B2 Passive & Reported Speech 1 min read 보통

Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

In Indonesian passive voice, the agent (doer) is marked by 'oleh' to clarify who performed the action in formal contexts.

  • Use 'di-' + verb for passive: 'Buku itu dibaca.' (The book is read.)
  • Add 'oleh' + agent for clarity: 'Buku itu dibaca oleh saya.' (The book was read by me.)
  • Avoid 'oleh' if the agent is obvious or irrelevant: 'Pintu itu dibuka.' (The door was opened.)
Object + di-Verb + (oleh + Agent)

Meanings

This rule governs how the agent (the person performing the action) is introduced in passive sentences using the preposition 'oleh'. It is essential for distinguishing between general passive statements and specific agent-focused passive constructions.

1

Explicit Agent Marking

Identifying the specific actor in a passive sentence.

“Surat itu ditulis oleh ayah.”

“Keputusan ini diambil oleh direktur.”

2

Passive Reporting

Reporting an action where the doer is secondary to the event.

“Berita itu dilaporkan oleh saksi mata.”

“Proyek ini dikerjakan oleh tim ahli.”

3

Omission of Agent

Focusing purely on the result, omitting the agent entirely.

“Jendela itu dipecahkan.”

“Lampu itu dimatikan.”

Passive Verb Formation

Active Verb Passive Verb Meaning
baca dibaca is read
tulis ditulis is written
makan dimakan is eaten
ambil diambil is taken
buat dibuat is made
pilih dipilih is chosen

Reference Table

Reference table for Agentivity Nuances
Form Structure Example
Affirmative Object + di-Verb + oleh + Agent Buku dibaca oleh saya.
Negative Object + tidak + di-Verb + oleh + Agent Buku tidak dibaca oleh saya.
Question Apakah + Object + di-Verb + oleh + Agent? Apakah buku dibaca oleh saya?
Passive (No Agent) Object + di-Verb Buku dibaca.
Passive (Negative No Agent) Object + tidak + di-Verb Buku tidak dibaca.
Passive (Question No Agent) Apakah + Object + di-Verb? Apakah buku dibaca?

격식 수준 스펙트럼

격식체
Laporan tersebut diselesaikan oleh tim.

Laporan tersebut diselesaikan oleh tim. (Professional report)

중립
Laporan itu diselesaikan oleh tim.

Laporan itu diselesaikan oleh tim. (Professional report)

비격식체
Laporan itu diselesaikan tim.

Laporan itu diselesaikan tim. (Professional report)

속어
Laporan itu beres dikerjain tim.

Laporan itu beres dikerjain tim. (Professional report)

Passive Voice Components

Passive Construction

Agent

  • oleh by

Patient

  • Subjek Object of action

Active vs Passive

Active
Saya membaca buku I read the book
Passive
Buku dibaca oleh saya The book is read by me

Examples by Level

1

Buku dibaca oleh saya.

The book is read by me.

2

Surat ditulis oleh dia.

The letter is written by him/her.

3

Bola ditendang oleh Budi.

The ball is kicked by Budi.

4

Kue dimakan oleh adik.

The cake is eaten by younger sibling.

1

Pekerjaan itu diselesaikan oleh tim.

The work is finished by the team.

2

Rumah itu dibersihkan oleh ayah.

The house is cleaned by father.

3

Mobil itu dicuci oleh saya.

The car is washed by me.

4

Lampu itu dimatikan oleh ibu.

The light is turned off by mother.

1

Keputusan itu dibuat oleh manajemen.

The decision was made by management.

2

Artikel ini ditulis oleh jurnalis terkenal.

This article was written by a famous journalist.

3

Proyek ini didanai oleh pemerintah.

This project is funded by the government.

4

Undangan itu dikirim oleh sekretaris.

The invitation was sent by the secretary.

1

Data tersebut dianalisis oleh para ahli.

The data was analyzed by the experts.

2

Rencana ini disetujui oleh direktur utama.

This plan was approved by the CEO.

3

Gedung itu dirancang oleh arsitek ternama.

The building was designed by a renowned architect.

4

Laporan ini disusun oleh departemen keuangan.

This report was compiled by the finance department.

1

Perubahan iklim dipicu oleh aktivitas manusia.

Climate change is triggered by human activity.

2

Karya sastra ini diterjemahkan oleh sastrawan.

This literary work was translated by a writer.

3

Hukum ini diimplementasikan oleh otoritas terkait.

This law is implemented by the relevant authorities.

4

Strategi ini dievaluasi oleh dewan penasihat.

This strategy was evaluated by the advisory board.

1

Teori tersebut dikembangkan oleh ilmuwan terkemuka.

The theory was developed by a prominent scientist.

2

Kedaulatan negara dipertahankan oleh rakyat.

National sovereignty is defended by the people.

3

Kesenian tradisional dipelihara oleh komunitas lokal.

Traditional art is preserved by the local community.

4

Keputusan itu didasarkan oleh bukti empiris.

That decision is based on empirical evidence.

Easily Confused

Agentivity Nuances di- (prefix) vs di (preposition)

Learners often write 'di' as a prefix or 'di-' as a separate word.

Agentivity Nuances di- (passive) vs ter- (stative)

Both can look like passive, but 'ter-' implies accident.

Agentivity Nuances oleh vs sama

Both mean 'by', but 'sama' is informal.

자주 하는 실수

Saya oleh dibaca buku.

Buku dibaca oleh saya.

Agent must follow the passive verb.

Buku di-baca.

Buku dibaca.

Prefixes are attached to the verb.

Buku dibaca Budi.

Buku dibaca oleh Budi.

Need 'oleh' for clarity.

Budi dibaca buku.

Buku dibaca oleh Budi.

Subject and object are reversed.

Makanan dimasak ibu.

Makanan dimasak oleh ibu.

Missing agent marker.

Saya dimakan kue.

Kue dimakan oleh saya.

Wrong subject.

Pintu di buka.

Pintu dibuka.

Prefix attachment.

Laporan itu dianalisa olehnya.

Laporan itu dianalisis olehnya.

Spelling of 'analisis'.

Keputusan itu dibuat oleh saya.

Keputusan itu saya buat.

Passive vs active preference.

Proyek ini didanai pemerintah.

Proyek ini didanai oleh pemerintah.

Missing 'oleh'.

Hukum ini diimplementasi oleh pemerintah.

Hukum ini diimplementasikan oleh pemerintah.

Suffix usage.

Strategi ini dievaluasi pemerintah.

Strategi ini dievaluasi oleh pemerintah.

Formal grammar requirement.

Karya ini diterjemah oleh sastrawan.

Karya ini diterjemahkan oleh sastrawan.

Verb suffix.

Sentence Patterns

___ dibaca oleh ___.

Laporan itu ___ oleh ___.

Apakah ___ ___ oleh ___?

Keputusan itu ___ oleh ___ kemarin.

Real World Usage

Job Interview very common

Proyek ini dipimpin oleh saya.

News Article constant

Kebijakan ini diumumkan oleh pemerintah.

Texting occasional

Pesan itu dibaca sama dia.

Academic Paper very common

Data dianalisis oleh tim peneliti.

Food Delivery App common

Pesanan Anda disiapkan oleh restoran.

Social Media common

Foto ini diambil oleh teman saya.

💡

Focus on the Object

When using passive voice, make sure the object is the focus of your sentence.
⚠️

Don't Overuse

Passive voice can sound stiff. Use active voice for simple actions.
🎯

Formal Writing

Always use 'oleh' in formal reports to be precise about the agent.
💬

Casual Speech

In casual speech, 'oleh' is often replaced by 'sama'. Use this only with friends.

Smart Tips

Use passive voice to sound objective.

Saya menyelesaikan laporan ini. Laporan ini diselesaikan oleh saya.

Omit 'oleh' to focus on the result.

Pintu dibuka oleh seseorang. Pintu dibuka.

Use 'sama' instead of 'oleh'.

Buku ini dibaca oleh saya. Buku ini dibaca sama saya.

Use 'ter-' instead of 'di-'.

Pintu dibuka oleh saya (accidentally). Pintu terbuka.

발음

di-ba-ca

Prefix 'di-'

Pronounced as a single unit with the verb.

OH-leh

Preposition 'oleh'

Stressed on the first syllable.

Statement

Buku dibaca oleh Budi. ↘

Falling intonation for declarative sentences.

Question

Apakah buku dibaca oleh Budi? ↗

Rising intonation for yes/no questions.

Memorize It

Mnemonic

Remember: 'Di' is the door to the passive, 'Oleh' is the key to the agent.

Visual Association

Imagine a book (the object) being held up by a giant hand (the agent). The word 'di-' is written on the book, and the word 'oleh' is written on the hand.

Rhyme

Passive voice is easy to see, add 'di-' to the verb, 'oleh' for the agent, that's the key.

Story

Budi wrote a report. In the office, the report was written by Budi. Everyone read the report. The report was read by everyone.

Word Web

di-olehpasifsubjekobjektindakan

챌린지

Write 3 passive sentences about your daily routine in 5 minutes.

문화 노트

In formal Indonesian business culture, using the passive voice with 'oleh' is seen as polite and objective, avoiding direct confrontation.

Academic papers in Indonesia strictly require the 'di-oleh' construction to maintain a scholarly tone.

In some regions, 'oleh' is replaced by 'sama' in casual speech, though this is considered non-standard.

The 'di-' prefix is an indigenous Austronesian marker for passive voice.

Conversation Starters

Siapa yang menulis laporan ini?

Apakah proyek ini dikerjakan oleh tim?

Bagaimana keputusan ini diambil?

Apakah kebijakan baru ini diumumkan oleh pemerintah?

Journal Prompts

Describe a chore you did today using passive voice.
Write a short report about a project you finished.
Discuss a recent news event using passive voice.
Analyze a historical event using passive constructions.

Test Yourself

Fill in the blank with the correct passive verb.

Buku itu ___ oleh Budi.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: dibaca
Passive verb requires 'di-' prefix.
Choose the correct sentence. 객관식

Which sentence is correct?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Buku dibaca oleh saya.
Correct word order for passive voice.
Correct the error in the sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Surat itu ditulis Budi.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Surat itu ditulis oleh Budi.
Need 'oleh' for agent.
Transform to passive. Sentence Transformation

Ibu memasak nasi.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Nasi dimasak oleh ibu.
Passive transformation.
Is this rule true? True False Rule

Passive voice always requires 'oleh'.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: False
Oleh is only needed if the agent is specified.
Complete the dialogue. Dialogue Completion

A: Siapa yang membuat kue ini? B: Kue ini ___ oleh ibu.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: dibuat
Passive verb needed.
Order the words. Sentence Building

oleh / dibaca / buku / saya

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Buku dibaca oleh saya.
Correct word order.
Sort into Active or Passive. Grammar Sorting

Buku dibaca oleh Budi.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Passive
Contains 'di-' and 'oleh'.

Score: /8

연습 문제

8 exercises
Fill in the blank with the correct passive verb.

Buku itu ___ oleh Budi.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: dibaca
Passive verb requires 'di-' prefix.
Choose the correct sentence. 객관식

Which sentence is correct?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Buku dibaca oleh saya.
Correct word order for passive voice.
Correct the error in the sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Surat itu ditulis Budi.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Surat itu ditulis oleh Budi.
Need 'oleh' for agent.
Transform to passive. Sentence Transformation

Ibu memasak nasi.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Nasi dimasak oleh ibu.
Passive transformation.
Is this rule true? True False Rule

Passive voice always requires 'oleh'.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: False
Oleh is only needed if the agent is specified.
Complete the dialogue. Dialogue Completion

A: Siapa yang membuat kue ini? B: Kue ini ___ oleh ibu.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: dibuat
Passive verb needed.
Order the words. Sentence Building

oleh / dibaca / buku / saya

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Buku dibaca oleh saya.
Correct word order.
Sort into Active or Passive. Grammar Sorting

Buku dibaca oleh Budi.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Passive
Contains 'di-' and 'oleh'.

Score: /8

자주 묻는 질문 (8)

To shift focus from the actor to the object, which is common in formal and professional contexts.

No, it is only required when you need to specify the agent.

Most transitive verbs can be made passive with 'di-'.

Yes, it is generally considered more formal than active voice.

'di-' is intentional; 'ter-' is accidental or stative.

Yes, but only in informal or casual speech.

It is a prefix, not a preposition, so it must be attached.

Add 'tidak' before the passive verb: 'Buku tidak dibaca oleh saya'.

In Other Languages

Spanish high

ser + participio + por

Spanish conjugates the verb for person, while Indonesian does not.

French high

être + participe passé + par

French requires agreement in gender and number.

German high

werden + Partizip II + von

German has complex case systems.

Japanese moderate

ni yotte

Japanese passive verbs have a distinct conjugation suffix (-reru).

Arabic moderate

min qibal

Arabic passive voice is formed by changing vowel patterns.

Chinese moderate

bei

Chinese 'bei' is often used for negative outcomes.

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