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Behavior and Belief
آمار یادگیری
سطح CEFR
سختی
زیرنویسها (604 بخشها)
Hey, Mind Field! Vanessa here.
Just kidding. My name is actually Michael.
That part when I said that I was Vanessa...
that was a lie.
So you're welcome.
Humans love lies.
More precisely,
we love things that aren't entirely true--
because we have to.
It's often all we have.
Completely proving something can be difficult,
if not impossible.
So instead, we have the faith of the believer,
the confidence interval of the scientist.
What we think we know,
we really only believe we know.
On this episode of Mind Field, I'm going to take a look at
a kind of lie we tell ourselves.
And I'm going to use belief to turn a lie...into a truth.
( theme music playing )
Michael: If I'm going to harness the power of belief,
I need to find a good way to study belief and behavior.
So I'm paying a visit to UCLA's Dr. Aaron Blaisdell,
who I worked with on last season's
"Greater Good" Trolley Problem episode.
( train whistle blowing )
Dr. Blaisdell, great to see you again.
Nice to see you again, Michael.
Thank you for your help last season,
but I've got this new thing I want to look into.
I started thinking a lot about belief
and how we form them.
Specifically beliefs about what causes our behavior.
I want to be able to break it down
and just look at how people respond to the environment around them
and how it changes their belief.
Well, a Skinner Box is a great place to start.
because what I tell my students is,
a Skinner Box, for a psychologist like myself,
is like a test tube for a chemist.
Dr. Skinner, what are you doing with this pigeon?
I'm getting ready to demonstrate a fundamental principle of behavior.
Michael: Invented by Harvard psychologist B.F. Skinner,
a Skinner Box is a chamber in which animals
can be isolated and exposed to carefully controlled stimuli.
In one of his landmark experiments,
Skinner released food to pigeons in the boxes
at regular intervals.
What he found was that the pigeons seemed to believe
that whatever they happened to be doing
just before the food came
actually caused the food to appear,
and would then repeat that behavior over and over--
for example, hopping around or spinning in circles.
Skinner called this "superstitious behavior."
So what do you want to do-- what's your dream test?
Basically a replication of Skinner's superstitious experiment,
but instead of with pigeons, with people.
I would love to see: will people develop
their own sort of superstitious rituals or beliefs.
Have we done this with people before?
I don't think such a rigorous test of this has been done.
I think primarily, from the literature I know, it's pretty much pigeons.
B.F. Skinner's work showed that if you
regularly deliver a reward to a pigeon,
regardless of how it actually acts,
the pigeon won't figure that out.
Instead, the pigeon will develop superstitious behaviors
as if it thinks it is in control,
despite the lack of any evidence that it is.
But what about humans?
Watching people form new superstitions
might show us how beliefs are created, but here's the thing:
You can't just put a person in a Skinner Box.
People are quite clever, and so instead,
along with Dr. Aaron Blaisdell,
I have developed a much more elaborate ruse.
Welcome to Victory Vault.
♪
Michael: "Victory Vault" is a fake game show we made up
to draw our unsuspecting subjects
into taking part in a human Skinner Box.
To accomplish this, we rented a sound stage
and constructed what appeared to be a game show set,
but was really our study.
We outfitted the room with a checkboard floor,
a button that serves no purpose,
multiple cameras and a live microphone,
all of which have absolutely no connection to winning the game.
We also included an ATM slot on the wall where, instead of food,
dollar bills would be fed into the room
at regular intervals.
Meanwhile, I would be playing the role
of the executive producer of this new game show
testing out the concept for a television network.
Our first subject is Rebecca.
Yes, I know nothing. I'm excited.
Excellent, excellent.
Well, I'll you some things that you need to know.
One, you will get to keep all of the money that you get today.
The object of the game is to collect as much money as possible.
- OK. ( laughs ) - Now, you will have ten minutes,
and that's all I'm going to tell you.
- Go. OK? - OK.
- Rebecca: OK. - Michael (over loudspeaker): All right, Rebecca, begin
in three, two, one, go!
Blaisdell: Of course, right to the button,
but she's not fixated on it,
she's definitely looking around there.
Rebecca: I'm trying to figure out
if there's, like, a puzzle, or what this is about.
Am I supposed to just get out?
No, not supposed to get out. OK.
Oh! OK, there's money. Is that one clue?
Rebecca: I've earned one dollar. ( laughs )
See? She's "earned" one dollar. Earned.
I mean, she thinks she caused it to happen.
Let's see. I think I might be onto something
- with this door, maybe? - Uh-huh.
- OK. - Blaisdell: The second dollar bill
came out really shortly after she manipulated the door.
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