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B1 verb #2,500 am häufigsten 6 Min. Lesezeit

مستقل بودن

mostaghel bodan
At the A1 level, 'مستقل بودن' is a bit advanced, but you can understand it as 'doing things by yourself'. Think of a child who can put on their shoes without help. In simple Persian, we say 'من خودم انجام می‌دهم' (I do it myself). 'مستقل' means you don't need your mom or dad to help you with everything. You have your own room, your own toys, and you can play alone. It is like being a 'big boy' or 'big girl'. You learn this word when talking about simple daily tasks and who helps you with them. Example: 'I am independent' (من مستقل هستم).
At the A2 level, you use 'مستقل بودن' to talk about your life and family. You might say you want to have a 'مستقل' house (an apartment of your own) or a 'مستقل' job. It means you are starting to take care of yourself. You can talk about your friends who live alone. You use it to describe people who are strong and don't always ask for help. It's a positive word. You also learn the opposite: 'وابسته بودن' (to be dependent). You can say, 'I am not dependent on my parents anymore; I am independent.' This level focuses on personal independence in daily life.
At the B1 level, 'مستقل بودن' becomes a key vocabulary word for discussing social issues, work, and personality. You can explain *why* it is important to be independent. You use it to describe your career goals, like being an 'independent contractor' or working in an 'independent office'. You can discuss the concept of financial independence (استقلال مالی). You start using the word in more complex sentences with 'because' and 'although'. For example: 'Although I love my family, I want to be independent.' You also use it to describe your opinions: 'I have an independent opinion.'
At the B2 level, you use 'مستقل بودن' to discuss abstract concepts and professional environments. You can talk about 'independent media' (رسانه‌های مستقل) and why they are important for democracy. You can describe the 'independent variables' in a scientific experiment. You understand the nuances between being independent and being isolated. You can participate in debates about whether teenagers should be independent at eighteen. You use the word in formal letters and essays. You also understand the cultural importance of independence in Iranian history and politics.
At the C1 level, you explore the philosophical and psychological depths of 'مستقل بودن'. You discuss 'existential independence' and the 'autonomous self'. You can analyze literature where the protagonist struggles to be independent from societal expectations. You use the word to describe complex systems, like an 'independent judiciary' (قوه قضاییه مستقل). You can use synonyms and related idioms fluently, such as 'روی پای خود ایستادن' in a sophisticated way. You understand how the word is used in legal documents and high-level political analysis regarding national sovereignty.
At the C2 level, 'مستقل بودن' is used with complete mastery in all registers. You can discuss the nuances of 'interdependence' versus 'independence' in global economics. You can write academic papers on the 'independent development' of linguistic structures. You understand the subtle irony or sarcasm when the word is used in political satire. You can appreciate the poetic use of the word in contemporary Persian literature. Your understanding includes the historical evolution of the term from its Arabic roots to its current multifaceted role in the Persian language and Iranian identity.
Jetzt üben Beispiele Notizen & Tipps

مستقل بودن in 30 Sekunden

  • Mmostaghel budan means being independent and self-reliant in personal, financial, or political contexts.
  • It is a compound verb where 'mostaghel' (independent) is paired with 'budan' (to be).
  • The term is highly valued in Iranian culture as a sign of maturity and strength.
  • It is commonly used with the preposition 'az' to indicate what one is independent from.

The Persian compound verb مستقل بودن (mostaghel budan) is a foundational concept in modern Persian discourse, representing the state of being independent, self-reliant, or autonomous. At its core, it describes an individual, an entity, or a nation that does not rely on others for support, decision-making, or existence. In a personal context, it often refers to financial independence or the emotional maturity to live without constant guidance from parents or peers. The word 'مستقل' itself is an Arabic loanword (mustaqill), which has been seamlessly integrated into Persian grammar by pairing it with the auxiliary verb 'بودن' (to be).

Individual Autonomy
Refers to a person's ability to make their own choices and manage their life affairs without external control.
Financial Self-Sufficiency
Specifically used when someone earns their own income and no longer relies on family or state support.
Political Sovereignty
Used to describe nations that are not under the colonial or political control of another power.

"او همیشه دوست داشت مستقل باشد و روی پای خودش بایستد." (He always wanted to be independent and stand on his own two feet.)

In Iranian culture, the transition to being 'mostaghel' is a significant milestone, though the age at which this happens varies compared to Western cultures. It involves not just living alone, but demonstrating 'shakhsiat' (character) and 'mas'uliat-paziri' (responsibility). Understanding this word requires looking at its social weight; it is often used as a compliment for young adults who have successfully navigated the challenges of adulthood. It is also a key term in political history, particularly in the context of the slogan 'Esteghlal, Azadi, Jomhouri-ye Eslami' (Independence, Freedom, Islamic Republic).

"یک زن مستقل به توانایی‌های خود اعتماد دارد." (An independent woman trusts her own abilities.)

Etymological Root
Derived from the Arabic root Q-L-L, implying something that stands apart or is lifted up on its own.
Modern Usage
Commonly used in job interviews, psychological discussions, and political news broadcasts.

Using مستقل بودن correctly requires understanding its role as a compound verb. The adjective 'مستقل' remains static, while the verb 'بودن' is conjugated according to the subject and tense. For example, in the present tense: 'من مستقل هستم' (I am independent). In the past tense: 'آن‌ها مستقل بودند' (They were independent). It is frequently used with the preposition 'از' (from) when specifying independence from a particular source.

"این سازمان از دولت مستقل است." (This organization is independent of the government.)

Grammar Tip
When used as an attributive adjective, it follows the noun with an Ezafe: 'کشورِ مستقل' (independent country).
Common Pairing
Often paired with 'فکری' (intellectual) to mean 'مستقل فکری بودن' (to be intellectually independent).

In formal writing, you might encounter the more complex 'استقلال داشتن' (to have independence), but 'مستقل بودن' is the standard way to describe the state of being. When speaking colloquially, Iranians might drop the 'هست' and say 'مستقلم' (I'm independent). It is also important to note that this verb is often used in the subjunctive mood after verbs like 'خواستن' (to want) or 'باید' (must).

"باید سعی کنی در تصمیم‌گیری‌هایت مستقل باشی." (You must try to be independent in your decision-making.)

You will encounter مستقل بودن in a variety of settings, ranging from intimate family conversations to high-level political debates. In family settings, parents often discuss their children's desire to be 'mostaghel'—moving out, getting a job, or managing their own finances. In the workplace, managers look for employees who are 'mostaghel' and don't require constant supervision (micromanagement).

"خبرنگاران باید در گزارش‌های خود مستقل باشند." (Journalists must be independent in their reporting.)

Media and News
Used to describe independent media outlets ('رسانه‌های مستقل') that are not state-funded.
Academic Lectures
Used in philosophy and sociology to discuss the concept of the 'autonomous self'.

In the context of Iranian cinema and art, the term 'سینمای مستقل' (independent cinema) is very common, referring to films made outside the major state-sponsored studio systems. You will also hear it in self-help podcasts and psychological seminars where 'emotional independence' (استقلال عاطفی) is a major theme. The term carries a weight of prestige and respect in these circles.

"او به عنوان یک هنرمند مستقل شناخته می‌شود." (He is known as an independent artist.)

One of the most common mistakes for learners is confusing مستقل بودن (to be independent) with آزاد بودن (to be free). While they are related, 'mostaghel' specifically implies a lack of reliance or subordination, whereas 'azad' implies a lack of restriction or captivity. Another error is the incorrect use of prepositions. Learners often use 'با' (with) instead of 'از' (from) when saying 'independent of'.

❌ "او از نظر مالی به والدینش مستقل است." (Incorrect use of 'به')
✅ "او از نظر مالی از والدینش مستقل است." (Correct: independent *from* parents)

Confusing with 'Tanha'
Don't confuse 'mostaghel' with 'tanha' (alone). You can be independent while being part of a large, supportive community.
Spelling Errors
The letter 'ق' (qaf) in مستقل is sometimes confused with 'غ' (ghayn) by beginners, though they sound similar in many dialects.

Another nuance is the difference between 'مستقل' and 'خودسر' (headstrong/willful). While being independent is a virtue, being 'khodsar' implies acting without consulting others in a negative or reckless way. Learners should be careful not to use 'mostaghel' when they actually mean someone is being stubborn or ignoring valid advice.

There are several words in Persian that share a semantic field with مستقل بودن. Understanding these nuances will help you sound more like a native speaker. For instance, خودکفا بودن (khod-kafa budan) means 'to be self-sufficient', usually in a technical or economic sense (like a country producing its own wheat). خودمختار بودن (khod-mokhtar budan) means 'to be autonomous', often used in legal or regional administrative contexts.

"این ایالت در امور داخلی خود خودمختار است." (This state is autonomous in its internal affairs.)

روی پای خود ایستادن
An idiom meaning 'to stand on one's own feet', very common in spoken Persian.
آزاد
Free; implies lack of external constraints.
منفرد
Individual or solitary; used more for items or specific instances.

Another related term is بی‌نیاز بودن (bi-niyaz budan), which means 'to be in no need of'. This has a more spiritual or philosophical connotation, often used to describe God or a person who has reached a level of contentment where they don't desire worldly help. In contrast, 'mostaghel' is more about the functional ability to function alone.

How Formal Is It?

Formell

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Informell

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Umgangssprache

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Schwierigkeitsgrad

Wichtige Grammatik

Beispiele nach Niveau

1

من مستقل هستم.

I am independent.

Simple present tense of 'to be'.

2

او می‌خواهد مستقل باشد.

He wants to be independent.

Subjunctive mood after 'wants'.

3

آیا تو مستقل هستی؟

Are you independent?

Interrogative form.

4

ما در خانه مستقل هستیم.

We are independent at home.

Plural 'we' form.

5

گربه من خیلی مستقل است.

My cat is very independent.

Using 'mostaghel' for animals.

6

این اتاق مستقل است.

This room is independent (separate).

Adjective describing a noun.

7

او مستقل کار می‌کند.

He works independently.

Adverbial use.

8

بچه‌ها باید مستقل باشند.

Children should be independent.

Modal 'should' + subjunctive.

1

او از هجده سالگی مستقل بود.

He was independent from the age of eighteen.

Past tense 'budan'.

2

من دوست دارم یک زندگی مستقل داشته باشم.

I like to have an independent life.

Compound sentence with 'dashtan'.

3

آن‌ها دیگر به پدرشان وابسته نیستند و مستقل شده‌اند.

They are no longer dependent on their father and have become independent.

Contrast between dependent and independent.

4

یک دانشجو باید مستقل باشد.

A student must be independent.

General requirement.

5

این آپارتمان ورودی مستقل دارد.

This apartment has an independent entrance.

Describing physical separation.

6

او همیشه مستقل فکر می‌کند.

She always thinks independently.

Intellectual independence.

7

ما می‌خواهیم از نظر مالی مستقل باشیم.

We want to be financially independent.

Financial context.

8

آیا زندگی مستقل سخت است؟

Is independent life difficult?

Abstract noun phrase.

1

مستقل بودن به معنای مسئولیت‌پذیر بودن است.

Being independent means being responsible.

Gerund-like use of the infinitive.

2

او به عنوان یک مشاور مستقل فعالیت می‌کند.

He works as an independent consultant.

Professional title.

3

برای مستقل بودن، باید مهارت‌های جدید یاد بگیرید.

To be independent, you must learn new skills.

Purpose clause.

4

او از اینکه مستقل است، احساس غرور می‌کند.

She feels proud that she is independent.

Expressing emotion about a state.

5

کشورهای کمی در جهان کاملاً مستقل هستند.

Few countries in the world are completely independent.

Political context.

6

مستقل بودن همیشه آسان نیست، اما ارزشمند است.

Being independent is not always easy, but it is valuable.

Concessive clause.

7

او سعی می‌کند در تصمیماتش مستقل باشد.

He tries to be independent in his decisions.

Subjunctive after 'try'.

8

آیا شما ترجیح می‌دهید مستقل کار کنید یا در تیم؟

Do you prefer to work independently or in a team?

Preference question.

1

نهادهای مدنی باید از قدرت سیاسی مستقل باشند.

Civil institutions must be independent of political power.

Formal social requirement.

2

او یک فیلم‌ساز مستقل است که جوایز زیادی برده است.

He is an independent filmmaker who has won many awards.

Relative clause.

3

مستقل بودن فکری یکی از ویژگی‌های روشنفکران است.

Intellectual independence is one of the characteristics of intellectuals.

Abstract noun phrase.

4

او توانست با تلاش زیاد، از نظر اقتصادی مستقل شود.

He managed to become economically independent with much effort.

Resultative 'shodan'.

5

این گزارش توسط یک هیئت مستقل تهیه شده است.

This report has been prepared by an independent committee.

Passive construction.

6

مستقل بودن به معنای نادیده گرفتن دیگران نیست.

Being independent does not mean ignoring others.

Clarifying a concept.

7

او همیشه بر مستقل بودن خود پافشاری می‌کند.

She always insists on being independent.

Prepositional phrase with 'bar'.

8

تحقیقات مستقل نشان می‌دهد که این دارو موثر است.

Independent research shows that this drug is effective.

Scientific context.

1

حفظ روحیه مستقل بودن در جوامع توتالیتر دشوار است.

Maintaining the spirit of being independent is difficult in totalitarian societies.

Complex sociological subject.

2

او به دنبال راهی برای مستقل بودن از قید و بندهای سنتی است.

He is looking for a way to be independent from traditional constraints.

Metaphorical usage.

3

استقلال قضایی به معنای مستقل بودن قضات از فشارهای خارجی است.

Judicial independence means judges being independent of external pressures.

Legal definition.

4

مستقل بودن در دنیای امروز، مفهومی نسبی است.

Being independent in today's world is a relative concept.

Philosophical statement.

5

او با وجود معلولیت، همواره تلاش کرده است مستقل باشد.

Despite his disability, he has always tried to be independent.

Concessive phrase 'ba vojud-e'.

6

این نظریه بر پایه مستقل بودن متغیرها بنا شده است.

This theory is built on the independence of variables.

Academic jargon.

7

مستقل بودن هنرمند، ضامن بقای خلاقیت اوست.

The artist's independence is the guarantee of the survival of their creativity.

Formal literary style.

8

او در نقد خود، کاملاً مستقل و بی‌طرف بود.

In his critique, he was completely independent and impartial.

Adjective pairing.

1

پارادوکس مستقل بودن در عصر جهانی‌شدن، موضوعی چالش‌برانگیز است.

The paradox of being independent in the era of globalization is a challenging subject.

High-level academic discourse.

2

او به مرتبه‌ای از کمال رسیده که از هر تعلقی مستقل است.

He has reached a level of perfection where he is independent of any attachment.

Mystical/Sufi connotation.

3

مستقل بودن نهادهای نظارتی، رکن رکین دموکراسی است.

The independence of oversight bodies is the cornerstone of democracy.

Archaic/Formal 'rokn-e rakin'.

4

واکاوی مفهوم مستقل بودن در اندیشه‌های کانت ضروری است.

Analyzing the concept of being independent in Kant's thoughts is essential.

Philosophical analysis.

5

او در اشعارش، به ستایش مستقل بودن روح انسان می‌پردازد.

In his poems, he praises the independence of the human soul.

Literary analysis.

6

مستقل بودن از پیش‌فرض‌های ذهنی، شرط لازم برای تحقیق علمی است.

Being independent of mental preconceptions is a necessary condition for scientific research.

Epistemological context.

7

سیاست خارجی کشور بر اصل مستقل بودن از بلوک‌های قدرت استوار است.

The country's foreign policy is based on the principle of being independent of power blocs.

Geopolitical terminology.

8

تجربه زیسته او، گواهی بر دشواری‌های مستقل بودن در غربت است.

His lived experience is a testament to the difficulties of being independent in exile.

Sociological 'tajrobe-ye ziste'.

Häufige Kollokationen

استقلال مالی
کشور مستقل
فکر مستقل
نهاد مستقل
زندگی مستقل
رای مستقل
متغیر مستقل
بخش مستقل
کمیته مستقل
شخصیت مستقل

Häufige Phrasen

او کاملاً مستقل است.

می‌خواهم مستقل باشم.

یک سازمان مستقل.

از نظر مالی مستقل بودن.

به طور مستقل عمل کردن.

فردی با روحیه مستقل.

مستقل از دیگران.

تلاش برای مستقل شدن.

یک واحد مستقل.

تصمیم مستقل گرفتن.

Wird oft verwechselt mit

مستقل بودن vs آزاد بودن

Free vs. Independent (lack of reliance).

مستقل بودن vs تنها بودن

Alone vs. Independent (ability to function alone).

مستقل بودن vs جدا بودن

Separate vs. Independent (autonomy).

Redewendungen & Ausdrücke

""

""

""

""

""

""

""

""

""

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Leicht verwechselbar

مستقل بودن vs

مستقل بودن vs

مستقل بودن vs

مستقل بودن vs

مستقل بودن vs

Satzmuster

So verwendest du es

nuance

Can be used for physical separation (independent entrance) or abstract autonomy (independent mind).

frequency

Very high in both spoken and written Persian.

Häufige Fehler
  • Using 'ba' (with) instead of 'az' (from) for 'independent of'.
  • Confusing 'mostaghel' (independent) with 'azad' (free) in political contexts.
  • Forgetting to conjugate the auxiliary verb 'budan'.
  • Mispronouncing the 'q' as a simple 'k'.
  • Using 'mostaghel' to mean 'lonely' (tanha).

Tipps

Conjugating 'Budan'

Always remember that 'mostaghel' stays the same while 'budan' changes. For example, 'mostaghel hastam' (I am), 'mostaghel hasti' (you are). Don't try to change the ending of 'mostaghel' itself. This is the beauty of compound verbs in Persian. It makes learning them much easier once you know the auxiliary verbs.

Use with 'Az'

When you want to say 'independent of' or 'independent from', always use the preposition 'از' (az). For example, 'mostaghel az khanevadeh' (independent of family). Using other prepositions like 'be' or 'ba' is a common mistake for English speakers. Think of it as 'distancing' yourself from something, which 'az' represents. This will make your Persian sound much more natural.

The Value of Independence

In Iran, being 'mostaghel' is often linked to 'shakhsiat' (character). A person who is independent is seen as having a strong personality. It is not just about money; it is about being a person of your own. When you use this word to describe someone, you are giving them a high compliment. It implies they are reliable and strong.

Colloquial Shortening

In daily speech, 'hastam' often becomes '-am'. So 'mostaghel hastam' becomes 'mostaghelam'. This is much more common in conversation. Practice saying 'mostaghelam', 'mostagheli', 'mostaghele'. It will help you sound less like a textbook and more like a native speaker. Listen for these endings in Persian movies.

Formal vs. Informal

In formal writing, use 'مستقل می‌باشد' instead of 'مستقل است' for a more professional tone. This is common in news reports and academic papers. Also, using the noun 'استقلال' (independence) can sometimes be more appropriate in formal contexts. For example, 'استقلالِ این نهاد ضروری است' (The independence of this institution is essential). Choose your words based on your audience.

Financial Independence

The phrase 'esteghlal-e mali' (financial independence) is a very common collocation. You will hear it in discussions about careers and adulthood. It is often the first goal of young Iranians. If you are talking about your job or savings, this is the perfect phrase to use. It specifically refers to not needing money from parents or the government.

The 'Q' Sound

The 'q' in 'mostaghel' is often the hardest part for learners. It's not a 'k' and it's not a 'g'. It's a uvular sound. Try to make the sound at the very back of your throat. If you can't get it perfectly, a 'g' sound is usually understood, but 'q' is more accurate. Practice with words like 'ghalam' (pen) and 'ghand' (sugar).

Standing on Your Own Feet

The idiom 'ru-ye pa-ye khod istadan' is the perfect companion to 'mostaghel budan'. You can use them together to emphasize someone's independence. For example, 'u mostaghel ast va ru-ye pa-ye khodash istade' (He is independent and stands on his own feet). This adds a nice idiomatic touch to your speech. It's very common and very Persian.

Independent Variables

If you are studying science or math in Persian, learn 'motaghayyer-e mostaghel'. It is the direct translation of 'independent variable'. Knowing this will help you understand research papers and technical lectures. It's a great example of how 'mostaghel' is used in specialized fields. It shows the word's versatility across different domains.

Independence vs. Isolation

Be careful not to confuse 'mostaghel' with being 'monzavi' (isolated). Iranians value social connections highly. Being independent means you *can* do things alone, not that you *always* do. You can be a very social person and still be 'mostaghel'. Use the word to describe strength, not a lack of friends. It's a subtle but important distinction.

Einprägen

Wortherkunft

From the root Q-L-L, meaning to carry or lift. In the X form (Istaf'ala), it means to be independent or absolute.

Kultureller Kontext

Living with parents is common and not seen as a lack of independence until a certain age.

Independent cinema in Iran is a world-renowned movement.

National independence is a core value in Iranian foreign policy.

Im Alltag üben

Kontexte aus dem Alltag

Gesprächseinstiege

"آیا فکر می‌کنی مستقل بودن در سن کم خوب است؟"

"چگونه می‌توان از نظر مالی مستقل شد؟"

"آیا رسانه‌های مستقل در کشور شما وجود دارند؟"

"به نظر شما، یک هنرمند چقدر باید مستقل باشد؟"

"مستقل بودن برای شما چه معنایی دارد؟"

Tagebuch-Impulse

زمانی را توصیف کنید که برای اولین بار احساس کردید مستقل هستید.

مزایا و معایب مستقل بودن چیست؟

آیا ترجیح می‌دهید در کارتان مستقل باشید یا بخشی از یک تیم بزرگ؟

چگونه والدین می‌توانند به فرزندانشان کمک کنند تا مستقل باشند؟

آیا استقلال فکری مهم‌تر است یا استقلال مالی؟ چرا؟

Häufig gestellte Fragen

10 Fragen

No, it doesn't always mean living alone. While living alone is a form of independence, 'mostaghel' can also refer to financial self-sufficiency or intellectual autonomy. You can live with others and still be considered independent if you manage your own affairs. It is more about the ability to rely on oneself. In many cultures, including Iran, one might be financially independent while still living in the family home.

In almost all contexts, 'mostaghel' is a very positive word. It suggests strength, maturity, and capability. Parents often strive to raise 'mostaghel' children, and it is a desirable trait in employees. However, if someone is *too* independent to the point of refusing any help or collaboration, it might be viewed with slight concern. But generally, it is a high compliment.

In scientific and mathematical contexts, 'independent variable' is translated as 'متغیر مستقل' (motaghayyer-e mostaghel). This is a standard term used in statistics and research methodology. The 'variable' is 'motaghayyer' and 'independent' is 'mostaghel'. It follows the standard Ezafe construction rules. You will hear this frequently in university lectures.

'Mostaghel' is a general term for independence in any sense—personal, political, or intellectual. 'Khod-kafa' specifically means 'self-sufficient,' usually in terms of resources or production. For example, a country might be 'mostaghel' (politically independent) but not 'khod-kafa' (it still needs to import food). 'Khod-kafa' is more technical and economic. 'Mostaghel' is more about the state of not being under another's control.

Yes, you can use 'mostaghel' for objects to mean 'separate' or 'self-contained'. For example, 'vahed-e mostaghel' (an independent unit) or 'vorudi-ye mostaghel' (a separate entrance). It implies that the object functions or exists without being attached to or dependent on another part. It is common in real estate and engineering. It describes a physical or functional separation.

In Persian, we use compound verbs. To express the action of becoming independent, we use 'مستقل شدن' (mostaghel shodan). To express the state, we use 'مستقل بودن' (mostaghel budan). There isn't a single-word verb like 'independ' in English. You must use the adjective 'mostaghel' with an auxiliary verb. This is a common feature of Persian grammar.

The 'gh' (ق) in 'mostaghel' is a voiced uvular stop or fricative, similar to the French 'r' but further back in the throat. It is produced by touching the back of the tongue to the soft palate. In some dialects, it sounds like a hard 'g', but in standard Tehrani Persian, it is a distinct, deep sound. Practice by saying 'gh' as if you are gargling. It is a key sound in Persian.

Independent cinema is called 'سینمای مستقل' (sinema-ye mostaghel). It refers to films produced outside the state-funded or major commercial studio systems. Iran has a very famous independent cinema scene that has won many international awards. Filmmakers like Abbas Kiarostami are often associated with this spirit of independence. It is a term of prestige in the art world.

Yes, but usually to describe a child who is mature for their age and can do things without help. For example, 'کودک مستقل' (an independent child). It is often used by child psychologists and teachers to describe a child's developmental stage. It means the child can play alone or complete tasks without constant adult supervision. It is seen as a healthy developmental goal.

The most direct opposite is 'وابسته' (vabasteh), which means 'dependent'. Another common opposite is 'متکی' (mottaki), which means 'reliant' or 'leaning on' someone else. In a political context, 'mosta'mareh' (colony) is the opposite of a 'mostaghel' country. Understanding these opposites helps clarify the boundaries of what it means to be independent. 'Vabasteh' is often used negatively.

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