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A2 noun 8 Min. Lesezeit

سرمایه

sarmaye
Beispiele Notizen & Tipps سرمایه in 30 Sekunden
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At the A1 level, you should think of سرمایه (Sarmāye) as a very big word for 'money for business'. While you usually learn 'pool' first, sarmāye is used when you want to say someone is rich or has a lot of things. Imagine a shopkeeper. The money he uses to buy his goods is his sarmāye. You might hear people say 'sarmāye-dār' to mean a 'rich person'. At this level, don't worry about complex grammar. Just remember that sarmāye is like a 'start-up fund'. If you want to start a small business, you need sarmāye. It is a noun, and it usually comes before verbs like 'dāshtan' (to have). For example: 'Man sarmāye dāram' (I have capital). It is a useful word to know because it appears in many signs and business names in Iran. Even at a basic level, knowing this word helps you understand that Persian distinguishes between spending money and investing money.
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At the A2 level, you can start using سرمایه (Sarmāye) in more complete sentences. You should learn the compound verb 'sarmāye-gozāri kardan', which means 'to invest'. This is a very common action. You might say, 'I want to invest in a house' (Man mikhoham dar khāne sarmāye-gozāri konam). You should also notice how sarmāye is used metaphorically. For example, a teacher might say that students are the sarmāye of a country. This means they are valuable like money. At this stage, you should be able to distinguish between 'pool' (cash) and 'sarmāye' (assets). You can use it to describe your own goals, such as 'learning Persian is a sarmāye for my future'. Understanding the suffix '-dār' in 'sarmāye-dār' (wealthy/capitalist) is also helpful at this level as it shows how Persian builds words. You will encounter this word in news headlines and simple business conversations.
At the B1 level, you should be comfortable using سرمایه (Sarmāye) in professional and social contexts. You will see it used in phrases like 'sarmāye-ye ejtemā'i' (social capital) or 'sarmāye-ye melli' (national capital). You should understand that sarmāye isn't just about physical items; it can be abstract. For instance, 'trust' is a sarmāye in a relationship. You should also be able to use the word in the passive voice or in more complex grammatical structures. For example, 'Sarmāye-hā jazb shodand' (The capital was attracted). You will start to hear this word in podcasts and more detailed news reports about the economy. It is important to know the difference between 'sarmāye' and 'dārāyi' (assets) at this level. While 'dārāyi' is everything you own, 'sarmāye' is specifically what you use to produce more. This distinction is vital for accurate communication in business or academic settings in Persian.
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At the B2 level, سرمایه (Sarmāye) becomes a tool for discussing complex economic and philosophical ideas. You should be able to discuss 'sarmāye-dāri' (capitalism) as a political and economic system. You will encounter the word in literature, where it might refer to 'sarmāye-ye omr'—the finite capital of one's lifetime. You should be able to use collocations like 'bazghasht-e sarmāye' (return on investment) and 'farār-e sarmāye' (capital flight). Your ability to use the word in debates about the economy or social issues should be fluent. You will also notice how the word is used in legal documents and high-level journalism. For example, you might read about 'sarmāye-gozāri-ye khāreji' (foreign investment) and its impact on the 'sarmāye-ye ensāni' (human capital) of the country. At this stage, you should have a nuanced understanding of how the word's meaning shifts slightly between a strictly financial context and a more poetic or sociological one.
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At the C1 level, you are expected to understand the deep etymological and cultural roots of سرمایه (Sarmāye). You can analyze how the word 'sar' (head) and 'māye' (substance) combine to create the concept of a 'primary resource'. You should be able to read academic papers on economics or sociology that use sarmāye in highly specialized ways, such as 'sarmāye-ye simbolik' (symbolic capital) in the style of Pierre Bourdieu. You should also be familiar with how classical Persian poets like Saadi or Rumi might have used the concept of 'māye' or 'sarmāye' to discuss spiritual wealth. Your usage should be precise, distinguishing between 'naghdingi' (liquidity), 'andookhte' (reserves), and 'sarmāye'. You can participate in high-level discussions about 'sarmāye-ye dānesh-bonyān' (knowledge-based capital) and provide sophisticated arguments about wealth distribution or economic policy using the full range of the word's derivatives and collocations.
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At the C2 level, your mastery of سرمایه (Sarmāye) is indistinguishable from that of an educated native speaker. You can use the word in highly idiomatic and nuanced ways, perhaps even employing it in wordplay or advanced rhetorical devices. You understand the subtle connotations of 'sarmāye-dār' in different historical periods of Iran—from the traditional bazaar merchants to the modern tech moguls. You can critique economic theories in Persian, discussing the nuances of 'accumulation of capital' (enbāresht-e sarmāye) or 'capital depreciation' (estehlāk-e sarmāye). You are also comfortable with the word's presence in the most archaic or avant-garde Persian literature. Whether you are drafting a complex investment contract or writing a philosophical essay on the 'capital of the soul', your use of sarmāye is precise, culturally grounded, and stylistically appropriate. You recognize how the word functions as a pillar of Persian thought regarding value, time, and human potential.
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Beispiele Notizen & Tipps

سرمایه in 30 Sekunden

  • Sarmāye means capital or assets used for investment.
  • It comes from 'sar' (head) and 'māye' (substance).
  • It is used both financially and metaphorically for life's values.
  • Commonly paired with 'gozāri' to mean 'investing'.

The Persian word سرمایه (Sarmāye) is a cornerstone of both financial and metaphorical discourse in the Persian-speaking world. At its most literal level, it refers to capital—the wealth, money, or assets that an individual or a company possesses to generate more wealth. However, its usage extends far beyond the balance sheets of a bank. In the Iranian consciousness, sarmāye represents the foundational resource one brings to any endeavor, whether that is intellectual, emotional, or social.

Economic Context
In business, it describes the initial investment needed to start a shop or the massive assets of a corporation. It is the fuel for the engine of commerce.
Metaphorical Context
Persian speakers often refer to 'human capital' (سرمایه انسانی) or 'social capital' (سرمایه اجتماعی). Even trust can be described as a person's greatest asset.

برای شروع این کار، به سرمایه زیادی نیاز داریم.

Translation: We need a lot of capital to start this work.

Understanding this word requires looking at its roots. The word is composed of 'sar' (head) and 'māye' (substance or origin). This suggests that sarmāye is the 'head substance' or the primary material from which everything else grows. Just as the head directs the body, the sarmāye directs the potential of a project. When you hear an Iranian parent say that their children are their 'sarmāye', they are expressing that their children are the most valuable thing they have invested their life in.

Formal Usage
Used in news reports about the stock market (Bourse) and national economy.

او تمام سرمایه خود را در بورس از دست داد.

Translation: He lost all his capital in the stock market.

In daily life, you might use it when discussing investments, buying a house, or even learning a new skill. Education is often called a 'sarmāye' because it is an asset that no one can take away from you. This cultural nuance of 'investment for the future' is what makes the word so powerful in Persian literature and modern conversation alike.

Using سرمایه (Sarmāye) correctly involves understanding its grammatical role as a noun and its typical verb pairings. In Persian, nouns often function as part of compound verbs or are modified by descriptive adjectives to specify the type of wealth being discussed. Because it is a noun, it can be the subject, object, or part of a prepositional phrase.

With the Verb 'Gozārdan' (To Put/Invest)
The most common way to say 'to invest' is 'sarmāye-gozāri kardan'. Here, sarmāye is the core of the action.

دولت در بخش آموزش سرمایه‌گذاری می‌کند.

Translation: The government is investing in the education sector.

When describing someone who has a lot of capital, we use the adjective 'sarmāye-dār' (capitalist or wealthy person). This suffix '-dār' means 'having'. So, a 'sarmāye-dār' is literally 'one who holds capital'. This word can be used neutrally in business or sometimes with a negative connotation in political contexts, similar to the English word 'capitalist'.

As a Direct Object
If you are protecting your assets, you 'hefz' (protect) your sarmāye.

ما باید از سرمایه ملی خود محافظت کنیم.

Translation: We must protect our national capital/assets.

Furthermore, sarmāye is used in the plural form 'sarmāyehā' when referring to multiple types of assets or investments. For instance, 'sarmāyehā-ye khāreji' refers to foreign investments. In complex sentences, you will often see it paired with 'jazb' (attract), as in 'jazb-e sarmāye' (attracting capital), which is a common phrase in Iranian news regarding the economy.

If you turn on an Iranian news channel like IRINN, you will hear سرمایه (Sarmāye) every few minutes. It is the lifeblood of economic reporting. Journalists discuss 'sarmāye-gozāri-ye mostaghim' (direct investment) and the 'bāzār-e sarmāye' (capital market). However, the word's reach extends far beyond the studio and into the family living room and the university lecture hall.

In Family Life
Parents often tell their children: 'Your health is your biggest sarmāye'. Here, it is used to instill values, emphasizing that physical well-being is a resource for a successful life.

سلامتی بزرگترین سرمایه انسان است.

Translation: Health is the greatest capital of a human being.

In the world of Persian startups and technology, young entrepreneurs frequently talk about 'jazb-e sarmāye' (raising capital). You will hear this in coffee shops in North Tehran or at tech conferences like Elecomp. They discuss 'sarmāye-gozāri-ye khatarpazir' (venture capital), showing how the word has adapted to modern global financial concepts while retaining its Persian phonetic identity.

In Literature and Poetry
Poets use the word to describe 'sarmāye-ye omr' (the capital of one's life/time). It suggests that time is a finite currency we are given to spend.

وقت سرمایه گرانبهایی است که نباید هدر رود.

Translation: Time is a precious capital that should not be wasted.

Whether you are talking to a taxi driver about the rising prices (which affect his 'sarmāye', his car) or a professor about 'intellectual capital', this word provides a bridge between the material and the philosophical. It is a word that demands respect because it implies something that was built over time and has the power to create a future.

One of the most frequent errors English speakers make when using سرمایه (Sarmāye) is treating it as a direct synonym for 'money' (pool). While all sarmāye can be measured in money, not all money is sarmāye. Money in your pocket for a sandwich is 'pool'. Money you have in a savings account intended to buy a business is 'sarmāye'.

Confusion with 'Servat'
'Servat' means wealth or riches. While related, 'sarmāye' specifically implies an asset that is used for production or investment. 'Servat' is what you have; 'sarmāye' is what you use to grow.

Incorrect: من برای خرید نان سرمایه ندارم.

Explanation: You wouldn't use 'capital' to buy bread. Use 'pool' (money) instead.

Another mistake involves the pluralization. Learners often try to use English plural logic. In Persian, 'sarmāye' can be used as a collective noun. While 'sarmāyehā' exists, you often use the singular form even when referring to a large amount of diverse assets, especially in formal writing.

Misusing 'Sarmāye-gozāri'
Learners sometimes forget the 'kardan' (to do) when trying to say 'to invest'. You cannot just say 'man sarmāye-gozāri' to mean 'I invest'. You must say 'man sarmāye-gozāri mikonam'.

Correct: او در طلا سرمایه‌گذاری کرد.

Translation: He invested in gold.

Finally, avoid using sarmāye when you mean 'budget' (budje). A budget is a plan for spending; capital is the actual resource. Using these interchangeably can lead to confusion in business meetings or academic settings.

While سرمایه (Sarmāye) is the standard term for capital, several other words share its semantic space. Choosing the right one depends on whether you are talking about cash, property, or general richness.

Dārāyi (Assets/Possessions)
'Dārāyi' is a broader term. It includes everything you own, including your house and car, regardless of whether they are used for investment. 'Sarmāye' is specifically the part of your 'dārāyi' used to generate more value.
Naghdingi (Liquidity/Cash Flow)
In economics, 'naghdingi' refers to cash on hand. A company might have a lot of 'sarmāye' (in the form of factories) but low 'naghdingi' (no cash to pay bills).

او دارایی زیادی دارد اما سرمایه نقدی ندارد.

Translation: He has many assets but no liquid capital.

Another interesting comparison is with 'māye'. While 'sarmāye' is formal, 'māye' is often used in slang to mean 'money' or 'the stuff'. If someone says 'māye-dāre', they mean the person is 'loaded' or very rich. It's a more colloquial way of saying 'sarmāye-dār'.

Andookhte (Savings/Reserves)
'Andookhte' refers to wealth that has been accumulated or stored over time. It carries a sense of thrift and long-term saving, whereas 'sarmāye' feels more active and ready for use.

این کتاب حاصل اندوخته علمی اوست.

Translation: This book is the result of his scientific savings/knowledge accumulation.

By understanding these nuances, you can navigate Persian conversations about value and wealth with much greater precision. Whether you are discussing the 'sarmāye' of a nation or the 'dārāyi' of a friend, you now have the tools to distinguish between them.

Wusstest du?

The word is etymologically identical in concept to the English 'Capital', which comes from the Latin 'Caput' meaning 'Head'. Both languages independently chose the 'head' as the metaphor for the primary source of wealth.

Aussprachehilfe

UK /særmɑːˈje/
US /særmɑːˈjeɪ/
The stress is on the final syllable: sar-mā-YE.
Reimt sich auf
همسایه (Hamsāye - Neighbor) سایه (Sāye - Shadow) پایه (Pāye - Base/Leg) مایه (Māye - Substance) آرایه (Ārāye - Array/Decoration) بی‌مایه (Bi-māye - Worthless) درایه (Derāye - Insight) گلایه (Gelāye - Complaint)
Häufige Fehler
  • Pronouncing the final 'e' as a long 'ee' (Sarmāyee).
  • Pronouncing 'sar' with a long 'ā' (Sārmāye).
  • Putting the stress on the first syllable.
  • Making the 'ā' sound too short like 'apple'.
  • Treating the word as two separate words (Sar Māye).
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Beispiele nach Niveau

1

من کمی سرمایه دارم.

I have a little capital.

Simple subject-object-verb structure.

2

سرمایه او زیاد است.

His capital is a lot.

Using 'ast' (is) to describe a noun.

3

آیا شما سرمایه دارید؟

Do you have capital?

Question form using 'āyā'.

4

این مغازه سرمایه می‌خواهد.

This shop needs capital.

Verb 'khāstan' (to want/need) in present tense.

5

پدرم سرمایه دارد.

My father has capital.

Possessive 'am' attached to 'pedar'.

6

سرمایه برای کار خوب است.

Capital is good for work.

Using 'barāye' (for).

7

او سرمایه ندارد.

He does not have capital.

Negative verb 'nadārad'.

8

سرمایه چیست؟

What is capital?

Question word 'chist' (what is).

1

ما می‌خواهیم در این شرکت سرمایه‌گذاری کنیم.

We want to invest in this company.

Compound verb 'sarmāye-gozāri kardan'.

2

او یک سرمایه‌دار بزرگ است.

He is a big capitalist/wealthy man.

Suffix '-dār' indicates possession.

3

سرمایه اولیه برای این پروژه کم است.

The initial capital for this project is low.

Adjective 'avvaliye' (initial) follows the noun.

4

چگونه سرمایه خود را زیاد کنیم؟

How can we increase our capital?

Using 'chegoone' (how) and 'ziād kardan' (to increase).

5

او تمام سرمایه‌اش را از دست داد.

He lost all his capital.

Possessive suffix 'ash' and compound verb 'az dast dādan'.

6

سرمایه ملی متعلق به مردم است.

National capital belongs to the people.

Adjective 'melli' (national).

7

او با سرمایه کم شروع کرد.

He started with little capital.

Preposition 'bā' (with).

8

سرمایه شما کجاست؟

Where is your capital?

Question word 'kojāst' (where is).

1

سرمایه اجتماعی برای پیشرفت جامعه ضروری است.

Social capital is essential for society's progress.

Abstract usage of 'sarmāye'.

2

بانک‌ها به دنبال جذب سرمایه هستند.

Banks are looking to attract capital.

Phrase 'be donbāl-e ... hastand' (are looking for).

3

سرمایه انسانی مهم‌ترین بخش هر سازمان است.

Human capital is the most important part of any organization.

Superlative 'mohemm-tarin' (most important).

4

او در بورس سرمایه‌گذاری موفقی داشت.

He had a successful investment in the stock market.

Adjective 'movaffagh' (successful).

5

ما باید سرمایه خود را مدیریت کنیم.

We must manage our capital.

Modal verb 'bāyad' (must).

6

سرمایه در گردش این کارخانه زیاد است.

The working capital of this factory is high.

Economic term 'sarmāye dar gardesh'.

7

او از سرمایه معنوی خود استفاده کرد.

He used his spiritual/intellectual capital.

Adjective 'ma'navi' (spiritual/moral).

8

سرمایه لازم برای خرید خانه را ندارم.

I don't have the necessary capital to buy a house.

Adjective 'lāzem' (necessary).

1

فرار سرمایه از کشور نگران‌کننده است.

Capital flight from the country is worrying.

Noun phrase 'farār-e sarmāye'.

2

او به عنوان یک سرمایه‌دار شناخته می‌شود.

He is known as a capitalist.

Passive-like construction 'shenākhte mishavad'.

3

سرمایه‌گذاری در بخش کشاورزی سودآور است.

Investing in the agricultural sector is profitable.

Adjective 'sood-āvar' (profitable).

4

توزیع ناعادلانه سرمایه باعث فقر می‌شود.

Unfair distribution of capital causes poverty.

Complex subject phrase.

5

او سرمایه عمرش را وقف علم کرد.

He dedicated the capital of his life to science.

Poetic usage 'sarmāye-ye omr'.

6

بازار سرمایه در حال رشد است.

The capital market is growing.

Continuous tense 'dar hāl-e roshd ast'.

7

سرمایه نمادین او در جامعه بسیار است.

His symbolic capital in society is immense.

Sociological term 'sarmāye-ye namādin'.

8

او با هوشمندی سرمایه‌اش را چند برابر کرد.

He cleverly multiplied his capital.

Adverb 'bā hooshmandi' (with intelligence).

1

انباشت سرمایه منجر به تمرکز ثروت می‌گردد.

Capital accumulation leads to the concentration of wealth.

Formal verb 'migardad' instead of 'mishavad'.

2

سرمایه فرهنگی نقش مهمی در بازتولید طبقاتی دارد.

Cultural capital plays an important role in class reproduction.

Sociological term 'sarmāye-ye farhangi'.

3

او استهلاک سرمایه را در محاسباتش لحاظ نکرد.

He did not include capital depreciation in his calculations.

Technical term 'estehlāk-e sarmāye'.

4

سرمایه فکری سازمان باید حفظ شود.

The intellectual capital of the organization must be preserved.

Passive voice 'hefz shavad'.

5

او از سرمایه سیاسی خود برای تغییر قانون استفاده کرد.

He used his political capital to change the law.

Metaphorical 'sarmāye-ye siāsi'.

6

نرخ بازگشت سرمایه در این صنعت بالاست.

The rate of return on investment in this industry is high.

Financial term 'nerkh-e bāzghasht-e sarmāye'.

7

سرمایه گذاری مخاطره‌آمیز موتور محرک نوآوری است.

Venture capital is the driving engine of innovation.

Compound adjective 'mokhātere-āmiz'.

8

او تمام سرمایه وجودی‌اش را در این راه گذاشت.

He put all the capital of his being into this path.

Mystical/Poetic 'sarmāye-ye voojoodi'.

1

دیالکتیک میان کار و سرمایه همواره چالش‌برانگیز بوده است.

The dialectic between labor and capital has always been challenging.

Highly academic 'dialektik'.

2

او به نقد اقتصاد سیاسی و نقش سرمایه پرداخت.

He engaged in a critique of political economy and the role of capital.

Formal phrase 'be ... pardākht'.

3

سرمایه جهانی حد و مرز نمی‌شناسد.

Global capital knows no borders.

Personification of 'sarmāye'.

4

او در پیوند میان سرمایه مالی و صنعتی تخصص دارد.

He specializes in the link between financial and industrial capital.

Technical distinction between types of capital.

5

سرمایه داری متاخر با بحران‌های جدیدی روبروست.

Late capitalism faces new crises.

Philosophical term 'sarmāye-dāri-ye mota'akher'.

6

او با تکیه بر سرمایه نمادین خود، جریان‌سازی کرد.

Relying on his symbolic capital, he created a movement.

Phrase 'takiye bar' (relying on).

7

گردش سرمایه در عصر دیجیتال سرعت بی‌سابقه‌ای یافته است.

The circulation of capital has gained unprecedented speed in the digital age.

Perfect tense 'yāfte ast'.

8

او به بازخوانی مفهوم سرمایه در اندیشه معاصر پرداخت.

He engaged in a re-reading of the concept of capital in contemporary thought.

Academic term 'bāz-khāni'.

Häufige Kollokationen

سرمایه‌گذاری کردن
جذب سرمایه
بازار سرمایه
سرمایه اولیه
سرمایه انسانی
سرمایه اجتماعی
فرار سرمایه
سرمایه در گردش
سرمایه نمادین
سود سرمایه

Häufige Phrasen

سرمایه زندگی

— The most important asset in one's life, often children or health.

فرزندان من سرمایه زندگی‌ام هستند.

سرمایه ملی

— Assets belonging to the whole nation.

نفت یک سرمایه ملی است.

سرمایه معنوی

— Spiritual or moral assets, like reputation.

آبروی او سرمایه معنوی‌اش است.

سرمایه فکری

— Knowledge and intellectual property.

سرمایه فکری شرکت ما در تکنولوژی است.

سرمایه هنگفت

— A massive amount of capital.

او سرمایه هنگفتی در بانک دارد.

سرمایه ناچیز

— A very small amount of capital.

او با سرمایه‌ای ناچیز شروع کرد.

سرمایه آزاد

— Free or unallocated capital.

ما فعلاً سرمایه آزاد نداریم.

سرمایه گذار فرشته

— Angel investor.

او یک سرمایه‌گذار فرشته برای استارتاپ ما بود.

تلف کردن سرمایه

— Wasting capital or resources.

نباید سرمایه خود را تلف کنیم.

سرمایه ثابت

— Fixed capital (like buildings).

سرمایه ثابت این شرکت زیاد است.

Redewendungen & Ausdrücke

"سرمایه کردن"

— To use something as a foundation or to exploit a resource.

او اشتباهات مرا برای خودش سرمایه کرد.

Metaphorical
"بی‌مایه فطیر است"

— Literally: Without leaven, the bread is flat. Meaning: Without capital or substance, you can't achieve anything.

بدون پول نمی‌شود کار کرد؛ بی‌مایه فطیر است.

Proverbial
"سرمایه عمر"

— The time and energy of one's life.

او سرمایه عمرش را در این راه گذاشت.

Poetic
"مایه گذاشتن"

— To put in effort or sacrifice (related to sarmāye).

او برای این کار از جان مایه گذاشت.

Informal
"سرمایه آبرو"

— One's reputation as their most valuable asset.

آبرو تنها سرمایه اوست.

Literary
"به مایه زدن"

— To dip into the principal/capital (instead of spending profit).

سود نکردیم و مجبور شدیم به مایه بزنیم.

Business Slang
"مایه دار"

— Very rich (slang derived from sarmāye).

آن‌ها خیلی مایه‌دار هستند.

Slang
"سرمایه کلاهبرداری"

— Using a small trick as capital for a bigger scam.

این دروغ سرمایه کلاهبرداری او شد.

Informal
"سرمایه جوانی"

— The energy and potential of youth.

جوانی بزرگترین سرمایه شماست.

Moralistic
"سرمایه خجالت"

— Something that causes shame (rare/metaphorical).

این رفتار سرمایه خجالت ما شد.

Old-fashioned

Wortfamilie

Substantive

سرمایه‌گذار (Investor)
سرمایه‌داری (Capitalism)
سرمایه‌دار (Capitalist)
سرمایه‌گذاری (Investment)

Verben

سرمایه‌گذاری کردن (To invest)

Adjektive

سرمایه‌ای (Capital-related)
سرمایه‌بر (Capital-intensive)
بی‌سرمایه (Without capital)

Verwandt

پول (Money)
ثروت (Wealth)
اقتصاد (Economy)
بورس (Stock market)
دارایی (Assets)
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Einprägen

Eselsbrücke

Think of a 'SAR' (Head) that has the 'MAYE' (Substance) to start a business. The head is the most important part, and sarmāye is the most important part of a project.

Visuelle Assoziation

Imagine a giant head (Sar) made of gold coins (Māye). This is the 'Head-Substance' or Capital.

Word Web

Invest Money Head Asset Future Wealth Business Stock

Herausforderung

Try to identify three things in your life that are not money but you consider to be your 'sarmāye' (e.g., your health, your family, your degree).

Wortherkunft

Derived from Middle Persian 'sar' (head) and 'māyag' (substance/stock). It is an ancient Indo-European construction.

Ursprüngliche Bedeutung: The 'head substance' or the principal stock of goods/money.

Indo-European (Iranian branch).

Kultureller Kontext

Be careful when using 'sarmāye-dār' (capitalist) in political discussions, as it can be used pejoratively depending on the audience.

Similar to how English speakers use 'Capital' metaphorically (e.g., Political Capital), but Persian uses it even more frequently for personal qualities.

Bank-e Sarmāye (Major Iranian Bank) Sarmāye (A famous reformist newspaper) Das Kapital (Translated as 'Sarmāye' in Persian)
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Verwandte Inhalte

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