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B2 conjunction 7 Min. Lesezeit

اعم از

a'am az

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At this level, you don't need to use 'اعم از'. It is too formal. Instead, you use 'و' (and) or 'مثل' (like). For example, instead of saying 'All fruits, including apples,' you would say 'Apple and orange' (سیب و پرتقال) or 'Fruits like apple' (میوه‌هایی مثل سیب). 'اعم از' is a 'big' word that you will see much later in your Persian journey. Think of it like a very fancy way to list things. If you see it in a book, just remember it means 'this AND that'.

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As an A2 student, you are starting to see more formal writing. You might encounter 'اعم از' in a news headline or a formal announcement. It means 'including' or 'whether it is A or B'. You should focus on recognizing it rather than using it yourself. If you see 'همه دانش‌آموزان اعم از دختر و پسر', it just means 'All students, both girls and boys'. The word 'اعم' comes from 'عام' which means 'general' or 'public'. So it's about making a general group and then saying who is inside it.

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At the B1 level, you should understand that 'اعم از' is used to show that a rule or a statement is very broad. It is often used with pairs of opposites. For example: 'Internal and external' (داخلی و خارجی). When you use 'اعم از' before these, you are saying 'it doesn't matter if it's internal or external; both are included.' You can start using this in your formal essays to sound more professional. It helps you avoid repeating 'and' too many times and makes your writing look more 'academic'.

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This is the target level for 'اعم از'. At B2, you should be able to use this phrase correctly in formal writing and understand its nuance in legal or administrative texts. You should know that it is followed by 'از' and usually introduces two or more sub-categories. It is different from 'از جمله' because 'اعم از' often implies an exhaustive or binary list (A and B), whereas 'از جمله' implies a few examples out of many. You should use it to clarify the scope of your subjects in discussions about society, law, or science.

At C1, you use 'اعم از' to provide precise definitions and to ensure your arguments cover all possible scenarios. You understand that its root is Arabic and that it carries a certain intellectual weight. You can use it to distinguish between 'inclusive' and 'exclusive' categories in complex debates. For example, in a political science essay, you might use it to define 'the electorate, including both registered and non-registered voters.' You also recognize it in classical-style modern prose and can differentiate it from more archaic synonyms like 'خواه... خواه...'.

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For a C2 learner, 'اعم از' is a standard tool for drafting high-level documents, legal contracts, or philosophical treatises. You use it to manage the 'generality' and 'specificity' of your discourse with total precision. You are also aware of its rhythmic role in formal Persian rhetoric. You can use it to create 'comprehensive' categories that leave no room for misinterpretation. You might also encounter it in historical texts where the 'elative' (comparative) meaning of 'اعم' is more prominent, and you can navigate these nuances effortlessly.

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اعم از in 30 Sekunden

A formal conjunction meaning 'including' or 'whether'.
Used to list sub-categories of a general group.
Primarily found in legal, academic, and administrative Persian.
Often pairs opposite terms to show total coverage.

The Persian phrase اعم از (pronounced 'a’am az') is a sophisticated conjunction primarily used in formal, academic, and legal contexts. It serves as a linguistic bridge that connects a general category to its specific constituents, emphasizing that the rule or statement applies to all mentioned sub-groups without exception. In English, it is most frequently translated as 'including,' 'whether,' or 'comprising.' However, its nuance is deeper than a simple list; it implies a sense of 'generality' (derived from the Arabic root 'A-M-M' meaning general or common). When a speaker uses this term, they are effectively saying, 'Everything in this category is included, regardless of whether it is Type A or Type B.'

Semantic Core: The word 'اعم' is the elative form of 'عام' (general), meaning 'more general' or 'most inclusive.' Combined with 'از' (from/than), it creates a comparative structure that literally means 'more inclusive than,' but functions as a marker for exhaustive lists.

همه شهروندان، اعم از پیر و جوان، باید در انتخابات شرکت کنند.

Translation: All citizens, whether old or young, must participate in the election.

In modern Persian, you will encounter this phrase in news broadcasts, legal documents, and formal speeches. It is rarely used in casual conversation with friends, where speakers would prefer simpler words like 'مثلِ' (like) or 'شاملِ' (including). Its presence in a text immediately signals a high level of formality and precision. For instance, a university policy might state that 'all students, including international and domestic ones, must register by Friday.' Here, 'اعم از' ensures there is no ambiguity; it covers the entire spectrum of the subject mentioned.

Register and Tone: It is strictly formal. Using it in a bazaar or a casual dinner might sound overly stiff or even slightly humorous, similar to saying 'irrespective of' instead of 'no matter' in English.

کتابخانه شامل منابع مختلفی است، اعم از کتاب، مجله و نسخه‌های خطی.

Translation: The library contains various resources, including books, magazines, and manuscripts.

Mastering the syntax of اعم از requires understanding its placement within a sentence. It almost always follows a general noun (the 'superset') and precedes the specific examples (the 'subsets'). The structure usually looks like this: [General Noun] + [اعم از] + [Option A] + [و] + [Option B]. It effectively acts as a parenthetical clarification that broadens the scope of the preceding noun.

Syntactic Pattern: General Noun + اعم از + (X, Y, and Z). Note that it is often followed by two contrasting terms to show total coverage (e.g., 'men and women', 'internal and external').

این قانون برای تمام خودروها، اعم از برقی و بنزینی، اجرا می‌شود.

Translation: This law applies to all vehicles, whether electric or gasoline-powered.

One common usage pattern is the 'Binary Inclusion.' Iranians love using 'اعم از' to pair opposites, which emphasizes that there are no exceptions. Common pairs include: 'زن و مرد' (woman and man), 'کوچک و بزرگ' (small and large), 'داخلی و خارجی' (domestic and foreign). By using 'اعم از' before these pairs, the speaker asserts that the entire range of the spectrum is covered. This is particularly important in legal writing to avoid loopholes.

شرکت در این همایش برای همگان، اعم از متخصصان و دانشجویان، آزاد است.

Translation: Participation in this conference is free for everyone, including specialists and students.

In academic writing, 'اعم از' is used to define the scope of a study. If a researcher says, 'I studied the population of Tehran, اعم از those living in the north and south,' they are providing a methodological clarification. It shows the reader that the research wasn't limited to one specific demographic. This precision is what makes the phrase a staple of B2 and C1 level Persian proficiency.

You will encounter اعم از in environments where precision and formality are paramount. If you are listening to the news on IRIB (Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting) or reading a major newspaper like 'Etela'at' or 'Shargh,' this phrase will appear frequently. It is the language of bureaucracy, law, and high-level journalism. For example, during a government announcement about public holidays, the spokesperson might say, 'All government offices, اعم از banks and ministries, will be closed.'

Domain: Legal and Administrative: In contracts, 'اعم از' is used to define terms. 'The tenant is responsible for all damages, whether intentional or accidental.' This prevents the tenant from arguing that unintentional damage isn't covered.

مستاجر مسئول جبران کلیه خسارات، اعم از عمدی و غیرعمدی، می‌باشد.

Another common place to hear this is in religious or philosophical lectures. Scholars use it to categorize concepts. If a philosopher is discussing 'human knowledge,' they might categorize it as 'knowledge, اعم از empirical and intuitive.' This usage helps in building logical arguments by showing that the speaker is considering all facets of a topic. It also appears in formal letters (نامه نگاری اداری). When writing to a department head, one might say, 'I have completed all tasks, including those related to the new project,' using 'اعم از' to sound professional and thorough.

تمام خدمات این مرکز، اعم از مشاوره و درمان، رایگان است.

Translation: All services of this center, including counseling and treatment, are free.

While اعم از is powerful, it is often misused by learners and even some native speakers in casual settings. The most frequent mistake is using it in a 'low-register' or informal context. Saying 'I bought fruit, اعم از apples and oranges' to your spouse sounds bizarrely like a legal contract. For daily life, stick to 'مثلِ' or 'و'.

Mistake 1: Redundancy with 'شامل': People often say 'شامل اعم از' which is redundant. Both words imply inclusion. Choose one based on the grammatical structure of your sentence.

Another mistake involves the preposition. Since 'اعم' is followed by 'از', some learners mistakenly use other prepositions like 'به' or 'در'. Remember: it is always 'اعم از'. Furthermore, the items listed after 'اعم از' should ideally be of the same grammatical category. If you start with a noun, continue with nouns. Mixing a verb phrase with a noun after 'اعم از' can make the sentence feel clunky and grammatically 'unbalanced.'

اشتباه: تمام وسایل شامل اعم از میز و صندلی فروخته شد.

Explanation: Using 'شامل' and 'اعم از' together is redundant and awkward.

Finally, ensure that the general noun actually encompasses the specific examples. You cannot say 'Fruits, اعم از carrots and potatoes,' because carrots and potatoes are not fruits. The logic of the 'general to specific' relationship must hold true for the phrase to make sense. This sounds obvious, but in complex legal sentences, speakers sometimes lose track of the main subject.

To truly master Persian, you need to know when to use اعم از versus its synonyms. Each has a slightly different flavor and use case. Here is a comparison to help you choose the right word for your context.

از جمله (Az Jomleh): Meaning: 'Among which' or 'Including.' It is used when you are giving a few examples out of many. 'اعم از' feels more exhaustive, while 'از جمله' feels like you are just picking a few representative samples.
شاملِ (Shamel-e): Meaning: 'Including' or 'Consisting of.' This is the most versatile and common word. It can be used as a verb (شامل شدن) or a preposition-like noun. It is less formal than 'اعم از'.
عبارتند از (Ebaratand Az): Meaning: 'Consist of' or 'Are as follows.' This is used at the end of a clause to introduce a full list. 'اعم از' is usually embedded in the middle of a sentence.

مقایسه:
1. میوه‌ها، از جمله سیب (Some examples).
2. میوه‌ها، اعم از ترش و شیرین (All types, regardless of taste).

If you want to say 'regardless of,' you might also consider صرف‌نظر از (sarf-e nazar az) or فارغ از (faregh az). While 'اعم از' includes both categories, 'صرف‌نظر از' implies putting the differences aside to focus on a shared rule. Choosing between these depends on whether you want to emphasize the 'inclusion of all' (اعم از) or the 'irrelevance of the distinction' (فارغ از).

How Formal Is It?

Formell

"کلیه متقاضیان، اعم از واجدین شرایط و دیگران، ثبت‌نام کنند."

Neutral

"همه میوه‌ها، اعم از سیب و پرتقal، خوب هستند."

Informell

"همه رو دعوت کردم، چه اونایی که می‌شناسم چه اونایی که نه."

Child friendly

"همه بچه‌ها، چه دختر و چه پسر، می‌توانند بازی کنند."

Umgangssprache

"همه، از دم، دعوتید!"

Wusstest du?

The root 'A-M-M' also gives us 'Ammeh' (paternal aunt) in Arabic, though in Persian 'Ammeh' is used specifically for the aunt, while the root's sense of 'generality' is preserved in words like 'Amum' (public).

Aussprachehilfe

UK /æˈæm æz/

US /æˈæm æz/

The stress is slightly on the second syllable of 'a'am'.

Reimt sich auf

غم (Gham) کم (Kam) دم (Dam) سم (Sam) بم (Bam) نم (Nam) هم (Ham) رم (Ram)

Häufige Fehler

Pronouncing 'a'am' as 'am' (forgetting the glottal stop/ayn).
Using 'az' as 'ez' (linking it like an Ezafe).

Schwierigkeitsgrad

Lesen 4/5

Common in formal texts, requires understanding of the 'generality' concept.

Schreiben 5/5

Hard to use naturally without sounding overly formal.

Sprechen 5/5

Rarely used in speech except for presentations or news.

Hören 4/5

Easy to spot once you know the sound 'a'am az'.

Was du als Nächstes lernen solltest

Voraussetzungen

شامل و یا همه هر

Als Nächstes lernen

صرف‌نظر از بنابراین در نتیجه علاوه بر

Fortgeschritten

علی‌رغم کما اینکه بدین‌وسیله

Wichtige Grammatik

Comparative Adjectives (Elative)

اعم is the comparative of عام.

Prepositional Phrases

The use of 'az' after certain adjectives.

Binary Conjunctions

Using 'و' to link items after 'اعم از'.

Formal Register Markers

Arabic-root words as markers of formality.

Parenthetical Clarification

Using phrases to broaden noun scope.

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Beispiele nach Niveau

من سیب و موز خریدم.

I bought apples and bananas.

A1 uses 'و' instead of 'اعم از'.

میوه‌هایی مثل پرتقال خوب هستند.

Fruits like oranges are good.

A1 uses 'مثل' for examples.

او همه را دوست دارد.

He likes everyone.

Simple general statement.

کتاب و دفتر روی میز است.

The book and notebook are on the table.

Simple list.

او هم به مدرسه می‌رود و هم به ورزش.

He goes to both school and sports.

Using 'هم... هم' for 'both'.

بچه‌ها، چه پسر و چه دختر، بازی می‌کنند.

Kids, whether boys or girls, are playing.

A1 version of 'whether'.

همه میوه‌ها شیرین نیستند.

All fruits are not sweet.

General category.

او هم فارسی بلد است و هم انگلیسی.

He knows both Persian and English.

Simple inclusion.

همه دانش‌آموزان، اعم از دختر و پسر، در کلاس هستند.

All students, including boys and girls, are in class.

Basic use of 'اعم از' with a binary pair.

او همه کتاب‌ها را خواند، اعم از قدیمی و جدید.

He read all the books, including old and new ones.

Shows coverage of a spectrum.

این غذا برای همه، اعم از گیاه‌خوار و غیره، مناسب است.

This food is suitable for everyone, including vegetarians and others.

Using 'اعم از' to show inclusivity.

او به تمام شهرها سفر کرد، اعم از بزرگ و کوچک.

He traveled to all cities, whether big or small.

Binary opposites.

همه رنگ‌ها را دوست دارم، اعم از روشن و تیره.

I like all colors, including light and dark ones.

Expressing preference across a range.

ورزش برای همه مفید است، اعم از پیر و جوان.

Exercise is useful for everyone, including old and young.

Standard formal phrase.

تمام ماشین‌ها، اعم از آبی و قرمز، زیبا هستند.

All cars, whether blue or red, are beautiful.

Simple categorization.

او همه درس‌ها را دوست دارد، اعم از ریاضی و تاریخ.

He likes all subjects, including math and history.

Listing specific examples.

قوانین راهنمایی و رانندگی برای همه خودروها، اعم از شخصی و عمومی، الزامی است.

Traffic laws are mandatory for all vehicles, including private and public ones.

Formal administrative context.

این بورس تحصیلی به تمام دانشجویان، اعم از داخلی و بین‌المللی، تعلق می‌گیرد.

This scholarship is awarded to all students, whether domestic or international.

Academic/Administrative use.

او در مورد تمام مسائل، اعم از سیاسی و اقتصادی، صحبت کرد.

He spoke about all issues, including political and economic ones.

Categorizing topics of discussion.

همه کارکنان، اعم از رسمی و قراردادی، باید در جلسه شرکت کنند.

All employees, including permanent and contract workers, must attend the meeting.

Workplace terminology.

این نرم‌افزار روی تمامی سیستم‌ها، اعم از ویندوز و مک، نصب می‌شود.

This software can be installed on all systems, including Windows and Mac.

Technical inclusion.

او به تمام موسیقی‌ها علاقه دارد، اعم از سنتی و مدرن.

He is interested in all kinds of music, whether traditional or modern.

Cultural categorization.

موزه در تمام روزها، اعم از تعطیل و غیرتعطیل، باز است.

The museum is open every day, including holidays and non-holidays.

Public information context.

او با تمام همکارانش، اعم از صمیمی و دور، مهربان است.

He is kind to all his colleagues, including close and distant ones.

Social inclusion.

دولت موظف است حقوق تمام شهروندان، اعم از اقلیت و اکثریت را حفظ کند.

The government is obliged to protect the rights of all citizens, including minorities and majorities.

Legal/Political context requiring precision.

تغییرات اقلیمی بر تمام جانداران، اعم از گیاهان و جانوران، تأثیر می‌گذارد.

Climate change affects all living beings, including plants and animals.

Scientific/Environmental context.

این قرارداد شامل تمام هزینه‌ها، اعم از مستقیم و غیرمستقیم، می‌باشد.

This contract includes all costs, whether direct or indirect.

Legal terminology for 'costs'.

او در تحقیقات خود تمام منابع، اعم از دست اول و دست دوم را بررسی کرد.

In his research, he examined all sources, including primary and secondary ones.

Academic research terminology.

مسئولیت هرگونه حادثه، اعم از جانی و مالی، بر عهده پیمانکار است.

Responsibility for any accident, whether involving life or property, lies with the contractor.

Standard legal liability phrasing.

این جشنواره پذیرای تمام آثار هنری، اعم از تجسمی و نمایشی، است.

This festival welcomes all artworks, including visual and performing arts.

Cultural/Institutional formal announcement.

باید تمام جوانب موضوع، اعم از مثبت و منفی، سنجیده شود.

All aspects of the issue, whether positive or negative, must be weighed.

Analytical reasoning.

او به تمام زبان‌های زنده دنیا، اعم از هندواروپایی و غیره، علاقه دارد.

He is interested in all living languages of the world, including Indo-European and others.

Linguistic categorization.

تحقق عدالت مستلزم نفی هرگونه تبعیض، اعم از نژادی، مذهبی و جنسیتی است.

The realization of justice requires the rejection of any form of discrimination, including racial, religious, and gender-based.

High-level social justice discourse.

پدیدارشناسی به بررسی تمام تجربیات آگاهی، اعم از حسی و فرارونده، می‌پردازد.

Phenomenology deals with the examination of all experiences of consciousness, whether sensory or transcendental.

Philosophical academic register.

این نظریه تمام پدیده‌های فیزیکی، اعم از میکروسکوپی و ماکروسکوپی را تبیین می‌کند.

This theory explains all physical phenomena, including microscopic and macroscopic ones.

Theoretical physics context.

در متون کلاسیک، واژه 'عشق' معانی متعددی دارد، اعم از عرفانی و زمینی.

In classical texts, the word 'love' has multiple meanings, including mystical and earthly.

Literary analysis.

توسعه پایدار نیازمند مدیریت منابع، اعم از تجدیدپذیر و تجدیدناپذیر است.

Sustainable development requires the management of resources, including renewable and non-renewable ones.

Environmental policy terminology.

او در آثارش به تمام طبقات اجتماعی، اعم از اشراف و توده‌ها، پرداخته است.

In his works, he has addressed all social classes, including the aristocracy and the masses.

Sociological literary criticism.

نظام حقوقی باید پاسخگوی تمام نیازهای جامعه، اعم از فردی و جمعی باشد.

The legal system must be responsive to all the needs of society, whether individual or collective.

Jurisprudence and legal theory.

او به تمام مکاتب فکری، اعم از ایدئالیسم و رئالیسم، تسلط دارد.

He has mastery over all schools of thought, including idealism and realism.

Intellectual history register.

حقیقت غایی، اعم از آنکه در قالب کلام بگنجد یا نه، غایت جستجوی عارف است.

Ultimate truth, whether it fits into the mold of words or not, is the end of the mystic's search.

Highly abstract mystical/philosophical use.

هرگونه دخل و تصرف در اموال موقوفه، اعم از عین یا منفعت، منوط به اذن حاکم شرع است.

Any interference in endowed properties, whether in substance or in benefit, is subject to the permission of the Sharia judge.

Complex Islamic legal terminology (Feqh).

ادراک، اعم از آنکه برآمده از حواس باشد یا عقل، همواره واجد جنبه‌ای سوبژکتیو است.

Perception, whether arising from the senses or the intellect, always possesses a subjective aspect.

Epistemological discourse using 'اعم از آنکه'.

در این جستار، تمامی ابعاد وجودی انسان، اعم از ساحت‌های مادی و متعالی، مورد واکاوی قرار می‌گیرد.

In this essay, all existential dimensions of man, including material and transcendent realms, are analyzed.

High-level academic 'Jostar' (essay) style.

تطور زبان، اعم از تحولات آوایی و معنایی، تابعی از متغیرهای فرهنگی است.

Language evolution, including phonetic and semantic changes, is a function of cultural variables.

Linguistic academic register.

حاکمیت ملی، اعم از جنبه‌های داخلی و بین‌المللی، اصلی تفکیک‌ناپذیر در حقوق بین‌الملل است.

National sovereignty, including both domestic and international aspects, is an inseparable principle in international law.

International law terminology.

هر نوع فعالیت اقتصادی، اعم از تولیدی و خدماتی، مشمول مالیات بر ارزش افزوده است.

Every type of economic activity, including production and services, is subject to value-added tax.

Precise economic legislation.

هستی، اعم از واجب و ممکن، در فلسفه صدرایی به نحو تشکیکی تبیین می‌شود.

Existence, including the Necessary and the Contingent, is explained in Sadra'i philosophy in a graduated manner.

Traditional Islamic philosophy (Hikmat).

Häufige Kollokationen

اعم از پیر و جوان

اعم از زن و مرد

اعم از داخلی و خارجی

اعم از دولتی و خصوصی

اعم از مستقیم و غیرمستقیم

اعم از کوچک و بزرگ

اعم از کتبی و شفاهی

اعم از مادی و معنوی

اعم از ثابت و متغیر

اعم از آنکه

Häufige Phrasen

فارغ از هرگونه تبعیض اعم از...

— Regardless of any discrimination including...

خدمات درمانی برای همه است، فارغ از هرگونه تبعیض اعم از نژادی یا مذهبی.

کلیه هزینه‌ها اعم از...

— All costs including...

کلیه هزینه‌ها اعم از ایاب و ذهاب و اقامت بر عهده شرکت است.

تمامی جوانب اعم از...

— All aspects including...

ما تمامی جوانب اعم از سود و زیان را در نظر گرفتیم.

هر نوع وسیله اعم از...

— Any type of tool/vehicle including...

ورود هر نوع وسیله اعم از دوربین و موبایل ممنوع است.

تمام وقت اعم از...

— Full time including...

او تمام وقت خود را اعم از روز و شب صرف مطالعه می‌کند.

در کلیه سطوح اعم از...

— In all levels including...

اصلاحات باید در کلیه سطوح اعم از مدیریتی و اجرایی صورت گیرد.

برای همگان اعم از...

— For everyone including...

این پارک برای همگان اعم از معلولان و غیرمعلولان طراحی شده است.

در تمامی زمینه‌ها اعم از...

— In all fields including...

او در تمامی زمینه‌ها اعم از علمی و ورزشی موفق است.

بدون محدودیت اعم از...

— Without limitation including...

ثبت‌نام بدون محدودیت اعم از سن و مدرک تحصیلی انجام می‌شود.

شامل تمامی موارد اعم از...

— Includes all cases including...

بیمه شامل تمامی موارد اعم از بیماری و حادثه می‌شود.

Wird oft verwechselt mit

اعم از vs شامل

'Shamel' is more general and can be a verb; 'A'am az' is more formal and specific to categorizing.

اعم از vs از جمله

'Az jomleh' implies 'some of'; 'A'am az' implies 'all of' or 'whether A or B'.

اعم از vs عبارتند از

Used to start a list at the end of a sentence, whereas 'اعم از' is usually in the middle.

Redewendungen & Ausdrücke

"اعم و اخص"

— General and specific. Used in logic and philosophy to describe the relationship between sets.

رابطه این دو مفهوم، رابطه اعم و اخص مطلق است.

Academic/Philosophical

"به طریق اولی"

— A fortiori; even more so. Often used alongside 'اعم از' in logical arguments.

اگر این قانون برای کودکان صادق است، اعم از پسر و دختر، برای بزرگسالان به طریق اولی صادق است.

Formal

Leicht verwechselbar

اعم از vs عام

Root word.

'Aam' is an adjective (general); 'A'am az' is a conjunction (including).

این یک قانون عام است. (This is a general law.)

اعم از vs اعمال

Looks similar in script.

'A'maal' means 'actions' or 'deeds'.

اعمال او خوب است. (His deeds are good.)

اعم از vs اعم

Without 'az'.

'A'am' alone means 'more general'.

این مفهوم اعم از آن مفهوم است. (This concept is more general than that one.)

Satzmuster

[General Noun] + اعم از + [A] + و + [B]

همه دانشجویان اعم از دختر و پسر.

هرگونه + [Noun] + اعم از + [A] + یا + [B]

هرگونه خسارت اعم از مادی یا معنوی.

اعم از آنکه + [Clause A] + یا + [Clause B]

اعم از آنکه باران ببارد یا نبارد.

Wortfamilie

Substantive

Verben

Adjektive

Verwandt

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So verwendest du es

frequency

High in formal writing; low in daily speech.

Häufige Fehler

اعم به → اعم از
The word 'اعم' must be followed by the preposition 'az'.
شامل اعم از → اعم از / شامل
Using both is redundant as they serve the same purpose.
اعم از سیب، هویج → اعم از سیب و هویج
Usually requires a conjunction like 'و' (and) between the items.
Using it in a casual chat with a friend. → Using 'مثل' or 'و'.
It is too formal for casual contexts.
میوه‌ها اعم از صندلی و میز → وسایل اعم از صندلی و میز
The examples must belong to the general category mentioned before.

Tipps

Preposition check

Always pair 'اعم' with 'از'. Using any other preposition is a common mistake for learners.

Contrast matters

For better writing, use 'اعم از' with contrasting pairs like 'internal/external' or 'old/new'.

Know your audience

Save this word for essays, formal letters, or business presentations.

Genus-Species

Make sure the general noun (genus) truly contains the specific examples (species) you list.

Spotting in News

When you hear 'a'am az' on the news, pay attention to the two things that follow; they define the scope of the news.

Synonym swap

If your sentence is already too formal, try swapping 'اعم از' for 'شامل' to make it more readable.

Avoid Redundancy

Don't use 'شامل' and 'اعم از' in the same phrase. Pick one.

Glottal Stop

Practice the 'ayn' in 'a'am' to sound like a native speaker in formal settings.

The Umbrella Rule

Think of 'اعم از' as an umbrella that covers every specific item beneath it.

B2 Level Marker

Using this correctly in a Persian proficiency exam like the SAMFA will significantly boost your score.

Einprägen

Eselsbrücke

Think of 'A'am' as 'All-Am' (All are common). It includes everything from A to Z.

Visuelle Assoziation

Imagine a giant umbrella covering two smaller people. The umbrella is 'A'am' (general) and it covers them 'az' (from) the rain.

Word Web

General Inclusive Legal Formal Whether Arabic-root Binary-pairs No-exceptions

Herausforderung

Try to write a sentence about your favorite foods using 'اعم از' to include both healthy and junk food.

Wortherkunft

Arabic origin. 'A'am' (أعم) is the elative/comparative form of the adjective 'Aam' (عام), meaning general or common.

Ursprüngliche Bedeutung: More general; more inclusive.

Semitic (Arabic root) adapted into Persian grammar.

Kultureller Kontext

Ensure the categories listed after 'اعم از' are culturally appropriate and logically grouped.

English speakers often use 'including' or 'whether' loosely. Persian speakers use 'اعم از' specifically to sound authoritative and exhaustive.

Found in the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran regarding citizen rights. Common in the works of modern Persian thinkers like Abdolkarim Soroush. Used in official COVID-19 health protocols during the pandemic.

Im Alltag üben

Kontexte aus dem Alltag

Legal Contracts

خسارات اعم از...
مسئولیت اعم از...
طرفین اعم از...

Academic Writing

منابع اعم از...
داده‌ها اعم از...
نظریات اعم از...

News/Media

شهروندان اعم از...
کشورها اعم از...
تلفات اعم از...

Official Letters

اقدامات اعم از...
مدارک اعم از...
هزینه‌ها اعم از...

Scientific Reports

نمونه‌ها اعم از...
آزمایش‌ها اعم از...
نتایج اعم از...

Gesprächseinstiege

"آیا فکر می‌کنید همه دانش‌آموزان، اعم از بااستعداد و عادی، باید در یک کلاس باشند؟"

"به نظر شما تمام رسانه‌ها، اعم از تلویزیون و اینترنت، باید کنترل شوند؟"

"آیا تمام ورزش‌ها، اعم از انفرادی و تیمی، برای سلامتی مفیدند؟"

"آیا دولت باید به تمام هنرها، اعم از سنتی و مدرن، بودجه بدهد؟"

"به نظر شما تمام انسان‌ها، اعم از فقیر و غنی، فرصت‌های برابر دارند؟"

Tagebuch-Impulse

درباره اهمیت یادگیری تمام مهارت‌ها، اعم از فنی و هنری، بنویسید.

تأثیر تکنولوژی بر تمام نسل‌ها، اعم از پیر و جوان را تحلیل کنید.

آیا تمام سفرها، اعm از کوتاه و طولانی، تجربیات مفیدی هستند؟

نقش تمام اعضای خانواده، اعم از والدین و فرزندان، در خوشبختی چیست؟

درباره تمام مسئولیت‌های خود در زندگی، اعم از شخصی و کاری، تأمل کنید.

Häufig gestellte Fragen

10 Fragen

Only if you are being very formal or ironic. In a text to a friend, it's better to use 'مثل' or just 'و'.

Usually, it introduces at least two items to show the range of the general category, but it can introduce a longer list too.

Yes, but it carries a stronger sense of 'no matter which type'. It's like 'including, regardless of category'.

No, it must follow the general category it is describing.

'چه... چه...' is the neutral/informal version of 'اعم از'.

Rarely in classical poetry, but common in modern formal prose and scholarly essays.

Yes, this is used to introduce a clause rather than just a noun phrase.

It is an Arabic construction that has been fully integrated into formal Persian.

No, it is a parenthetical phrase and doesn't change the subject-verb agreement.

Yes, it is used for both humans ('اعم از زن و مرد') and objects ('اعم از کتاب و مجله').

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