要对论据进行多维度的考量。

We need to consider the evidence from multiple dimensions.

Structure: 对...进行 (to carry out...).

论据的片面性导致了结论的偏差。

The one-sidedness of the evidence led to a bias in the conclusion.

Noun: 片面性 (one-sidedness).

他巧妙地运用了类比作为论据。

He skillfully used analogy as evidence.

Adverb: 巧妙地 (skillfully).

论据的堆砌并不能增强说服力。

The piling up of evidence does not necessarily increase persuasiveness.

Noun: 堆砌 (piling up/stacking).

我们要警惕那些看似合理实则虚伪的论据。

We must be wary of evidence that looks reasonable but is actually hypocritical.

Structure: 看似...实则... (looks... but actually...).

法官要求律师提交补充论据。

The judge requested the lawyer to submit supplementary evidence.

Adjective: 补充 (supplementary).

该学说的论据建立在过时的假设之上。

The evidence for this theory is built upon outdated assumptions.

Structure: 建立在...之上 (built upon).

他通过严密的论据推导出了这一惊人的结论。

He derived this astonishing conclusion through rigorous evidence.

Adjective: 严密 (rigorous/tight).

论据的有效性取决于其来源的权威性。

The validity of the evidence depends on the authority of its source.

Verb: 取决于 (depends on).

这种论据在哲学思辨中经常被引用。

This kind of evidence is frequently cited in philosophical speculation.

Noun: 思辨 (speculation/critical thinking).

他的论据不仅详实，而且具有前瞻性。

His evidence is not only detailed but also forward-looking.

Structure: 不仅...而且... (not only... but also...).

我们必须剔除那些无关痛痒的论据。

We must eliminate those irrelevant/trivial pieces of evidence.

Idiom: 无关痛痒 (irrelevant/of no consequence).

论据的匮乏迫使研究者重新审视其假设。

The scarcity of evidence forced researchers to re-examine their assumptions.

Noun: 匮乏 (scarcity/lack).

其论据之诡谲，令对手难以招架。

The craftiness of his evidence made it difficult for his opponent to withstand.

Structure: ...之..., 令... (so... that it makes...).

Sinónimos

证据理由根据论证

Antónimos

谬论反论

Colocaciones comunes

充分的论据

有力的论据

寻找论据

引用论据

提供论据

事实论据

道理论据

缺乏论据

补充论据

确凿的论据

Frases Comunes

论据充足

— Having plenty of evidence. Used to describe a solid argument.

他的文章论据充足，逻辑严密。

论据不足

— Lacking evidence. A common critique of weak arguments.

由于论据不足，他的提议被否决了。

摆事实，讲论据

— To present facts and provide evidence. A standard approach to debating.

我们应该摆事实，讲论据，而不是互相攻击。

论据确凿

— Irrefutable/indisputable evidence.

在确凿的论据面前，他承认了错误。

缺乏论据

— To be short of evidence.

缺乏论据的批评是站不住脚的。

搜集论据

— To gather or collect evidence.

科学家们花了数年时间搜集论据。

单一论据

— A single piece of evidence. Often used to imply a weak argument.

不能仅凭单一论据就下结论。

典型论据

— A typical or representative piece of evidence.

雷锋是助人为乐的典型论据。

虚假论据

— False or fabricated evidence.

使用虚假论据会损害你的信誉。

有力论据

— Strong/compelling evidence.

这组数据是支持该学说的有力论据。

Se confunde a menudo con

论据 vs 证据

Evidence for facts/crimes vs. evidence for arguments.

论据 vs 论点

The claim itself vs. the support for the claim.

论据 vs 论证

The process of reasoning vs. the materials used for support.

Modismos y expresiones

"查无实据"

— Investigation reveals no solid evidence. Often used in legal or official contexts.

关于他贪污的举报，目前查无实据。

Formal

"言之有据"

— To speak with a basis/evidence. To not talk nonsense.

他的发言言之有据，深受好评。

Formal

"不足为据"

— Not sufficient to be used as evidence or a basis.

传闻不足为据，我们需要事实。

Formal

"真凭实据"

— Authentic and solid evidence.

如果没有真凭实据，你不能随便冤枉人。

Neutral

"无凭无据"

— Without any proof or grounds.

你无凭无据地指责我，是不公平的。

Neutral

"据理力争"

— To argue strongly based on reason/grounds.

在会议上，他据理力争，终于说服了大家。

Neutral

"有根有据"

— Well-founded; having a clear source and grounds.

他讲的故事有根有据，不像是编的。

Neutral

"空穴来风"

— Literally 'wind from a cave,' often used to mean a rumor has some basis, though commonly misused to mean baseless.

这个传言并非空穴来风，肯定有其论据。

Literary

"信而有征"

— Believable because there is evidence.

这段历史记载信而有征，值得研究。

Formal

"凿凿有据"

— Indisputable and well-supported by evidence.

他的指控凿凿有据，对方无法抵赖。

Formal

Fácil de confundir

论据 vs 证据

Both mean 'evidence.'

证据 is physical/legal proof. 论据 is logical support in a debate.

指纹是证据；数据是论据。

论据 vs 理由

Both mean 'reason.'

理由 is common/personal. 论据 is formal/academic.

迟到的理由；论文的论据。

论据 vs 根据

Both imply a basis.

根据 is often a preposition (according to). 论据 is a noun (the evidence).

根据论据，我们可以得出结论。

论据 vs 依据

Both mean basis.

依据 is usually a rule or law. 论据 is a supporting fact.

法律依据；事实论据。

论据 vs 佐证

Both mean support.

佐证 is secondary, corroborating evidence.

这个发现是主论据的佐证。

Patrones de oraciones

这是我的论据。

为了支持...，他提供了...论据。

为了支持他的观点，他提供了很多论据。

...论据非常充分。

这篇文章的论据非常充分。

以...作为论据。

他以科学实验作为论据。

论据不足以证明...。

这些论据不足以证明他是错的。

论据与论点之间存在脱节。

我认为你的论据与论点之间存在脱节。

通过引用...来强化论据。

他通过引用名言来强化论据。

论据之确凿，令人无法反驳。

其论据之确凿，令人无法反驳。

Familia de palabras

Sustantivos

论点 (claim)

论证 (argumentation)

结论 (conclusion)

理论 (theory)

Verbos

论述 (to discourse)

讨论 (to discuss)

辩论 (to debate)

Adjetivos

论辩的 (argumentative)

Relacionado

证据 (evidence/proof)

根据 (basis)

理由 (reason)

数据 (data)

事实 (fact)

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Cómo usarlo

frequency

High in educational, media, and professional contexts; low in daily life.

Errores comunes

Using 论据 for physical proof. → 证据 (zhèngjù)
If you find a key on the floor to prove someone was there, it's 证据, not 论据.
Mixing up 论据 and 论点. → 论点 is the claim; 论据 is the support.
Don't say 'My 论据 is that we should save water.' That is your 论点.
Using 论据 in casual slang. → 理由 (lǐyóu)
Saying 'My 论据 for being late is traffic' sounds like you are in a courtroom.
Saying '做论据' (do evidence). → 作为论据 (as evidence) or 提供论据 (provide evidence).
论据 is not an action you 'do.' It is a thing you 'provide' or 'use.'
Pronouncing 'jù' as 'jū'. → jù (4th tone)
A flat tone makes it sound like 'reside' or 'sentence,' which is confusing.

Consejos

In Essays

When writing a Chinese essay, always label your support clearly. Using the word '论据' in your transition sentences will impress your teacher.

The 'Lùn' Family

Learn 论点, 论据, and 论证 together. They are the 'Holy Trinity' of Chinese logic and are rarely used without each other.

Tone Accuracy

Both characters are 4th tone. Pronouncing them correctly gives you an air of authority and intellectual confidence.

Legal vs. Logical

Remember: Lawyers look for 证据 (proof). Philosophers look for 论据 (grounds).

Sounding Smart

Instead of saying '我有理由,' say '我的论据是...' in a formal presentation to sound like a native professional.

Spotting it

When reading Chinese editorials, look for '论据.' The sentences following it will contain the most important data in the text.

The Connection

Always check if your 论据 'supports' (支持) your 论点. If the connection is weak, the argument is '站不住脚' (cannot stand).

Citing Sources

When using a 论据, it's good practice to mention the source (来源). Use the pattern '根据...的论据'.

Authority

In China, citing a famous historical figure is a very strong '道理论据.' Don't underestimate the power of a Confucius quote!

Debate Watch

Watch Chinese debate shows on YouTube. Count how many times they say '论据' to get a feel for the natural rhythm of the word.

Memorízalo

Mnemotecnia

Think of '论' (lùn) as 'Logic' and '据' (jù) as 'Justification.' You need Logic-Justification to win a debate.

Asociación visual

Imagine a table. The tabletop is your '论点' (point), and the four legs are your '论据' (evidence). Without the legs, the table falls.

Word Web

论点 (Point) 论据 (Evidence) 论证 (Reasoning) 事实 (Fact) 数据 (Data) 例子 (Example) 名言 (Quote) 充分 (Sufficient)

Desafío

Try to provide three '论据' for why learning Chinese is useful. Use the phrase: '我的第一个论据是...'

Origen de la palabra

The word is composed of two characters: '论' (lùn) and '据' (jù). '论' originally referred to 'setting things in order' or 'discussing,' appearing in early Confucian texts like the Analects (论语). '据' originally meant 'to lean on' or 'to hold,' evolving to mean 'grounds' or 'support.'

Significado original: The logical support one leans on during a discussion.

Sino-Tibetan

Contexto cultural

None. This is a neutral academic term.

In English, we often use 'evidence' and 'reason' interchangeably. In Chinese, '论据' is strictly academic/formal, whereas '理由' is for everyday life.

议论文三要素 (The 3 Elements of Argumentative Essays) 论语 (The Analects - same '论' character) 辩论赛 (Chinese Debate Competitions)

Practica en la vida real

Contextos reales

Writing an Essay

论据充分
事实论据
引用论据
加强论据

Participating in a Debate

反驳论据
有力论据
你的论据是...
寻找论据

Academic Research

搜集论据
科学论据
论据的可靠性
补充论据

Formal Meetings

提供论据
基于论据
论据不足
确凿论据

News Analysis

历史论据
论据显示
缺乏论据
分析论据

Inicios de conversación

"你在写论文时，通常如何搜集论据？"

"你认为这篇文章的论据够充分吗？"

"在辩论中，你觉得论点重要还是论据重要？"

"你能为你的观点提供一些事实论据吗？"

"如果对方的论据是虚假的，你会怎么做？"

Temas para diario

写一段话，支持‘网络学习比传统学习好’的观点，并提供三个论据。

反思一次你和别人争论的经历。你的论据有力吗？为什么？

讨论在现代社会中，为什么科学论据比传统论据更受重视。

分析一个你最近看到的广告。它使用了什么样的论据来吸引消费者？

如果你要写一篇关于环保的文章，你会选择哪些事实论据？

Preguntas frecuentes

10 preguntas

No. Use 证据 (zhèngjù). 论据 is for logical arguments, not physical proof of a crime.

In Chinese, nouns don't change form, but 论据 is usually treated as a collective concept. You can say '一个论据' but it's more common to say '这些论据' or '充足的论据'.

You can say '论据不足' (insufficient) or '论据单薄' (thin/weak).

论点 is the 'what' (your opinion). 论据 is the 'why' (the facts supporting it).

Rarely. It sounds very stiff. Use 理由 (lǐyóu) instead.

事实论据 (facts, numbers, examples) and 道理论据 (quotes, scientific laws, axioms).

Yes, it is called a 道理论据 (theoretical evidence).

Yes, it is a key word for HSK 5 and HSK 6 reading and writing sections.

No, it is strictly a noun. You must use it with verbs like 提供 or 引用.

你可以说 '论据很有说服力' (lùnjù hěn yǒu shuōfúlì).

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