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B1 adjective 7 मिनट पढ़ने का समय

紧缺

jin3 que1
उदाहरण 紧缺 30 सेकंड में
व्याख्या 紧缺 in your Level:
At the A1 level, you don't need to use '紧缺' (jǐnquē) yet. Instead, you usually say '没有' (méiyǒu - don't have) or '少' (shǎo - few/little). However, it is good to recognize the character '缺' (quē), which means 'to lack.' Imagine you are at a supermarket and they have no eggs. You might hear someone say they are 'missing.' '紧缺' is a more advanced way of saying 'very, very missing and it's a problem.' For now, just remember that the 'jǐn' part means 'tight' and 'quē' means 'lack.' If you see this word on a sign in a shop, it means they are out of stock because many people want that item. Focus on simple sentences like '我没有水' (I don't have water). Later, you will learn to say '水资源紧缺' (water resources are scarce). This word is mostly for news and adults talking about serious things like electricity or food for a whole city.
पूरी व्याख्या पढ़ने के लिए मुफ़्त साइन अप करें
At the A2 level, you are starting to learn more adjectives to describe the world around you. '紧缺' (jǐnquē) is a word you might see in simple news stories or weather reports. It means 'in short supply.' You can use it when talking about things a lot of people need, like '水' (water) or '钱' (money - in a business sense). A simple way to remember it is 'Very Short.' For example, if there is no rain for a long time, the water is '紧缺.' You can say: '因为不下雨，水很紧缺' (Because it doesn't rain, water is very scarce). Notice that we often put '很' (hěn - very) or '非常' (fēicháng - extremely) before it. Don't worry about using it for your personal things like your pencil or your shoes. Use it for things that the whole school or the whole town might be missing. It's a 'big' word for 'big' problems.
पूरी व्याख्या पढ़ने के लिए मुफ़्त साइन अप करें
As a B1 learner, '紧缺' (jǐnquē) is an important vocabulary item for you. This is the level where you start discussing social issues and the economy. '紧缺' is the perfect word to describe a shortage where demand is high. You should distinguish it from '缺少' (quēshǎo). While '缺少' just means 'to lack' (e.g., 'this room lacks a chair'), '紧缺' implies a 'tight' (紧) situation. It's often used with resources: '物资紧缺' (supplies are scarce), '电力紧缺' (electricity shortage), or '人才紧缺' (talent shortage). In your writing, use it to describe problems in a city or an industry. For example, '城市里的住房非常紧缺' (Housing in the city is very scarce). It makes your Chinese sound more formal and precise. You will hear this word on the news frequently, especially when discussing global supply chains or environmental problems. Remember the structure: [Thing] + [Adverb] + 紧缺.
At the B2 level, you should be comfortable using '紧缺' (jǐnquē) in various professional and academic contexts. You should understand that it carries a sense of 'urgency' and 'systemic stress.' At this level, you can use it as an attributive adjective to modify nouns: '紧缺人才' (talent in short supply) or '紧缺物资' (scarce materials). You should also be able to compare it with synonyms like '短缺' (duǎnquē) and '匮乏' (kuìfá). '紧缺' is specifically about the 'tightness' of the supply-demand balance. If a factory cannot produce enough masks during a flu season, that is '紧缺.' You should also be able to use it in more complex sentence structures, such as '处于紧缺状态' (to be in a state of shortage). This word is essential for discussing business strategy, urban planning, and international relations. It shows you understand the nuances of resource management in a modern society.
पूरी व्याख्या पढ़ने के लिए मुफ़्त साइन अप करें
For C1 learners, '紧缺' (jǐnquē) is a word you should use with native-like precision. You should be aware of its collocations and the specific 'flavor' it brings to a sentence. It often appears in formal reports and policy documents. You might discuss '结构性紧缺' (structural shortage), where there is enough of a resource overall, but not in the right places or of the right type. C1 students should also notice how '紧缺' is used in the context of 'scarcity' in economic theory, often used interchangeably with '稀缺' (xīquē), though '稀缺' is more academic. You should also be able to use '紧缺' to describe abstract but quantifiable things, like '时间紧缺' (scarcity of time) in high-pressure environments. Your usage should reflect an understanding that '紧缺' is not just about quantity, but about the 'pressure' (紧) that the lack exerts on a system. It is a key term for high-level debate and analysis of social trends in China.
पूरी व्याख्या पढ़ने के लिए मुफ़्त साइन अप करें
At the C2 level, '紧缺' (jǐnquē) is a tool for nuanced expression. You understand its etymological roots and its position within the broader semantic field of 'lack' and 'scarcity.' You can use it to create specific rhetorical effects, perhaps contrasting '紧缺' (urgent shortage) with '匮乏' (existential lack) to highlight different aspects of a crisis. You are also aware of how the term is used in state-level discourse—for instance, in government 'white papers' discussing '能源紧缺' (energy shortage) as a national security concern. You can use the word in sophisticated metaphors, though it remains primarily a term for resources and manpower. Your mastery allows you to use it in complex grammatical constructions, such as '缓解...紧缺的局面' (to alleviate the situation of ... shortage). At this level, you don't just know what the word means; you know the weight it carries in the Chinese socio-political landscape and can use it to convey authority and precision in any formal setting.
पूरी व्याख्या पढ़ने के लिए मुफ़्त साइन अप करें
उदाहरण

紧缺 30 सेकंड में

  • 紧缺 (jǐnquē) is a formal adjective meaning 'in short supply' or 'scarce,' specifically used when demand vastly exceeds supply for essential resources.
  • It combines 'jǐn' (tight/urgent) and 'quē' (lack), suggesting a shortage that creates systemic pressure or an urgent need for action.
  • Commonly applied to resources like water, energy, and materials, as well as manpower (talent), it is a staple of news and business Chinese.
  • Unlike 'quēshǎo' (general lack), 'jǐnquē' is reserved for serious, large-scale shortages and does not usually take a direct object in sentences.

The Chinese adjective 紧缺 (jǐnquē) is a high-frequency term used to describe a state of severe shortage or scarcity where the demand for a resource far exceeds its current supply. To understand its deep nuance, we must look at its component characters: 紧 (jǐn), which means 'tight,' 'urgent,' or 'tense,' and 缺 (quē), which signifies a 'gap,' 'deficiency,' or 'lack.' Together, they create a word that does not just mean 'missing' but implies a 'tightness' caused by that absence. It is the linguistic equivalent of a supply chain bottleneck or a critical resource depletion that causes systemic stress.

Economic Context
In the world of finance and trade, 紧缺 is the standard term for a commodity that is under-produced or over-consumed. It is used to describe everything from raw materials like lithium to finished goods like high-end computer chips.
Labor Market Context
When a specific industry lacks qualified workers, we use the term 人才紧缺 (réncái jǐnquē), meaning a 'scarcity of talent.' This suggests that the industry is struggling to grow because it cannot find enough skilled hands.

目前市场上，新鲜蔬菜供应非常紧缺。(Currently, fresh vegetables are in very short supply on the market.)

People use this word when the shortage has real-world consequences. It is more serious than 缺少 (quēshǎo), which can describe a simple lack of salt in a dish. 紧缺 describes a lack of water during a drought, a lack of beds in a hospital during a pandemic, or a lack of fuel during a winter freeze. It is a word of urgency and systemic importance.

由于电力紧缺，工厂不得不轮流停工。(Due to the power shortage, factories had to take turns stopping production.)

Culturally, in a country as populous as China, the management of '紧缺' resources is a constant theme in public policy and daily conversation. Whether it is housing in Tier-1 cities or high-quality education, the concept of things being in short supply is a fundamental part of the modern Chinese experience.

Using 紧缺 (jǐnquē) correctly requires understanding its grammatical flexibility as both an adjective and a state-verb. It most commonly functions as a predicate modified by degree adverbs like '非常' (very), '十分' (extremely), or '严重' (severely).

As a Predicate
The most common structure is [Noun/Resource] + [Adverb] + 紧缺. For example: '水源紧缺' (Water is in short supply). This emphasizes the current state of the resource.
As an Attributive
It can modify a noun directly with '的', as in '紧缺的物资' (scarce materials) or '紧缺的人才' (short-supply talent). This is useful for identifying specific categories of things that are missing.

政府正在努力解决住房紧缺的问题。(The government is working hard to solve the problem of housing shortages.)

One key distinction is that 紧缺 is rarely used for personal, trivial lacks. You wouldn't say 'My kitchen is 紧缺 of salt' unless there was a national salt crisis. It implies a broader social or economic scale. It is also frequently used in the pattern '严重紧缺' (yánzhòng jǐnquē) to indicate a dire crisis.

这种药在很多地方都处于紧缺状态。(This medicine is in a state of shortage in many places.)

When talking about time, 紧缺 can be used to describe a very tight schedule, such as '时间紧缺' (time is scarce), though '时间紧迫' (time is pressing) is more common for deadlines. Using 紧缺 for time emphasizes the quantitative lack of hours rather than just the pressure of the clock.

In the real world, 紧缺 (jǐnquē) is a staple of news broadcasting and official communication. If you turn on CCTV (China Central Television) or read a major news outlet like Xinhua, you will encounter this word whenever there is a discussion about the economy, natural disasters, or public health.

News & Media
Headlines often read: '全球芯片供应持续紧缺' (Global chip supply continues to be in short supply). This formal register signals a serious problem that affects the general public or industry.
Workplace & HR
In a corporate setting, HR directors might present reports on '紧缺岗位' (shortage positions), which are job roles that are difficult to fill due to a lack of qualified candidates.

医生提醒，这种疫苗目前非常紧缺，请提前预约。(Doctors warn that this vaccine is currently very scarce; please make an appointment in advance.)

You will also hear it in academic lectures regarding environmental science or sociology. Professors might discuss '水资源紧缺' (water resource scarcity) or '土地资源紧缺' (land resource scarcity) as major challenges for the 21st century. It is a word that carries the weight of authority and data.

面对能源紧缺，我们必须提倡节约。(Facing energy shortages, we must advocate for conservation.)

During emergencies, like a flood or an earthquake, the phrase '灾区物资紧缺' (materials in the disaster area are in short supply) becomes a common call to action for donations. In these contexts, the word is used to evoke empathy and a sense of responsibility among the public.

Learners often struggle with the distinction between 紧缺 (jǐnquē), 缺少 (quēshǎo), and 缺乏 (quēfá). While they all relate to 'lacking,' their usage patterns and intensities are quite different.

Mistake 1: Using it for personal possessions
Incorrect: '我紧缺钱' (I am in short supply of money). Correct: '我缺钱' or '我没钱.' 紧缺 is for systemic or market-wide shortages, not personal ones.
Mistake 2: Confusing it with 缺乏
缺乏 is used for abstract concepts like 缺乏经验 (lack experience) or 缺乏信心 (lack confidence). 紧缺 is almost always for tangible resources or quantifiable manpower.

Wrong: 他紧缺耐心。(He is in short supply of patience.) Better: 他缺乏耐心。

Another common error is the word order. Because '紧缺' is an adjective, it shouldn't take an object. You can say '物资紧缺' (materials are scarce), but you shouldn't say '紧缺物资' as a verb phrase (e.g., 'We are 紧缺ing materials'). It functions more like a state description.

Wrong: 书架上紧缺书。(The bookshelf is in short supply of books.) Better: 书架上缺少书。

Finally, avoid using 紧缺 for things that are naturally rare but not 'in shortage.' For example, a diamond is rare (稀有 xīyǒu), but it is only 紧缺 if people who need them for industrial use cannot find them. 紧缺 is about the gap between supply and demand, not intrinsic rarity.

To master 紧缺 (jǐnquē), you should be able to distinguish it from its synonyms. Each word has a specific domain and 'flavor' that makes it unique.

短缺 (duǎnquē)
Very similar to 紧缺, but 紧缺 sounds more urgent and 'tight.' 短缺 is a more neutral, descriptive term for a shortage. You often see '资金短缺' (capital shortage).
匮乏 (kuìfá)
This is a much more formal and literary word. It describes a profound, extreme lack, often used for spiritual or natural resources, like '精神匮乏' (spiritual poverty) or '资源匮乏' (resource depletion).
稀缺 (xīquē)
This word emphasizes 'rarity' and 'scarcity' in an economic sense (like 'scarcity' in Economics 101). It often refers to things that are naturally limited, like land or rare metals.

Comparison: 紧缺 is an urgent shortage; 稀缺 is a structural scarcity; 匮乏 is a total lack.

If you want to sound more casual, you can use '缺' (quē) or '不够' (bùgòu). For example, '人手不够' (not enough manpower) is much more common in a busy restaurant than '人手紧缺,' which sounds like a formal HR report. Choose 紧缺 when you want to emphasize that the shortage is causing a problem or needs to be fixed immediately.

虽然物资紧缺，但大家依然保持着乐观的态度。(Although supplies were in short supply, everyone remained optimistic.)

Understanding these subtle differences will help you navigate professional Chinese environments with more precision. Using '匮乏' when you mean '紧缺' might make you sound overly dramatic, while using '缺' might make a formal report sound too colloquial.

उच्चारण मार्गदर्शिका

UK /dʒɪn³⁵ tɕʰyɛ⁵⁵/
US /dʒɪn³⁵ tɕʰuɛ⁵⁵/
In Chinese, both syllables are equally stressed, but the third tone of 'jǐn' takes longer to pronounce than the high-level first tone of 'quē'.
तुकबंदी
紧 (jǐn): 仅 (jǐn), 尽 (jǐn), 谨 (jǐn) 缺 (quē): 靴 (xuē), 贴 (tiē - partial), 切 (qiē)
आम गलतियाँ
  • Pronouncing 'quē' as 'kue' (like 'kway'). It should be 'ch-ü-eh'.
  • Confusing the third tone of 'jǐn' with the second tone.
  • Merging the two sounds into one syllable.
  • Failing to round the lips for the 'u' sound in 'quē' (which is actually a 'ü').
  • Pronouncing 'jǐn' as 'jin' with an English 'n' instead of the Chinese dental 'n'.
पूरी व्याख्या पढ़ने के लिए मुफ़्त साइन अप करें

स्तर के अनुसार उदाहरण

1

这里没有水。

There is no water here.

A1 uses '没有' instead of '紧缺'.

2

商店里没有鸡蛋了。

There are no eggs in the store anymore.

Simple '没有' for daily life.

3

书很少。

There are very few books.

'少' means few.

4

我不缺钱。

I don't lack money.

'缺' is the base of '紧缺'.

5

医生很少。

There are few doctors.

Simple adjective usage.

6

我们缺一个苹果。

We are short of one apple.

'缺' as a verb.

7

这里的人很多，但是位子很少。

There are many people here, but few seats.

Contrast using '少'.

8

没有电了。

There is no electricity.

Simple state description.

1

这个城市水很紧缺。

Water is very scarce in this city.

Using '紧缺' for a city resource.

2

现在，新鲜的菜很紧缺。

Now, fresh vegetables are in short supply.

Adjective modifying the state of food.

3

冬天的时候，电很紧缺。

In winter, electricity is in short supply.

Common seasonal usage.

4

因为生病的人多，医生很紧缺。

Because there are many sick people, doctors are in short supply.

Explaining the reason for '紧缺'.

5

这种手机现在很紧缺。

This kind of mobile phone is very scarce right now.

Usage for consumer goods.

6

纸张在学校里很紧缺。

Paper is in short supply in the school.

Contextual shortage.

7

由于天气热，冷饮很紧缺。

Due to the hot weather, cold drinks are in short supply.

Cause and effect.

8

这个小镇的住房很紧缺。

Housing is very scarce in this small town.

Resource scarcity.

1

目前，该行业的技术人才非常紧缺。

Currently, technical talent in this industry is very scarce.

Formal 'talent shortage' phrase.

2

政府正在解决物资紧缺的问题。

The government is solving the problem of material shortages.

Using '紧缺' as an attributive.

3

由于干旱，当地的粮食供应十分紧缺。

Due to the drought, the local food supply is extremely scarce.

Describing food security.

4

这种原材料在全球范围内都很紧缺。

This raw material is in short supply globally.

Global context.

5

医院的床位现在非常紧缺。

Hospital beds are currently very scarce.

Specific facility shortage.

6

为了应对能源紧缺，我们需要节约用电。

To cope with the energy shortage, we need to save electricity.

Purpose clause with '应对'.

7

劳动力紧缺导致了工资上涨。

Labor shortages have led to rising wages.

Economic cause and effect.

8

这个地区的淡水资源日益紧缺。

Freshwater resources in this region are increasingly scarce.

Using '日益' (day by day) to show a trend.

1

结构性的人才紧缺是当前就业市场的难题。

Structural talent shortage is a difficult problem in the current job market.

Using the specific term '结构性' (structural).

2

这种核心零部件的紧缺严重影响了生产进度。

The shortage of this core component has seriously affected the production schedule.

Subject is a specific noun phrase.

3

该地区的土地资源紧缺，限制了城市的发展。

The scarcity of land resources in the area has limited urban development.

Describing urban development constraints.

4

在战争期间，生活必需品往往十分紧缺。

During wartime, daily necessities are often in very short supply.

Contextual usage for historical events.

5

面对资金紧缺的局面，公司决定缩减开支。

Facing a situation of capital shortage, the company decided to cut expenses.

Using the pattern '面对...的局面'.

6

由于石油紧缺，油价在短时间内大幅上涨。

Due to oil shortages, oil prices rose sharply in a short period of time.

Economic impact description.

7

这种稀有金属的紧缺引起了国际社会的关注。

The scarcity of this rare metal has attracted international attention.

Formal international relations context.

8

为了缓解住房紧缺，政府推出了新的政策。

To alleviate the housing shortage, the government introduced new policies.

Using '缓解' (alleviate) with '紧缺'.

1

全球供应链的脆弱性在原材料紧缺时暴露无遗。

The vulnerability of the global supply chain was fully exposed during the raw material shortage.

High-level analysis sentence.

2

这种药品的紧缺不仅是经济问题，更是人道主义危机。

The shortage of this medicine is not only an economic issue but also a humanitarian crisis.

Ethical and social discussion.

3

随着老龄化加剧，护理人员的紧缺将成为长期的挑战。

As aging intensifies, the shortage of caregivers will become a long-term challenge.

Predictive social analysis.

4

在高度竞争的环境下，高质量的教育资源依然十分紧缺。

In a highly competitive environment, high-quality educational resources remain very scarce.

Describing high-level social competition.

5

这种局部的物资紧缺可能会引发更大规模的市场波动。

This local material shortage may trigger larger-scale market fluctuations.

Predictive economic logic.

6

由于核心技术人才的紧缺，该项目被迫延期。

The project was forced to be delayed due to the shortage of core technical talent.

Using '由于...被迫' structure.

7

土地资源的紧缺迫使城市向高空和地下寻求空间。

The scarcity of land resources has forced cities to seek space in the sky and underground.

Complex cause-effect in urbanism.

8

这种信息的紧缺导致了决策的偏差。

The scarcity of this information led to bias in decision-making.

Abstract usage for information.

1

在资源紧缺的博弈中，各方都在寻求最优的分配方案。

In the game of resource scarcity, all parties are seeking the optimal distribution plan.

Using '博弈' (game theory/competition).

2

某种程度上，这种紧缺是由于人为囤积和恐慌性购买造成的。

To some extent, this shortage is caused by artificial hoarding and panic buying.

Analyzing root causes with '某种程度上'.

3

在全球化背景下，任何一环的紧缺都会产生蝴蝶效应。

In the context of globalization, a shortage in any single link will produce a butterfly effect.

Metaphorical usage in global systems.

4

该政策旨在从根本上缓解长期以来的人才紧缺难题。

The policy aims to fundamentally alleviate the long-standing problem of talent shortage.

Formal policy language.

5

这种稀缺性与紧缺感在消费主义文化中被刻意放大。

This scarcity and sense of shortage are deliberately amplified in consumerist culture.

Sociological critique.

6

在极度紧缺的情况下，配给制往往是最后的手段。

In cases of extreme shortage, rationing is often the last resort.

Discussing emergency governance.

7

我们必须正视淡水资源紧缺对地缘政治的深远影响。

We must face up to the profound impact of freshwater scarcity on geopolitics.

Geopolitical analysis.

8

这种紧缺的背后，反映出的是产业链供应链的失衡。

Behind this shortage lies an imbalance in the industrial and supply chains.

Deep structural analysis.

सामान्य शब्द संयोजन

人才紧缺
物资紧缺
水源紧缺
电力紧缺
资金紧缺
严重紧缺
处于紧缺状态
缓解紧缺
岗位紧缺
原材料紧缺

सामान्य वाक्यांश

货源紧缺

— Supply of goods is scarce. Used by wholesalers or retailers.

由于工厂停工，货源非常紧缺。

住房紧缺

— Shortage of housing. A common social issue in big cities.

北京的住房紧缺问题一直存在。

床位紧缺

— Shortage of hospital beds. Used in healthcare contexts.

流感季节，医院床位十分紧缺。

能源紧缺

— Energy shortage. Used in discussions about oil, coal, or gas.

能源紧缺制约了经济增长。

劳动力紧缺

— Labor shortage. Used when there aren't enough workers.

农业面临严重的劳动力紧缺。

粮食紧缺

— Food shortage. Used for regions facing famine or supply issues.

干旱导致了该国的粮食紧缺。

淡水紧缺

— Freshwater shortage. A major environmental concern.

淡水紧缺是全球性的挑战。

血源紧缺

— Blood supply shortage. Used by blood banks and hospitals.

春节期间，血源往往比较紧缺。

核心技术紧缺

— Shortage of core technology. Used in industrial/tech competition.

我们不能忍受核心技术紧缺的局面。

紧缺专业

— Shortage majors. College majors that produce high-demand workers.

人工智能是目前的紧缺专业。

मुहावरे और अभिव्यक्तियाँ

"供不应求"

— Supply falls short of demand. This is the classic idiom for 紧缺.

这种新产品在市场上供不应求。

Formal/Common
"捉襟见肘"

— To have too many problems to deal with; originally meaning clothes are too small/short. Used metaphorically for financial shortage.

由于资金紧缺，公司现在的运营捉襟见肘。

Literary
"杯水车薪"

— A cup of water for a cartload of wood on fire; an utterly inadequate measure.

这点援助对于缓解紧缺来说只是杯水车薪。

Literary
"求贤若渴"

— Thirsting for talented people. Describes the reaction to '人才紧缺'.

公司现在人才紧缺，老板真是求贤若渴。

Formal
"物以稀为贵"

— Things are valued when they are scarce. Explains the price rise during 紧缺.

物以稀为贵，所以紧缺的商品价格总是很高。

Common
"燃眉之急"

— As urgent as a fire singeing one's eyebrows. Describes the urgency of 紧缺.

解决电力紧缺是目前的燃眉之急。

Formal
"虚位以待"

— To leave a seat vacant for someone. Often used in '人才紧缺' job ads.

紧缺岗位虚位以待，欢迎各位人才。

Formal
"千金难求"

— Hard to get even for a thousand pieces of gold. Used for extremely scarce items.

这种紧缺的药材现在是千金难求。

Literary
"青黄不接"

— The new crop is not yet ripe and the old one is exhausted. Describes seasonal shortage.

在粮食紧缺、青黄不接的时候，大家生活很苦。

Literary
"僧多粥少"

— Many monks but little porridge; not enough to go around.

现在好的岗位紧缺，真是僧多粥少。

Informal/Idiomatic

शब्द परिवार

संज्ञा

短缺 (duǎnquē) - Shortage
缺失 (quēshī) - Deficiency
缺点 (quēdiǎn) - Weakness/Shortcoming

क्रिया

缺少 (quēshǎo) - To lack
缺乏 (quēfá) - To be short of
缺失 (quēshī) - To be missing

विशेषण

紧迫 (jǐnpò) - Urgent
紧凑 (jǐncòu) - Compact
稀缺 (xīquē) - Scarce
सभी उदाहरण देखने के लिए मुफ़्त साइन अप करें

संबंधित सामग्री

business के और शब्द

本事

A2

Skill; ability; capability.

相应地

B1

तदनुसार / उसी के अनुरूप। यह दर्शाने के लिए उपयोग किया जाता है कि कोई कार्य पिछले परिवर्तन के साथ मेल खाता है।

账号

A2

बैंक या ऑनलाइन सेवाओं तक पहुँचने के लिए उपयोग किया जाने वाला खाता संख्या या उपयोगकर्ता आईडी।

客户经理

A2

एक खाता प्रबंधक जो ग्राहकों के साथ संबंधों का प्रबंधन करता है।

账户

B1

A record of financial transactions for an individual or business, usually at a bank; or a user profile for a digital service.

会计

A2

एक मुनीम वह व्यक्ति है जो वित्तीय रिकॉर्ड रखता है।

收购

B1

किसी कंपनी का अधिग्रहण करना।

商业活动

A2

Business activity.

广告费

A2

विज्ञापन शुल्क। किसी उत्पाद या सेवा को बढ़ावा देने के लिए खर्च किया गया पैसा।

调整

B1

हमें अगली तिमाही के लिए अपनी मार्केटिंग रणनीति को समायोजित करने की आवश्यकता है।

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