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B1 noun #4,000 le plus courant 9 min de lecture

خویشاوند نزدیک

khishavand-e nazdik
Entraîne-toi Exemples Notes et astuces خویشاوند نزدیک en 30 secondes
Explication خویشاوند نزدیک in your Level:
At the A1 level, you learn basic family members like 'father' (pedar), 'mother' (mādar), and 'brother' (barādar). You don't usually use the word 'خویشاوند نزدیک' (khishāvand-e nazdik) yet because it is a bit long and formal. Instead, you might just say 'my family' (khānevāde-ye man). However, it is good to know that 'nazdik' means 'close' (like a house being close to a park). At this level, focus on the fact that family is very important in Iran. You might hear someone say 'He is my relative' using the simpler 'fāmil'. Understanding 'khishāvand' at this stage helps you recognize it when you see it on a form or in a book, even if you don't use it in speech yet.
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At the A2 level, you begin to describe people and relationships in more detail. You know the word 'nazdik' (close) and 'dour' (far). You can now combine them with family words. You might say 'He is a close relative' to explain why you are traveling with someone. You are starting to distinguish between 'friend' (dust) and 'relative' (fāmil/khishāvand). You should practice the Ezafe (-e) here: 'khishāvand-e nazdik'. You are also learning to pluralize nouns, so you can recognize 'khishāvandān' as the plural form. This level is about building the bridge from simple family labels to more descriptive relationship labels.
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B1 is the level where 'خویشاوند نزدیک' becomes a core part of your vocabulary. You are now expected to handle 'standard' Persian, which includes formal terms used in news and documents. You understand that 'khishāvand' is more formal than 'fāmil'. You can use this phrase to discuss social obligations, heritage, or legal status. For example, 'In my culture, we visit every close relative during the New Year.' You are also aware of the cultural importance of the extended family in Iran. You can compare and contrast your own family structure with the Iranian one using this term. You are comfortable with the Ezafe and the formal plural '-ān'.
At B2, you use 'خویشاوند نزدیک' with nuance. You understand its implications in more complex settings like a job interview (discussing nepotism) or a medical context (genetic history). You can use it in debates about modern vs. traditional lifestyles. You might say, 'While modern life makes it hard, I still prioritize my close relatives.' You also start to use synonyms like 'bastegān' or 'daraje-yek' appropriately. Your grammar is fluid, and you don't struggle with the word order or the 'kh' sound. you can read news articles about family law where this term appears frequently without needing a dictionary.
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At the C1 level, you recognize 'خویشاوند نزدیک' as part of a larger system of kinship terminology. You understand the sociological and literary connotations. You can read classical or modern Persian literature where the 'khish' root is used in various ways (khishāvand, khish-tan, khish-gozini). You can discuss the evolution of the Iranian family from a tribal/extended structure to a more urban/nuclear one, using 'khishāvand-e nazdik' as a technical term. You are also aware of the 'Mahram' vs. 'Nā-mahram' distinctions that overlap with this term in religious discourse. You use the term with perfect native-like register.
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At the C2 level, you have a masterly command of the term. You can discuss the etymological roots of 'khish' in Old Persian and Avestan. You can interpret the subtle differences between 'khishāvand-e nazdik' and 'arhām' in a legal or theological text. You can use the term in high-level academic writing or professional legal practice in Iran. You might even use it metaphorically in poetry or sophisticated prose to describe an 'intimate connection' between ideas or nations. You understand the deepest cultural nuances, such as how the definition of 'close' has shifted across different Iranian dynasties and social classes.
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Entraîne-toi Exemples Notes et astuces

خویشاوند نزدیک en 30 secondes

  • A formal term for 'close relative' in Persian.
  • Used in legal, medical, and administrative contexts.
  • Composed of 'khishāvand' (relative) and 'nazdik' (close).
  • Implies strong social and legal family obligations.

The Persian term خویشاوند نزدیک (Khishāvand-e Nazdik) is a compound noun phrase that translates literally to 'close relative.' In the Iranian cultural landscape, kinship is not merely a biological fact but a foundational pillar of social identity and legal obligation. This term is categorized as B1 level because while the individual words 'relative' and 'close' are basic, their combination in formal and semi-formal contexts requires an understanding of Persian register. Unlike the more colloquial word 'فامیل' (famil), which is borrowed from French and used in daily conversation, 'خویشاوند' carries a weight of tradition and formality. It is the language of the census, the attorney, the formal invitation, and the sociological text. When you use this phrase, you are specifically referring to the inner circle of the family tree: parents, siblings, children, and often extending to grandparents and first cousins, depending on the context of 'closeness.' The Iranian family structure is traditionally extended, meaning the definition of 'close' can be broader than in Western nuclear families.

Etymological Root
The word 'خویش' (khish) stems from Middle Persian 'xwēš', meaning 'self' or 'own.' Thus, a relative is someone who is of your 'own' kind. 'آوند' (āvand) is a suffix indicating relation or connection.

در مراسم تدفین، تنها خویشاوندان نزدیک حضور داشتند. (In the funeral ceremony, only close relatives were present.)

In Iranian law (Madani Code), 'خویشاوند نزدیک' has specific implications for inheritance and testimony. If a judge asks if you are a 'close relative' of the accused, they are using this specific terminology to determine potential bias. Furthermore, in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, government directives in Iran often used this phrase when restricting gatherings to 'only close family members.' It implies a level of intimacy that allows for certain social bypasses. You will hear this in news reports, see it in legal documents, and use it yourself when you want to sound more educated or precise than using the simple word 'fāmil'.

Societal Nuance
In Iran, 'khishāvand-e nazdik' often implies the 'Mahram' circle—those with whom marriage is prohibited and social interactions are more relaxed regarding the hijab in religious households.

آیا او از خویشاوندان نزدیک شماست یا فقط یک دوست قدیمی؟ (Is he one of your close relatives or just an old friend?)

Understanding this term is essential for navigating the complex web of Persian social etiquette (Ta'arof). If someone tells you that you are like a 'khishāvand-e nazdik' to them, they are paying you a very high compliment, essentially welcoming you into their inner sanctum of trust and protection. It transcends biological ties to represent a level of emotional and spiritual proximity. In literature, the term is used to contrast the 'self' with the 'stranger' (bigāneh), highlighting the safety found within the kin group.

Using خویشاوند نزدیک correctly requires attention to the Ezafe construction and pluralization. In Persian, adjectives follow the noun they modify. Therefore, 'relative' (خویشاوند) comes first, followed by the short vowel '-e' (Ezafe), and then 'close' (نزدیک). If you are talking about multiple people, you pluralize the noun: خویشاوندان نزدیک (Khishāvandān-e Nazdik). Note how the plural marker '-ān' is used for humans in formal speech, whereas '-hā' might be used in more casual settings.

Grammar Focus: Pluralization
Formal: خویشاوندان نزدیک (Khishāvandān-e Nazdik). Informal: خویشاوندای نزدیک (Khishāvandā-ye Nazdik).

او به عنوان یک خویشاوند نزدیک، حق ارث دارد. (As a close relative, he has the right to inheritance.)

When constructing sentences, this phrase usually functions as the subject or the object of a preposition. For example, 'I spoke with a close relative' becomes 'با یک خویشاوند نزدیک صحبت کردم'. Notice that the indefinite marker 'یک' (yek) or the suffix '-i' (khishāvand-e nazdiki) can be used to indicate 'a' relative. In formal writing, the word 'بستگان' (bastegān) is a frequent synonym, but 'khishāvand' implies a deeper ancestral link. You will often see this phrase paired with verbs like 'بودن' (to be), 'محسوب شدن' (to be considered), or 'مراجعه کردن' (to refer to).

Common Verb Pairings
جستجو کردن برای خویشاوند نزدیک (To search for a close relative); از دست دادن خویشاوند نزدیک (To lose a close relative).

In more complex sentences, you might use the phrase to define boundaries. 'We only invited close relatives to the party' translates to 'ما فقط خویشاوندان نزدیک را به مهمانی دعوت کردیم.' Here, the 'rā' (را) marker is used because the object is specific. If you were to say 'I have no close relatives in this city,' you would say 'من هیچ خویشاوند نزدیکی در این شهر ندارم,' using the negative 'hich' and the '-i' of indefiniteness. This flexibility makes it a versatile tool for describing your social network in Persian-speaking environments.

You will encounter خویشاوند نزدیک in environments where precision regarding family ties is necessary. The most common place is in legal and administrative settings. If you are filling out a visa application for Iran, a bank form, or an insurance policy, you will see a field asking for 'اطلاعات خویشاوند نزدیک' (Close relative information). This is the standard term for 'next of kin.' In hospitals, staff will ask if the person accompanying a patient is a 'khishāvand-e nazdik' before discussing sensitive medical details.

Media Usage
News broadcasts often use this term when reporting on casualties or missing persons to protect the privacy of those involved while acknowledging their relationship.

پلیس در حال تلاش برای یافتن یکی از خویشاوندان نزدیک مقتول است. (The police are trying to find one of the victim's close relatives.)

Beyond the formal, the word appears frequently in literature and film. In Iranian cinema, which often explores themes of family honor and secrets, characters may argue about the responsibilities of a 'khishāvand-e nazdik.' For instance, a character might be criticized for not helping a cousin, with the elder saying, 'After all, you are a close relative!' This highlights the moral obligation attached to the term. It is also heard during religious sermons (Rowzeh) where the speaker discusses the 'Ahl al-Bayt' (the Prophet's family) using similar high-register kinship terms to emphasize their sacred bond.

Finally, in academic and sociological discussions about Iranian society, researchers use 'khishāvand-e nazdik' to analyze the 'endogamy' (marriage within the family) patterns prevalent in certain regions. They might discuss the genetic implications of marriages between close relatives. Thus, if you are reading a scientific paper in Persian about genetics or sociology, this term is indispensable. It bridges the gap between the intimate reality of home life and the structured world of law, science, and public record.

One of the most frequent errors English speakers make is the literal translation of 'Close Relative' as 'نزدیک خویشاوند' (Nazdik Khishāvand). In Persian, adjectives must follow the noun. You must say 'خویشاوند نزدیک'. Another mistake is the omission of the Ezafe. Saying 'Khishāvand Nazdik' sounds clipped and ungrammatical to a native ear; it must be 'Khishāvand-e Nazdik'. This '-e' sound is the bridge that tells the listener the 'closeness' belongs to the 'relative'.

Register Confusion
Using 'khishāvand' in a very casual setting like a street food stall might sound overly stiff. Use 'fāmil' for daily life and 'khishāvand' for documents/formal talk.

اشتباه: او نزدیک خویشاوند من است. (Wrong word order)

Another subtle mistake involves the plural. While 'خویشاوندان' is the correct formal plural, students often forget to keep the adjective singular. In Persian, even if the noun is plural, the adjective stays singular: 'خویشاوندان نزدیک' (Close relatives), not 'خویشاوندان نزدیکان'. This is a rule that applies to all Persian adjectives but is frequently forgotten when dealing with long words like 'khishāvand'.

Finally, beginners often confuse 'خویشاوند' (relative) with 'خویشتن' (oneself). While they share the root 'khish', they are used very differently. 'Khishāvand' is a person related to you, while 'Khish-tan' is a reflexive pronoun used in literature. Confusing these can lead to sentences that mean 'I am my own close relative' instead of 'I have a close relative.' Always remember that 'āvand' is the key suffix for kinship.

While خویشاوند نزدیک is the standard formal term, several alternatives exist depending on the context and level of formality. The most common synonym is بستگان (Bastegān), which literally means 'those who are tied' (to you). 'Bastegān-e Nazdik' is almost interchangeable with 'Khishāvand-e Nazdik' but is perhaps slightly more common in modern administrative forms. In everyday spoken Persian, people almost exclusively use فامیل (Fāmil). You would hear 'فامیل نزدیک' (Fāmil-e Nazdik) at a dinner party.

Comparison Table
  • Khishāvand: Formal, literary, precise.
  • Bastegān: Administrative, neutral, common.
  • Fāmil: Colloquial, borrowed, friendly.
  • Arhām: Religious, archaic, plural of 'rahm' (womb).

ما با هم قوم و خویش هستیم. (We are kith and kin/relatives.)

Another interesting alternative is the compound phrase قوم و خویش (Ghom o Khish). This is a more traditional way of saying 'relatives' in general. It covers both close and distant relatives and is often used when discussing family trees or heritage. If you want to be extremely specific about the 'closeness,' you might use بستگان درجه یک (Bastegān-e Daraje-ye Yek), which means 'first-degree relatives.' This is a technical term used in law and medicine to refer specifically to parents, siblings, and children.

In religious contexts, especially during the month of Ramadan or when discussing charity, you might hear the term صله‌ی ارحام (Sele-ye Arhām). This refers to the religious duty of visiting and maintaining ties with relatives. Here, 'Arhām' is the plural of 'womb,' emphasizing the biological connection. While 'khishāvand' is secular and modern, 'arhām' carries centuries of theological weight. Choosing the right word depends entirely on whether you are talking to a judge, a grandmother, or a geneticist.

How Formal Is It?

Le savais-tu ?

The root 'khish' is also found in 'khish-tan' (oneself), showing that in the Persian worldview, your relatives are literally an extension of your 'self'.

Guide de prononciation

UK /xiːʃɒːvænd-e næzdiːk/
US /xiːʃɑːvænd-e næzdiːk/
The primary stress is on the last syllable of 'khishāvand' and the last syllable of 'nazdik'.
Rime avec
بند (band) قند (ghand) پند (pand) شیک (shik) باریک (bārik) تاریک (tārik) پیک (peyk) لایک (laik)
Erreurs fréquentes
  • Pronouncing 'kh' as 'k' (saying 'Kish' instead of 'Khish').
  • Omitting the Ezafe (-e) between the two words.
  • Misplacing the stress on the first syllable.
  • Pronouncing 'nazdik' with a hard 'z' like 'zebra' instead of a softer Persian 'z'.
  • Failing to elongate the 'i' in 'khish' and 'nazdik'.

Niveau de difficulté

Lecture 3/5

Easy to recognize but long.

Écriture 4/5

Requires correct spelling of 'kh' and 'v'.

Expression orale 4/5

The 'kh' sound and Ezafe need practice.

Écoute 3/5

Distinctive enough to pick out in speech.

Quoi apprendre ensuite

Prérequis

مادر پدر برادر نزدیک دور

Apprends ensuite

بستگان ارث شجره‌نامه قومیت مراسم

Avancé

صله‌ی ارحام قرابت نسبی محارم تبارشناسی

Grammaire à connaître

Ezafe Construction

خویشاوندِ نزدیک (The -e links noun and adjective).

Human Plural -ān

خویشاوندان (Used for people in formal Persian).

Adjective Invariance

خویشاوندانِ نزدیک (Adjective stays singular even if noun is plural).

Indefinite -i

خویشاوندِ نزدیکی (A close relative).

Possessive Suffixes

خویشاوندِ نزدیکم (My close relative).

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Exemples par niveau

1

این خویشاوند نزدیک من است.

This is my close relative.

Simple subject-predicate structure.

2

آیا او خویشاوند نزدیک شماست؟

Is he your close relative?

Question form using 'āyā'.

3

مادر یک خویشاوند نزدیک است.

Mother is a close relative.

Identifying a family member.

4

من خویشاوند نزدیک ندارم.

I don't have a close relative.

Negative 'nadāram'.

5

نام خویشاوند نزدیک شما چیست؟

What is your close relative's name?

Possessive structure.

6

او با خویشاوند نزدیک خود زندگی می‌کند.

He lives with his close relative.

Preposition 'bā' (with).

7

خویشاوند نزدیک من در تهران است.

My close relative is in Tehran.

Locative 'dar'.

8

من یک خویشاوند نزدیک دارم.

I have one close relative.

Indefinite 'yek'.

1

او دیروز با یک خویشاوند نزدیک به اینجا آمد.

He came here with a close relative yesterday.

Past tense 'āmad'.

2

خویشاوندان نزدیک معمولاً در مهمانی‌ها هستند.

Close relatives are usually at parties.

Plural 'khishāvandān'.

3

من می‌خواهم با یک خویشاوند نزدیک صحبت کنم.

I want to talk with a close relative.

Modal 'mikhāham'.

4

برادرم نزدیک‌ترین خویشاوند من است.

My brother is my closest relative.

Superlative 'nazdiktarin'.

5

او برای دیدن خویشاوند نزدیکش به سفر رفت.

He went on a trip to see his close relative.

Infinitive 'didan'.

6

آیا شما هیچ خویشاوند نزدیکی در این شهر دارید؟

Do you have any close relatives in this city?

Adjective 'nazdiki' with indefinite -i.

7

او همیشه به خویشاوندان نزدیک خود کمک می‌کند.

He always helps his close relatives.

Adverb 'hamishe'.

8

این نامه برای یک خویشاوند نزدیک است.

This letter is for a close relative.

Preposition 'barāye'.

1

در فرهنگ ما، احترام به خویشاوند نزدیک بسیار مهم است.

In our culture, respecting close relatives is very important.

Gerund 'ehterām be'.

2

او به دلیل بیماری خویشاوند نزدیکش نتوانست بیاید.

He couldn't come because of his close relative's illness.

Compound preposition 'be dalil-e'.

3

باید نام یک خویشاوند نزدیک را در این فرم بنویسید.

You must write the name of a close relative in this form.

Necessity 'bāyad'.

4

او تنها خویشاوند نزدیک من در این کشور است.

She is my only close relative in this country.

Adjective 'tanhā' (only).

5

خویشاوندان نزدیک در مراسم عروسی نقش مهمی دارند.

Close relatives have an important role in wedding ceremonies.

Noun phrase as subject.

6

ما باید با خویشاوندان نزدیک خود در ارتباط باشیم.

We must be in contact with our close relatives.

Compound verb 'dar ertebāt budan'.

7

او از طرف یک خویشاوند نزدیک ارث زیادی برد.

He inherited a lot from a close relative.

Past tense 'ers bord'.

8

او به عنوان خویشاوند نزدیک، اجازه ملاقات دارد.

As a close relative, he has permission to visit.

Preposition 'be onvān-e'.

1

قانون به خویشاوند نزدیک اجازه می‌دهد در دادگاه شهادت دهد.

The law allows a close relative to testify in court.

Subjunctive 'shahādat dehad'.

2

او سعی کرد با کمک یک خویشاوند نزدیک شغل پیدا کند.

He tried to find a job with the help of a close relative.

Infinitive 'peydā kardan'.

3

روابط بین خویشاوندان نزدیک گاهی پیچیده می‌شود.

Relationships between close relatives sometimes become complex.

Adjective 'pichide' (complex).

4

او هیچ خویشاوند نزدیکی نداشت که از او مراقبت کند.

He had no close relative to take care of him.

Relative clause 'ke...'.

5

در صورت بروز حادثه، با خویشاوند نزدیک تماس بگیرید.

In case of an accident, contact the close relative.

Conditional 'dar surat-e'.

6

او از اینکه خویشاوند نزدیکش را رنجانده بود، متاسف بود.

He was sorry for having offended his close relative.

Past perfect 'ranjānde bud'.

7

خویشاوندان نزدیک او در خارج از کشور زندگی می‌کنند.

His close relatives live abroad.

Adverbial phrase 'khārej az keshvar'.

8

حمایت خویشاوند نزدیک در دوران سختی بسیار موثر است.

Support from a close relative is very effective during hard times.

Abstract noun 'hemāyat'.

1

ساختار خانواده ایرانی بر پیوند با خویشاوند نزدیک استوار است.

The structure of the Iranian family is based on ties with close relatives.

Formal verb 'ostovār ast'.

2

او ترجیح داد اسرار خود را فقط با یک خویشاوند نزدیک در میان بگذارد.

He preferred to share his secrets only with a close relative.

Compound verb 'dar miyān gozāshtan'.

3

تعهدات اخلاقی نسبت به خویشاوند نزدیک فراتر از قانون است.

Moral obligations toward close relatives go beyond the law.

Preposition 'nesbat be'.

4

او در وصیت‌نامه‌اش، خویشاوند نزدیک خود را نادیده گرفت.

In his will, he ignored his close relative.

Compound verb 'nādide gereftan'.

5

بسیاری از ازدواج‌ها در این منطقه بین خویشاوندان نزدیک رخ می‌دهد.

Many marriages in this region occur between close relatives.

Verb 'rokh dādan'.

6

او به دلیل پیوندهای عمیق با خویشاوندان نزدیکش، شهر را ترک نکرد.

He didn't leave the city due to deep ties with his close relatives.

Plural possessive.

7

پژوهش‌ها نشان می‌دهد که حمایت خویشاوند نزدیک سلامت روان را بهبود می‌بخشد.

Research shows that support from close relatives improves mental health.

Subordinate clause 'ke...'.

8

او به عنوان تنها خویشاوند نزدیک، مسئولیت اداره اموال را بر عهده گرفت.

As the only close relative, he took responsibility for managing the property.

Idiom 'bar ohde gereftan'.

1

مفهوم خویشاوند نزدیک در متون فقهی با دقت فراوان تبیین شده است.

The concept of close relative is explained with great precision in jurisprudential texts.

Passive voice 'tabyin shode ast'.

2

گسست پیوند با خویشاوند نزدیک در ادبیات مدرن نمادی از بیگانگی است.

The breaking of ties with close relatives in modern literature is a symbol of alienation.

Complex noun phrase as subject.

3

او با رویکردی تبارشناسانه به بررسی نقش خویشاوند نزدیک در قدرت سیاسی پرداخت.

He examined the role of close relatives in political power with a genealogical approach.

Verbal construction 'be... pardākht'.

4

در این تراژدی، قهرمان داستان توسط یک خویشاوند نزدیک خیانت می‌بیند.

In this tragedy, the protagonist is betrayed by a close relative.

Passive construction 'khiyānat mibinad'.

5

اولویت‌بخشی به خویشاوند نزدیک در انتصابات دولتی، چالش‌برانگیز است.

Prioritizing close relatives in government appointments is challenging.

Gerund 'olaviyat-bakhshi'.

6

او در جستار خود، مرزهای عاطفی میان خویشاوند نزدیک و دوست را واکاوی کرد.

In his essay, he analyzed the emotional boundaries between a close relative and a friend.

Formal verb 'vākāvi kardan'.

7

خویشاوند نزدیک در جوامع سنتی، واحد بنیادین امنیت اقتصادی محسوب می‌شد.

The close relative was considered the fundamental unit of economic security in traditional societies.

Past imperfect 'mahsūb mishod'.

8

پیچیدگی‌های وراثتی در ازدواج‌های میان خویشاوندان نزدیک موضوعی حیاتی است.

Hereditary complexities in marriages between close relatives is a vital subject.

Scientific register.

Synonymes

بستگان نزدیک فامیل نزدیک بستگان درجه یک ارحام منسوبین قوم و خویش کس و کار نزدیکان

Antonymes

غریبه خویشاوند دور بیگانه نامحرم

Collocations courantes

فقدان خویشاوند نزدیک
اطلاعات خویشاوند نزدیک
حمایت خویشاوند نزدیک
جستجو برای خویشاوند نزدیک
فوت خویشاوند نزدیک
ازدواج با خویشاوند نزدیک
حقوق خویشاوند نزدیک
ملاقات با خویشاوند نزدیک
دعوت از خویشاوند نزدیک
ارتباط با خویشاوند نزدیک

Phrases Courantes

به عنوان یک خویشاوند نزدیک

— Acting in the capacity of a family member.

او به عنوان یک خویشاوند نزدیک صحبت کرد.

به جز خویشاوندان نزدیک

— Excluding the immediate family.

هیچ‌کس به جز خویشاوندان نزدیک اجازه نداشت.

یکی از خویشاوندان نزدیک

— One of the family members.

یکی از خویشاوندان نزدیک او پزشک است.

در میان خویشاوندان نزدیک

— Among the close family circle.

او در میان خویشاوندان نزدیک خود محبوب است.

بدون خویشاوند نزدیک

— Having no family nearby.

او در این شهر غریب و بدون خویشاوند نزدیک است.

ازدواج فامیلی (خویشاوندی)

— Consanguineous marriage.

ازدواج با خویشاوند نزدیک خطرات ژنتیکی دارد.

بستگان و خویشاوندان نزدیک

— A redundant phrase emphasizing the whole family.

تمام بستگان و خویشاوندان نزدیک جمع شدند.

خویشاوند نزدیک درجه یک

— Specifically parents, siblings, children.

او خویشاوند نزدیک درجه یک من است.

ارث به خویشاوند نزدیک

— Inheritance passing to the family.

ارث او به خویشاوند نزدیکش رسید.

شناسایی خویشاوند نزدیک

— Identifying the next of kin.

شناسایی خویشاوند نزدیک مقتول زمان برد.

Souvent confondu avec

خویشاوند نزدیک vs خویشتن

Means 'oneself'. Shared root 'khish' but different meaning.

خویشاوند نزدیک vs نزدیکان

Means 'those close to you', can include friends, while 'khishāvand' is strictly family.

خویشاوند نزدیک vs همسایه

Means 'neighbor'. Sometimes confused by beginners because they are 'close' (nazdik) geographically.

Expressions idiomatiques

"خون خویشاوندی"

— The bond of blood that cannot be broken.

خون خویشاوندی همیشه می‌جوشد.

Literary
"گوشت هم را بخورند استخوان هم را دور نمی‌اندازند"

— Even if relatives fight, they will never truly abandon each other.

نگران نباش، آنها خویشاوند نزدیک هستند؛ گوشت هم را بخورند استخوان هم را دور نمی‌اندازند.

Proverbial
"خویشاوند هر چه نزدیک‌تر، دشمنی سخت‌تر"

— The closer the relative, the harsher the enmity (if it happens).

مراقب باش، گاهی خویشاوند هر چه نزدیک‌تر، دشمنی سخت‌تر.

Literary
"از خویشان چه خبر؟"

— How is the family? (A general greeting).

سلام، از خویشان چه خبر؟

Neutral
"خویشاوندِ زبانی"

— Someone who claims to be a relative but isn't helpful.

او فقط یک خویشاوند زبانی است و در سختی‌ها نیست.

Informal
"دوری و دوستی"

— Distance makes the heart grow fonder (often said about relatives).

با خویشاوندان نزدیک هم باید دوری و دوستی کرد.

Common
"چراغی که به خانه رواست به مسجد حرام است"

— Charity begins at home (help your close relatives before others).

اول به برادرت کمک کن، چراغی که به خانه رواست به مسجد حرام است.

Proverbial
"وصلت با خویش"

— Marrying into the same family.

آنها به وصلت با خویش معتقدند.

Traditional
"خویشِ بیگانه"

— A relative who acts like a stranger.

او برای من یک خویش بیگانه است.

Literary
"بنی‌آدم اعضای یکدیگرند"

— All humans are related (Saadi's famous poem).

همه ما به نوعی خویشاوند نزدیک هستیم، چون بنی‌آدم اعضای یکدیگرند.

Poetic

Facile à confondre

خویشاوند نزدیک vs فامیل

Both mean relative.

Fāmil is informal/French-origin; Khishāvand is formal/Persian-origin.

فامیل (Spoken) vs خویشاوند (Written).

خویشاوند نزدیک vs بستگان

Both used in formal contexts.

Bastegān is more common in administrative forms; Khishāvand is slightly more literary.

بستگان (Forms) vs خویشاوند (Literature).

خویشاوند نزدیک vs قوم

Related to family.

Ghom refers to a larger tribe or ethnic group; Khishāvand is an individual relative.

قوم بختیاری vs خویشاوند من.

خویشاوند نزدیک vs نزدیک

It's part of the phrase.

Nazdik is an adjective (close); Khishāvand-e Nazdik is the whole entity.

خانه نزدیک است vs او خویشاوند نزدیک است.

خویشاوند نزدیک vs آشنا

Both refer to people you know.

Āshnā is an acquaintance; Khishāvand is a blood/marriage relative.

او فقط یک آشناست، خویشاوند نیست.

Structures de phrases

A1

من یک [noun] دارم.

من یک خویشاوند نزدیک دارم.

A2

[subject] با [noun] آمد.

او با خویشاوند نزدیکش آمد.

B1

باید به [noun] کمک کرد.

باید به خویشاوند نزدیک کمک کرد.

B2

در صورت [noun]، با [noun] تماس بگیرید.

در صورت بیماری، با خویشاوند نزدیک تماس بگیرید.

C1

[subject] بر پایه [noun] استوار است.

جامعه بر پایه خویشاوند نزدیک استوار است.

C1

او [noun] را نادیده گرفت.

او خویشاوند نزدیک را نادیده گرفت.

C2

تبیین [noun] در متون قانونی...

تبیین خویشاوند نزدیک در متون قانونی...

C2

واکاوی مرزهای [noun]...

واکاوی مرزهای خویشاوند نزدیک...

Famille de mots

Noms

خویش (Self/Kin)
خویشاوندی (Kinship)
خویشاوندان (Relatives)
نزدیکی (Closeness/Proximity)

Verbes

خویشاوندی کردن (To act as a relative)
نزدیک شدن (To get close)
نزدیک کردن (To bring close)

Adjectifs

خویشاوندانه (Relative-like)
نزدیک (Close)
نزدیک‌بین (Near-sighted)

Apparenté

خانواده (Family)
بستگان (Relatives)
فامیل (Family/Relative)
ایل (Tribe)
طایفه (Clan)
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Comment l'utiliser

frequency

Highly frequent in formal writing and news.

Erreurs courantes
  • نزدیک خویشاوند → خویشاوند نزدیک

    Adjectives must follow the noun in Persian.

  • خویشاوند نزدیکان → خویشاوندان نزدیک

    Only the noun is pluralized, the adjective stays singular.

  • خویشاوندِ نزدیک (without ezafe in speech) → Khishāvand-e Nazdik

    The Ezafe is required to link the two words.

  • Pronouncing the 'v' in 'Khish' → Khish (Silent v)

    The 'v' after 'kh' followed by 'i' is often silent in Persian (like in 'khāhar').

  • Using 'khishāvand' for a neighbor. → همسایه (Hamsāye)

    Khishāvand is only for biological or marital family.

Astuces

Master the Ezafe

Always pronounce the short 'e' at the end of 'khishāvand'. It's the most important part for sounding native.

Extended Family

Remember that 'close' in Iran often includes aunts, uncles, and cousins, not just parents and siblings.

The 'Kh' Sound

Practice the 'kh' sound by pretending you are clearing your throat gently. Don't let it turn into a 'k'.

Register Awareness

Use 'khishāvand' when writing an essay or a formal email, but stick to 'fāmil' when chatting with friends.

Spelling Tip

The word 'khish' has a 'vāv' (و) that is silent (kh-i-sh). Don't pronounce it as 'khavish'!

Hospitality

If a 'khishāvand-e nazdik' visits, Iranians usually offer the best of what they have. Use the word to show respect.

Context Clues

When you see 'khish' in a text, look for 'āvand' to know it's about a relative, or 'tan' to know it's about the self.

Inheritance

In Persian law, 'khishāvand-e nazdik' determines who gets the 'ers' (inheritance). It's a key legal term.

Rhyme Time

Rhyme 'nazdik' with 'shik' (chic). A close relative should be treated in a 'chic' (nice) way!

Ancient Roots

Knowing that 'khish' means 'self' helps you understand why family is so central to Iranian identity.

Mémorise-le

Moyen mnémotechnique

Think of 'Sheesh!' (Khish) because your 'Close' (Nazdik) relatives sometimes make you say 'Sheesh!' when they ask too many questions.

Association visuelle

Imagine a circle drawn around you. Your 'Khishāvand-e Nazdik' are the ones standing inside that circle with you, touching your shoulders.

Word Web

Mother Father Brother Sister Son Daughter Grandmother Grandfather

Défi

Try to list five people in your life who qualify as a 'khishāvand-e nazdik' and write a sentence for each using the term.

Origine du mot

The word 'Khish' comes from Middle Persian 'xwēš', which originally meant 'one's own'. The suffix '-āvand' is an ancient Persian suffix used to form nouns of relation, similar to '-kind' in English. 'Nazdik' comes from Middle Persian 'nazdik', related to the concept of being 'at hand'.

Sens originel : One's own connected person nearby.

Indo-European -> Indo-Iranian -> Iranian -> West Iranian -> Persian.

Contexte culturel

Be careful when asking about relatives in Iran; if someone has 'lost' a close relative, it is a very sensitive topic requiring specific condolences like 'Tasliyat migūyam'.

In English, 'close relative' is often vague. In Persian, 'khishāvand-e nazdik' is more formal and implies a specific set of duties.

The movie 'A Separation' (Jodaeiye Nader az Simin) explores the duties of relatives. Poems by Rumi often use 'khish' to mean the spiritual self/kin. Iranian Civil Code Article 1032 defines degrees of kinship.

Pratique dans la vie réelle

Contextes réels

Legal/Court

  • شهادت خویشاوند نزدیک
  • رابطه خویشاوندی
  • درجه قرابت
  • ارث قانونی

Medical/Hospital

  • همراه بیمار
  • رضایت خویشاوند نزدیک
  • سابقه بیماری فامیلی
  • ملاقات ممنوع

Administrative/Visa

  • نام پدر
  • اطلاعات تماس اضطراری
  • نسبت با متقاضی
  • محل سکونت خویشاوند

Social Gatherings

  • مهمانی خانوادگی
  • دید و بازدید
  • بزرگترهای فامیل
  • دعوت‌نامه

Literature/Stories

  • پیوند خونی
  • خیانت خویشاوند
  • غربت و تنهایی
  • بازگشت به خانه

Amorces de conversation

"آیا شما در این شهر خویشاوند نزدیکی دارید؟"

"به نظر شما، وظیفه یک خویشاوند نزدیک چیست؟"

"آخرین بار کی یک خویشاوند نزدیک را ملاقات کردید؟"

"آیا با خویشاوندان نزدیک خود صمیمی هستید؟"

"در فرهنگ شما، خویشاوند نزدیک چه نقشی دارد؟"

Sujets d'écriture

درباره یکی از خویشاوندان نزدیک خود که برایتان مهم است بنویسید.

تفاوت بین یک دوست صمیمی و یک خویشاوند نزدیک در چیست؟

اگر مجبور باشید با یک خویشاوند نزدیک به سفر بروید، چه کسی را انتخاب می‌کنید؟

نقش خویشاوند نزدیک در حمایت عاطفی را توصیف کنید.

آیا تا به حال توسط یک خویشاوند نزدیک غافلگیر شده‌اید؟

Questions fréquentes

10 questions

No, it can also include relatives by marriage (affinal kin) like a spouse or a brother-in-law, depending on the social context, though it primarily suggests the inner circle.

Literally, no. But metaphorically, you can say 'He is LIKE a close relative' (مثل یک خویشاوند نزدیک است) to show extreme closeness.

They are very similar. 'Bastegān' is more common in modern bureaucracy, while 'khishāvand' feels slightly more traditional and formal.

The most accurate term is 'خویشاوند نزدیک' or 'بستگان درجه یک'.

In Iran, first cousins are often considered 'close relatives,' whereas in some Western cultures, they might be considered 'extended family'.

The formal plural is 'خویشاوندان نزدیک' (Khishāvandān-e Nazdik).

Not at all! 'Fāmil' is the standard word for daily life. 'Khishāvand' is just more 'proper' or 'academic'.

Yes, in Persian, the adjective always follows the noun it modifies.

By itself, 'khish' is a literary word for 'self' or 'one's own kin'.

Yes, 'khishāvand' is used in Dari (Afghanistan), though they might have other local preferences. In Tajik, it is also recognized but spelled in Cyrillic.

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Teste-toi 200 questions

writing

Write a sentence about your brother using 'khishāvand-e nazdik'.

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writing

Translate: 'I have many close relatives in Tehran.'

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writing

Explain why 'khishāvand' is more formal than 'fāmil'.

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writing

Write a formal email sentence asking for emergency contact info.

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writing

Describe the role of family in Iran using this term.

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writing

Translate: 'Only close relatives are allowed in the ICU.'

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writing

Use the word 'khishāvandi' in a sentence about kinship.

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writing

Write a short story (3 sentences) about meeting a lost relative.

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writing

What are the legal implications of being a 'khishāvand-e nazdik'?

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writing

Create a sentence using 'khishāvand-sālāri'.

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writing

Translate: 'He is my only close relative in this country.'

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writing

Write a sentence using the plural 'khishāvandān'.

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writing

Translate: 'I spoke with my close relative yesterday.'

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writing

Use 'nazdik-tarin' with 'khishāvand'.

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writing

Translate: 'She doesn't have any close relatives.'

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writing

Write a sentence about 'Sele-ye Arhām'.

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writing

Translate: 'The police found the close relative.'

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writing

Use 'be onvān-e' with our term.

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writing

Translate: 'Family ties are important.'

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writing

Write a sentence about inheritance.

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speaking

Pronounce 'Khishāvand-e Nazdik' three times.

Read this aloud:

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speaking

Say: 'He is my close relative' in Persian.

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speaking

Ask: 'Do you have a close relative in Tehran?'

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speaking

Say the plural form of 'close relatives'.

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speaking

Explain your relationship with a brother using the term.

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speaking

Tell a short story about a relative visiting you.

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speaking

Discuss the importance of family in Iran.

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speaking

Say: 'I need to contact my close relative.'

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speaking

Ask: 'Who is your closest relative?'

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speaking

Say: 'Only close relatives are here.'

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speaking

Use 'fāmil' and 'khishāvand' in the same sentence.

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speaking

Say: 'I don't have any relatives here.'

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speaking

Pronounce the 'kh' sound clearly in 'Khishāvand'.

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speaking

Say: 'My close relatives live in Shiraz.'

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speaking

Ask: 'Is she a close relative of yours?'

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speaking

Say: 'Inheritance goes to the close relative.'

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speaking

Explain 'Sele-ye Arhām' in simple words.

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speaking

Say: 'I lost a close relative last year.'

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speaking

Ask for a relative's phone number formally.

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speaking

Say: 'They are my kin.'

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listening

Listen to the word 'Khishāvandān'. Is it singular or plural?

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listening

Listen to 'Khishāvand-e Nazdik'. Which word is the adjective?

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listening

Does the speaker say 'fāmil' or 'khishāvand'?

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listening

Is the sentence positive or negative: 'من خویشاوند نزدیک ندارم'?

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listening

What city is mentioned? 'خویشاوند من در مشهد است.'

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listening

Listen for the Ezafe sound in 'Khishāvand-e Nazdik'.

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listening

How many relatives are mentioned? 'دو خویشاوند نزدیک'.

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listening

Is the tone formal or informal?

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listening

What is the relation? 'او برادر و خویشاوند نزدیک من است.'

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listening

Listen to: 'خویشاوندان نزدیک دعوت شدند.' Were they invited?

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listening

What is the suffix in 'Khishāvandān'?

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listening

Does the speaker sound sad or happy about the relative?

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listening

Listen for 'nazdik-tarin'. What does it mean?

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listening

Identify the word 'khish' in a sentence.

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listening

Is the 'v' in 'khish' pronounced in the audio?

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/ 200 correct

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