怯む in 30 Sekunden
- To flinch, lose courage, or hesitate.
- Often due to fear, surprise, or intimidation.
- A temporary reaction, not necessarily defeat.
- Common in everyday speech and media.
- Definition
- The Japanese verb 怯む (ひるむ - hirumu) means to flinch, to lose courage, or to hesitate, often due to fear, surprise, or intimidation. It describes a momentary loss of resolve or a physical reaction to something alarming. You might use this word when someone is startled by a sudden noise, feels intimidated by a powerful opponent, or hesitates before taking a risky action. It conveys a sense of being momentarily shaken or put off balance, either physically or mentally. For instance, a child might 怯む when a loud truck passes by, or a boxer might 怯む after receiving a strong punch. It's also applicable in situations where someone might feel discouraged by a setback and pause before continuing. The nuance is that this is usually a temporary reaction, and the person might recover their composure afterwards. It’s a very common verb used in everyday conversation, literature, and media to describe human reactions to stimuli that cause apprehension or a pause in action. The feeling can range from a slight physical recoil to a more significant mental falter. The key is that the action or courage is momentarily interrupted. It’s not about giving up entirely, but about being momentarily affected by something that challenges one's bravery or forward momentum. Consider the scenario of facing a difficult challenge; if one starts to feel overwhelmed and pauses, they might be said to 怯む. Similarly, if a sudden danger appears, a person might instinctively 怯む before reacting. The word captures that instant of being taken aback and the subsequent hesitation or slight recoil that follows. It's a word that paints a vivid picture of someone's internal or external reaction to a daunting or surprising event. The context will usually clarify whether the flinching is physical, a loss of nerve, or a moment of doubt. It’s a versatile verb that adds depth to descriptions of emotional and physical responses to challenging circumstances. The degree to which someone 怯む can vary greatly, from a barely perceptible hesitation to a noticeable retreat or loss of confidence. It’s the feeling of being momentarily less brave or resolute than one would normally be.
The sudden loud noise made the cat 怯む.
Despite the intimidating speech, she did not 怯む.
- Usage Contexts
- Fear and Surprise: Reacting physically or mentally to something startling or frightening. Intimidation: Feeling less confident or brave when faced with a superior force or a daunting presence. Hesitation: Pausing before acting due to doubt or apprehension. Discouragement: Being momentarily put off by a setback or negative outcome.
The sudden appearance of the large dog made him 怯む.
- Basic Sentence Structure
- The verb 怯む (hirumu) is typically used in the following ways: 1. Subject + (Object/Trigger) + を + 怯む: This is the most common structure, where the subject is the one doing the flinching or hesitating, and the object or trigger is what causes the reaction. 2. Subject + (Object/Trigger) + に + 怯む: Similar to the above, but often used when the trigger is more abstract or a person. 3. Subject + 怯む + ことなく/ことなくして: This structure indicates that someone did not flinch or hesitate, emphasizing their bravery or resolve. 4. 怯む + べきではない: This is a more direct statement advising someone not to flinch or lose courage.
突然の雷鳴に子供は怯んだ。
- Examples with Nuances
- When facing a difficult negotiation, he felt himself starting to 怯む, but he pushed through. (This shows a mental hesitation.) The unexpected question from the interviewer made her 怯む for a second, but she quickly regained her composure. (This highlights a momentary loss of nerve.) The sheer size of the opponent made the young fighter 怯む, but his coach encouraged him to stand his ground. (This illustrates intimidation.) She bravely continued her speech without 怯む, even though the audience was very critical. (This uses the negative form to show resilience.) In a dangerous situation, it is natural to 怯む, but one must learn to control that instinct. (This discusses the naturalness of flinching.) The unexpected criticism from his boss caused him to 怯む slightly, making him doubt his abilities. (This shows a reaction to negative feedback.) The intimidating atmosphere of the courtroom made the witness 怯む, and he struggled to answer the questions clearly. (This emphasizes the environment's effect.) He was about to make a bold proposal, but the stern look on the CEO's face made him 怯む.
相手の鋭い指摘に、彼は一瞬怯んだ。
- Media and Entertainment
- You'll frequently encounter 怯む in Japanese dramas and movies, especially in scenes depicting moments of tension, fear, or unexpected events. For example, a character might 怯む when confronted by a villain, when hearing a sudden gunshot, or when receiving shocking news. Anime is another rich source, where characters, particularly younger ones or those in perilous situations, might visibly 怯む. Manga also uses this verb to describe characters' reactions to danger or intimidation. News reports might use it to describe how people reacted to a natural disaster or a shocking incident. Documentaries focusing on historical events or survival stories could also feature this verb. Even in lighter genres, a character might 怯む in a comedic situation, like being startled by a jump scare in a horror-comedy. The visual representation in animation and manga often exaggerates the flinch or hesitation, making the meaning very clear.
The hero didn't 怯む even when facing the dragon.
- Everyday Conversations
- In daily conversations, 怯む is used to describe relatable human reactions. A parent might say their child 怯んだ when a stranger approached them. Friends might discuss how they 怯んだ during a particularly scary scene in a movie. Someone might recount how they 怯んだ when their boss called them into the office unexpectedly. It's common in recounting personal experiences, especially those involving minor scares or moments of doubt. For instance, if you're learning to drive and a car suddenly cuts you off, you might tell a friend, 「危なかった、一瞬怯んだよ。」 (Abunakatta, isshun hirunda yo. - That was dangerous, I flinched for a second.) Or, if you're facing a difficult task at work, you might admit, 「最初はちょっと怯んだけど、何とかやり遂げた。」 (Saisho wa chotto hirundakedo, nantoka yaritogeta. - I was a bit hesitant at first, but I managed to get it done.) The word is used to express a common, understandable human response to something that causes a momentary loss of nerve or a physical recoil.
When the referee made the call, the player seemed to 怯む.
- Sports and Competitions
- In sports commentary, 怯む is used to describe athletes who might show signs of hesitation or loss of confidence due to the pressure of the game, a strong opponent, or a critical moment. For instance, a commentator might say, 「相手のプレッシャーに、彼は少し怯んだように見えた。」 (Aite no puresshaa ni, kare wa sukoshi hirunda you ni mieta. - He seemed to flinch a little under the opponent's pressure.) This could be observed in a tennis player missing a crucial serve, a basketball player hesitating before a shot, or a boxer recoiling from a punch. It's about that moment when their resolve wavers. Even in amateur sports, people might use it to describe their own or a teammate's reaction to a challenging play or a tough loss. It's a way to acknowledge the mental aspect of competition.
The unexpected goal made the home team 怯む.
- Confusing with Related Concepts
- Learners sometimes confuse 怯む (hirumu) with verbs that indicate giving up entirely or being defeated. While 怯む involves a momentary loss of courage or hesitation, it doesn't necessarily mean the person has surrendered or is completely unable to continue. For example, confusing it with 諦める (akirameru - to give up) would be a mistake. If someone 怯む, they might recover and proceed, whereas if they 諦める, they have decided to stop trying. Another related concept is 負ける (makeru - to lose). While a loss might cause someone to 怯む, the verb itself describes the act of losing, not the internal reaction to it. So, one might 怯む *before* losing, or as a result of *almost* losing, but 怯む is the reaction, not the outcome itself. It's important to remember that 怯む is about a temporary setback in one's resolve or a physical recoil, not a permanent state of defeat or surrender.
Incorrect: He gave up (諦めた) when the opponent shouted loudly.
- Incorrect Verb Conjugation
- As a verb, 怯む needs to be conjugated correctly according to tense and politeness. Common mistakes include using the dictionary form (怯む) in past tense situations or failing to conjugate it for polite speech. For instance, saying 「昨日、彼は怯む」 (Kinou, kare wa hirumu) is incorrect because it uses the present tense for a past event. The correct past tense would be 怯んだ (hirunda). Similarly, in formal settings, one should use the polite form, such as 怯みます (hirumimasu) or 怯みました (hirumimashita), rather than the plain forms. Another error might be in forming the negative, e.g., incorrectly conjugating it to something like 「怯まない」 (hirumanai) when a different nuance is intended, or using it in a context where it doesn't fit grammatically. Always ensure the verb ending matches the intended meaning and grammatical context.
Incorrect: Yesterday, he will flinch (怯む).
- Overuse or Misapplication
- Sometimes learners might overuse 怯む for any instance of hesitation or surprise, even when a more specific verb would be more appropriate. For example, if someone is simply thinking deeply, they aren't necessarily 怯む. Similarly, a slight surprise might not warrant the use of 怯む; a simpler word like 驚く (odoroku - to be surprised) might be better. It's also a mistake to use 怯む when someone is showing determination or courage. The verb specifically describes a *lack* of courage or a momentary falter. Using it to describe someone who is bravely facing a challenge would be the opposite of its meaning. Always consider if the situation truly involves fear, intimidation, or a loss of nerve before employing 怯む. Ensure the context aligns with the core meaning of being momentarily shaken or losing resolve.
Incorrect: He was determined (決意した) and did not flinch (怯んだ).
- 怯む (Hirumu) vs. 驚く (Odoroku)
- - **怯む (Hirumu):** Implies a loss of courage, hesitation, or a physical flinch, often due to fear, intimidation, or surprise that causes a pause in action or resolve. It's about being momentarily shaken. - **驚く (Odoroku):** Means to be surprised or astonished. This is a more general reaction to something unexpected and doesn't necessarily involve a loss of courage or a physical recoil. It's simply a reaction to something surprising. **Example:** - A loud bang might make someone 驚く (be surprised). If that bang is perceived as a threat, they might then 怯む (flinch or lose courage). - When you see a ghost, you 驚く. If the ghost is menacing, you might then 怯む.
- 怯む (Hirumu) vs. 躊躇う (Tamegou)
- - **怯む (Hirumu):** Focuses on the internal feeling of losing courage or the physical reaction of flinching, often triggered by external factors like fear or intimidation. - **躊躇う (Tamegou):** Means to hesitate or waver, usually due to uncertainty, indecision, or conflicting thoughts about whether to proceed with an action. It's more about deliberating and being unable to make a decision. **Example:** - You might 怯む if a large, aggressive dog barks at you. (Fear-based reaction) - You might 躊躇う before asking for a raise because you're unsure of your boss's reaction. (Indecision-based hesitation) - Sometimes, the hesitation from 躊躇う can be so strong that it leads to 怯む, but they are distinct concepts.
- 怯む (Hirumu) vs. 尻込みする (Shirakomi suru)
- - **怯む (Hirumu):** A more general term for flinching, losing courage, or hesitating due to fear or intimidation. It can be a quick, involuntary reaction. - **尻込みする (Shirakomi suru):** Specifically means to shrink back, recoil, or become timid, often in anticipation of difficulty or danger. It emphasizes a withdrawal or avoidance due to fear. **Example:** - Seeing a spider might make someone 怯む (flinch). - Facing a daunting task like climbing a high mountain might make someone 尻込みする (shrink back from the challenge).
- 怯む (Hirumu) vs. 臆病 (Okubyou - adjective/noun)
- - **怯む (Hirumu):** A verb describing the *act* of flinching, losing courage, or hesitating. It's a reaction that can happen to anyone in a specific situation. - **臆病 (Okubyou):** An adjective or noun meaning cowardly or timid. It describes a personality trait or a general disposition of being easily frightened or lacking courage. **Example:** - A generally brave person might 怯む when faced with extreme danger. (Temporary reaction) - Someone who is 臆病 by nature will likely 怯む more easily and frequently.
- Alternatives for 'Not Flinching'
- - **怯むことなく (Hirumu koto naku):** Without flinching/hesitating. (Very common) - **臆せず (Okusezu):** Without fear/hesitation. (Slightly more formal) - **恐れずに (Osorezu ni):** Without fear. - **堂々と (Doudou to):** Magnificently, boldly, with dignity (implies not flinching and acting with confidence). - **泰然と (Taizen to):** Calmly, composedly (implies not being outwardly affected). **Example:** - 彼はどんな困難にも怯むことなく立ち向かった。(Kare wa donna konnan ni mo hirumu koto naku tachimukatta.) - He faced any difficulty without flinching. - 彼女は臆せずスピーチをした。(Kanojo wa okusezu supiichi o shita.) - She gave her speech without hesitation.
How Formal Is It?
Wusstest du?
The kanji 怯 itself is composed of '忄' (heart radical) and '皿' (dish). While the 'heart' radical indicates a connection to emotions, the 'dish' component's exact semantic contribution to this word's meaning is less clear, possibly relating to being 'emptied' or 'shocked'.
Aussprachehilfe
- Pronouncing the 'ru' sound too strongly, like in English 'rue'. It should be a quick flap.
- Adding an unnecessary 'g' sound to 'mu', making it sound like 'moo-goo'.
Schwierigkeitsgrad
Understanding 怯む in reading requires recognizing its core meaning of flinching or losing courage. Context is crucial to differentiate it from similar verbs like 驚く or 躊躇う. CEFR B1 level texts will often use it in narratives describing character reactions.
Using 怯む correctly in writing involves understanding its grammatical patterns, such as particles (に, を) and common phrases (怯むことなく). Learners need to ensure the context truly calls for a description of losing courage or flinching.
Speaking with 怯む requires spontaneous recall and correct conjugation. It's important to use it in situations where a momentary loss of nerve or a physical startle is appropriate, distinguishing it from simple surprise or hesitation.
Recognizing 怯む in spoken Japanese relies on listening for the pronunciation and understanding the context of the conversation or narrative. It's often used in moments of tension or surprise.
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Voraussetzungen
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Fortgeschritten
Wichtige Grammatik
Using particles に and を with verbs of reaction.
突然の音に怯んだ (totsuzen no oto ni hirunda) - Flushed at the sudden noise. (に indicates the cause) / 相手の剣幕を怯んだ (aite no kenmaku o hirunda) - Flushed at the opponent's fierce demeanor. (を can indicate what is being flinched at).
The て-form for connecting sequential actions or causes.
怖がって怯んだ (kowagatte hirunda) - Became scared and flinched. (The fear led to the flinch).
Using ことなく for negation.
怯むことなく立ち向かった (hirumu koto naku tachimukatta) - Faced it without flinching. (Emphasizes bravery).
Potential form of verbs.
怯めない (hirumenai) - Cannot flinch/Cannot be intimidated. (Expresses strong resolve).
Causative forms to express making someone else flinch.
彼の言葉は私を怯ませた (kare no kotoba wa watashi o hiramase ta) - His words made me flinch. (Using 怯ませる - hiramaseru).
Beispiele nach Niveau
犬が吠えたので、子供は怯んだ。
The dog barked, so the child flinched.
Past tense of 怯む (hirumu) is 怯んだ (hirunda).
大きな音がして、猫は怯んだ。
There was a loud noise, and the cat flinched.
The particle に indicates the cause of the action.
突然の訪問者に、彼は少し怯んだ。
He flinched a little at the sudden visitor.
少し (sukoshi) means 'a little'.
暗闇で、彼女は怯んだ。
In the darkness, she flinched.
The particle で indicates the location or circumstance.
その知らせを聞いて、彼は怯んだ。
He flinched upon hearing that news.
て-form (聞いて) connects the hearing of the news to the reaction.
先生の厳しい顔を見て、生徒は怯んだ。
Seeing the teacher's stern face, the student flinched.
The particle を indicates what the teacher's face was.
急に電気が消えて、皆怯んだ。
The lights suddenly went out, and everyone flinched.
皆 (minna) means 'everyone'.
彼は怖がって、少し怯んだ。
He was scared and flinched a little.
怖がって (kowagatte) is the te-form of 怖がる (kowagaru - to be scared).
相手の強さに、彼は思わず怯んだ。
He involuntarily flinched at the opponent's strength.
思わず (omowazu) means 'involuntarily' or 'unconsciously'.
試合のプレッシャーに、選手は少し怯んだ。
The player flinched a little at the pressure of the match.
The particle に indicates the cause of the hesitation.
予期せぬ質問に、彼女は一瞬怯んだ。
She flinched for a moment at the unexpected question.
一瞬 (isshun) means 'a moment' or 'an instant'.
その言葉を聞いて、彼は怯むことなく立ち向かった。
Hearing those words, he faced them without flinching.
怯むことなく (hirumu koto naku) means 'without flinching'.
困難な状況でも、彼は決して怯まなかった。
Even in difficult situations, he never flinched.
決して〜なかった (kesshite ~nakatta) means 'never'.
突然の批判に、彼は少し怯んだ。
He flinched a little at the sudden criticism.
批判 (hihan) means 'criticism'.
その光景を見て、彼は怯むのを我慢した。
Seeing that sight, he endured his flinch.
我慢した (gamanshita) means 'endured' or 'put up with'.
彼女の決意に、敵は怯んだ。
At her determination, the enemy flinched.
決意 (ketsui) means 'determination'.
激しい雨音に、山小屋にいた人々は一瞬怯んだ。
At the sound of the heavy rain, the people in the mountain hut flinched for a moment.
激しい (hageshii) means 'intense' or 'violent'.
相手の威圧的な態度に、彼は怯むことなく毅然とした態度で応じた。
Despite the opponent's intimidating attitude, he responded resolutely without flinching.
毅然とした (kizen to shita) means 'resolute' or 'firm'.
経済の悪化を伝えるニュースを聞いて、多くの企業が怯んだ。
Hearing the news about the worsening economy, many companies hesitated.
経済の悪化 (keizai no akka) means 'worsening economy'.
彼は、自分の弱さを認めることを恐れて、しばしば怯んだ。
Fearing to admit his weakness, he often flinched.
弱さ (yowasa) means 'weakness'.
その場しのぎの対応では、観衆は怯んでしまった。
With a makeshift response, the audience became hesitant/discouraged.
場しのぎ (ba shinogi) means 'makeshift' or 'temporary'.
突然の解雇通告に、彼は内心怯んだが、平静を装った。
At the sudden notice of dismissal, he inwardly flinched but pretended to be calm.
内心 (naishin) means 'inwardly' or 'in one's heart'.
彼の粘り強い説得に、交渉相手は次第に怯んだ。
At his persistent persuasion, the negotiation partner gradually became hesitant.
粘り強い (nebarizuyoi) means 'persistent' or 'tenacious'.
失敗を恐れて怯むのではなく、挑戦し続けることが大切だ。
It is important to keep challenging yourself rather than flinching out of fear of failure.
挑戦し続ける (chousen shi tsuzukeru) means 'to continue challenging'.
未知の領域への挑戦は、誰しも少なからず怯む要因となる。
Challenging unknown territories is a factor that causes anyone to flinch to some extent.
少なからず (sukunakarazu) means 'not a little' or 'to some extent'.
過去のトラウマがフラッシュバックし、彼は一瞬怯んだが、すぐに持ち直した。
Past trauma flashed back, and he flinched for a moment, but quickly recovered.
トラウマ (torauma) means 'trauma'.
改革の必要性を説く一方で、その影響を恐れて民衆は怯んでいた。
While advocating for the necessity of reform, the public was hesitant, fearing its impact.
改革 (kaikaku) means 'reform'.
彼の揺るぎない信念は、どんな圧力にも怯むことなく、周囲に影響を与えた。
His unwavering conviction influenced those around him without flinching under any pressure.
揺るぎない (yuruginai) means 'unwavering' or 'steadfast'.
批判を恐れて発言を控えるのではなく、たとえ怯んでも、自分の意見を表明すべきだ。
Instead of refraining from speaking due to fear of criticism, one should express their opinion, even if they flinch.
表明する (hyoumei suru) means 'to express' or 'to declare'.
予期せぬ逆境に直面しても、怯むことなく前進する精神力が求められる。
A mental strength that advances without flinching, even when faced with unexpected adversity, is required.
逆境 (gyakkyou) means 'adversity'.
その巧妙な嘘に、彼は一瞬怯んだが、すぐに真実を見抜いた。
He flinched for a moment at the clever lie, but quickly saw through the truth.
見抜く (minuku) means 'to see through' or 'to discern'.
政治的な駆け引きの中で、彼は怯むそぶりを見せず、冷静に対応した。
In the midst of political maneuvering, he showed no signs of flinching and responded calmly.
駆け引き (kakehiki) means 'maneuvering' or 'bargaining'.
権力者の威圧的な言動に、多くの者が怯むことを余儀なくされた。
Many were forced to flinch due to the intimidating words and actions of those in power.
余儀なくされた (yoginaku sareta) means 'was forced to' or 'had no choice but to'.
彼の冷静沈着な態度は、どんな危機的状況においても怯むことを許さなかった。
His calm and composed demeanor did not allow him to flinch in any critical situation.
冷静沈着 (reisei chinchaku) means 'calm and collected'.
社会的なプレッシャーや同調圧力に怯むことなく、自己の信念を貫くことは容易ではない。
It is not easy to uphold one's own beliefs without flinching from social pressure or peer pressure.
同調圧力 (douchou atsuryoku) means 'peer pressure' or 'pressure to conform'.
真実を追求する過程で、たとえ一時的に怯むことがあっても、諦めずに進むべきだ。
In the process of pursuing truth, one should proceed without giving up, even if they flinch temporarily.
追求する (tsuikyuu suru) means 'to pursue'.
彼の芸術は、観る者に畏敬の念を抱かせ、同時にその深遠さに一瞬怯む感覚をもたらす。
His art inspires awe in the viewer, and at the same time, brings a sense of momentarily flinching at its profundity.
深遠さ (shinen sa) means 'profundity' or 'depth'.
歴史の重みに触れるとき、人はしばしば、そのスケールの大きさに怯む。
When touching upon the weight of history, people often flinch at its sheer scale.
重み (omomi) means 'weight' or 'significance'.
最悪の事態を想定し、彼は戦略を練ったが、それでもなお、その可能性に怯む瞬間があった。
He formulated a strategy assuming the worst-case scenario, but even so, there were moments when he flinched at the possibility.
最悪の事態 (saiaku no jitai) means 'worst-case scenario'.
彼女の的確な指摘は、彼の曖昧な説明を打ち砕き、彼を怯ませた。
Her accurate指摘 shattered his vague explanation, making him flinch.
的確な (tekikaku na) means 'accurate' or 'precise'.
面對する困難のあまりの大きさに、一時的に勇気さえも怯むかのような錯覚に陥った。
Due to the sheer magnitude of the difficulties faced, I fell into an illusion as if even courage itself momentarily flinched.
錯覚 (sakkaku) means 'illusion' or 'misconception'.
権威に対する盲目的な服従は、批判的思考を麻痺させ、個々人の内なる声を怯ませる。
Blind obedience to authority paralyzes critical thinking and causes individuals' inner voices to flinch.
盲目的な服従 (moumoku teki na fukujuu) means 'blind obedience'.
歴史の転換点においては、改革の波に怯む者と、それに抗おうとする者との間で葛藤が生じる。
At historical turning points, conflict arises between those who flinch at the wave of reform and those who try to resist it.
転換点 (tenkanten) means 'turning point'.
彼の挑発的な言動は、相手を怯ませ、交渉を有利に進めるための戦略であった。
His provocative words and actions were a strategy to make the opponent flinch and advance the negotiation advantageously.
挑発的な (chouhatsu teki na) means 'provocative'.
真実の重圧に耐えかね、彼は一時的に自己保身に走り、自らの信念さえも怯ませた。
Unable to bear the pressure of truth, he temporarily resorted to self-preservation, causing even his own convictions to flinch.
自己保身 (jiko hoshin) means 'self-preservation'.
その芸術作品の持つ圧倒的な存在感は、鑑賞者に畏敬の念を抱かせると同時に、その深淵なる意味に怯む感覚を呼び起こす。
The overwhelming presence of the artwork inspires awe in the viewer, while simultaneously evoking a sense of flinching at its profound meaning.
深淵なる (shinen naru) means 'profound' or 'abyssal'.
既成概念の壁に阻まれ、新たな発想はしばしば、その革新性ゆえに怯む。
Blocked by the walls of established concepts, new ideas often flinch due to their very innovativeness.
既成概念 (kiseigainen) means 'established concepts' or 'preconceptions'.
権力闘争の渦中で、彼は一切の弱音や怯むそぶりを見せず、冷徹に次の一手を打った。
In the vortex of the power struggle, he showed no signs of weakness or flinching, and coolly made his next move.
弱音 (yowane) means 'weak words' or 'complaints'.
Häufige Kollokationen
Häufige Phrasen
— Without flinching or hesitating. This phrase emphasizes bravery and resolve in the face of challenges.
彼はどんな困難にも怯むことなく立ち向かった。(Kare wa donna konnan ni mo hirumu koto naku tachimukatta.) - He faced any difficulty without flinching.
— To flinch for a moment. This describes a brief, involuntary reaction to something startling or surprising.
突然の大きな音に、彼女は一瞬怯んだ。(Totsuzen no ōkina oto ni, kanojo wa isshun hirunda.) - She flinched for a moment at the sudden loud noise.
— Should not flinch or lose courage. This is advice or a strong statement encouraging someone to remain brave.
こんな状況で怯むべきではない。(Konna jōkyō de hirumu beki de wa nai.) - You shouldn't lose courage in a situation like this.
— To show signs of flinching or losing courage. This refers to outward indications of being intimidated or hesitant.
彼は相手の威圧的な態度に怯むそぶりを見せた。(Kare wa aite no iatsuteki na taido ni hirumu soburi o miseta.) - He showed signs of flinching at the opponent's intimidating attitude.
— To fight without flinching. This implies determined and courageous resistance against an opponent or challenge.
チームは最後まで怯むことなく戦った。(Chīmu wa saigo made hirumu koto naku tatakatta.) - The team fought until the end without flinching.
— To flinch due to fear. This explicitly links the reaction to the emotion of fear.
彼は恐怖に怯み、その場から逃げ出した。(Kare wa kyōfu ni hirumi, sono ba kara nigedashita.) - He flinched in fear and ran away from the spot.
— To flinch at the opponent. This is common in contexts like sports or debates where one might be intimidated by the other party.
試合では相手に怯んではいけない。(Shiai de wa aite ni hirunde wa ikenai.) - You must not flinch at your opponent in a match.
— To flinch under pressure. This describes a reaction to stressful situations.
大きなプレッシャーに怯むことなく、彼は冷静にプレイした。(Ōkina puresshā ni hirumu koto naku, kare wa reisei ni purei shita.) - Without flinching under great pressure, he played calmly.
— To advance without flinching. This signifies moving forward with determination and courage.
目標に向かって、怯むことなく進み続けよう。(Mokuhyō ni mukatte, hirumu koto naku susumi tsuzukeyō.) - Let's continue to advance towards our goal without flinching.
— To flinch in the face of truth. This refers to hesitating or losing courage when confronted with an unpleasant or difficult truth.
真実を前に怯むことなく、向き合う勇気が必要だ。(Shinjitsu o mae ni hirumu koto naku, mukiau yūki ga hitsuyō da.) - Courage is needed to face the truth without flinching.
Wird oft verwechselt mit
While surprise (驚く) can lead to flinching (怯む), 驚く is a general reaction to something unexpected, whereas 怯む specifically implies a loss of courage or a physical recoil due to fear or intimidation.
Hesitation (ためらう) is often due to indecision or uncertainty, whereas flinching (怯む) is more of an involuntary reaction to fear or intimidation.
Giving up (諦める) is a decision to stop trying, whereas flinching (怯む) is a momentary reaction that doesn't necessarily imply surrender.
Redewendungen & Ausdrücke
— To be chilled to the bone; to be scared stiff. While this idiom describes extreme fear, it's more about the feeling of intense fright than the act of flinching or losing courage itself. 怯む is a more direct reaction to that fear.
危うく事故に遭うところだった。肝を冷やしたよ。(Ayauku jiko ni au tokoro datta. Kimo o hiyashita yo.) - I almost got into an accident. I was scared stiff!
Informal— To have one's legs give way from fear or shock; to be stunned. This idiom describes a physical incapacitation due to fear, which is a strong form of flinching or being overwhelmed.
あまりの恐ろしさに腰が抜けてしまった。(Amari no osoroshisa ni koshi ga nukete shimatta.) - I was so terrified that my legs gave way.
Informal— To change color; to show surprise or fear on one's face. This describes the visible manifestation of being startled or frightened, which often accompanies or precedes 怯む.
突然の質問に、彼は顔色を変えた。(Totsuzen no shitsumon ni, kare wa kaoiro o kaeta.) - He changed color at the sudden question.
Neutral— To make one's blood run cold; to shock someone greatly. This idiom describes something that causes extreme shock or surprise, which can then lead to 怯む.
彼のパフォーマンスは観客の度肝を抜いた。(Kare no pafōmansu wa kankyaku no doki o nuita.) - His performance shocked the audience.
Neutral/Informal— To step backward; to retreat. This is a direct physical action that often accompanies or results from 怯む.
危険を感じて、彼は後ずさった。(Kiken o kanjite, kare wa atozusatta.) - Feeling danger, he stepped backward.
Neutral— To lose one's spirit or energy. While 怯む is a momentary loss of courage, this idiom describes a more prolonged or complete loss of drive.
試験に落ちて、気力を失ってしまった。(Shiken ni ochite, kiryoku o ushinatte shimatta.) - After failing the exam, I lost my spirit.
Neutral— To pluck up courage; to build up one's nerve. This is the opposite of losing courage, focusing on gaining bravery.
もっと度胸をつけなさい。(Motto dokyou o tsukenāsai.) - You need to pluck up more courage.
Informal— To brace oneself; to make up one's mind to do something difficult. This is about firm resolve, the antithesis of hesitating or flinching.
覚悟を決めて、彼はその困難に立ち向かった。(Kakugo o kimete, kare wa sono konnan ni tachimukatta.) - Having braced himself, he faced that difficulty.
Neutral— To feel dejected; to be disappointed. This describes the feeling after a setback, which might be related to why someone might 怯む, but it's the emotional aftermath.
試合に負けて、彼は肩を落とした。(Shiai ni makete, kare wa kata o otoshita.) - He was dejected after losing the match.
Neutral— To lose nerve; to back down. This is very similar to 怯む and 尻込みする, implying a loss of courage and a tendency to retreat.
彼は大事な場面で腰が引けてしまった。(Kare wa daiji na bamen de koshi ga hikete shimatta.) - He lost his nerve in an important moment.
NeutralLeicht verwechselbar
Both verbs describe reactions to unexpected events.
驚く means to be surprised or astonished, a general reaction to novelty. 怯む means to flinch, lose courage, or hesitate, specifically due to fear, intimidation, or shock that causes a pause or recoil. You might 驚く at a sudden loud noise, and then 怯む because you think it's dangerous.
突然のサイレンに驚いたが、それが事故だと知って怯んだ。(Totsuzen no sairen ni odoroita ga, sore ga jiko da to shitte hirunda.) - I was surprised by the sudden siren, but upon learning it was an accident, I flinched.
Both involve a pause or hesitation.
ためらう is a conscious hesitation, usually stemming from indecision, doubt, or uncertainty about the right course of action. 怯む is more of an involuntary reaction, often a loss of nerve or a physical recoil caused by fear or intimidation. You might ためらう before asking a difficult question, but you might 怯む if someone shouts at you unexpectedly.
昇進の話にためらったが、最終的に引き受けることにした。しかし、上司の厳しい視線に怯んだ。(Shōshin no hanashi ni tameratta ga, saishūteki ni hikiukeru koto ni shita. Shikashi, jōshi no kibishii shisen ni hirunda.) - I hesitated about the promotion, but decided to accept it. However, I flinched at my boss's stern gaze.
Both imply backing down or recoiling.
尻込みする specifically means to shrink back or become timid, often in anticipation of difficulty or danger. It emphasizes a withdrawal due to fear or a sense of inadequacy. 怯む is a more general term for flinching or losing courage, which can be a quick, involuntary reaction. 尻込みする often implies a more prolonged reluctance to engage.
その難易度の高い仕事に尻込みしたが、同僚の励ましで怯まずに挑戦した。(Sono nan'ido no takai shigoto ni shirakomishita ga, dōryō no hagemashi de hiramazu ni chōsen shita.) - I shrank back from that difficult task, but I challenged it without flinching thanks to my colleague's encouragement.
Both describe being unsettled.
動揺する means to be shaken, disturbed, or agitated, describing a state of emotional or mental instability. 怯む is a specific manifestation of this, a momentary loss of courage or a physical recoil often triggered by fear or intimidation. One might be 動揺する as a result of something that caused them to 怯む.
予期せぬ知らせに動揺したが、すぐに気持ちを落ち着かせ、怯むことなく対応した。(Yoki senu shirase ni dōyō shita ga, sugu ni kimochi o ochitsukase, hirumu koto naku taiō shita.) - I was shaken by the unexpected news, but I quickly calmed myself and responded without flinching.
Both relate to a lack of bravery.
臆病 is an adjective or noun meaning cowardly or timid, describing a personality trait or disposition. 怯む is a verb describing the *act* of flinching or losing courage in a specific situation. A person who is 臆病 might 怯む more easily, but even a brave person can 怯む when faced with extreme fear.
彼は臆病な性格なので、すぐに怯んでしまう。(Kare wa okubyou na seikaku na node, sugu ni hirunde shimau.) - Because he has a timid personality, he quickly flinches.
Satzmuster
Noun + が/は + 怯んだ。
猫が怯んだ。(Neko ga hirunda.) - The cat flinched.
Noun + に + 怯んだ。
音に怯んだ。(Oto ni hirunda.) - I flinched at the sound.
突然 + Noun + に + 怯んだ。
突然の訪問者に怯んだ。(Totsuzen no hōmonsha ni hirunda.) - I flinched at the sudden visitor.
Verb (て-form) + 怯んだ。
怖がって怯んだ。(Kowagatte hirunda.) - I became scared and flinched.
Noun + に + 怯むことなく。
困難に怯むことなく。(Konnan ni hirumu koto naku.) - Without flinching at difficulties.
Noun + を + 怯む。
相手の勢いを怯む。(Aite no ikioi o hirumu.) - To flinch at the opponent's momentum.
Adjective (く-form) + 怯む。
怖くて怯む。(Kowakute hirumu.) - To flinch out of fear.
Verb (potential form) + Verb (ない-form)
怯めない。(Hirumenai.) - Cannot flinch.
Wortfamilie
Verben
Verwandt
So verwendest du es
Common
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Using 怯む (hirumu) when simply surprised (驚く - odoroku).
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Using 驚く (odoroku) for general surprise, and 怯む (hirumu) for a flinch or loss of courage due to fear/intimidation.
Learners often use 怯む for any unexpected event. However, 驚く is for general surprise, while 怯む implies a reaction related to fear or intimidation, often involving a physical recoil or hesitation. For example, seeing a friend unexpectedly might make you 驚く, but a sudden loud bang might make you 怯む.
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Confusing 怯む (hirumu) with 諦める (akirameru - to give up).
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Using 怯む (hirumu) for a momentary reaction and 諦める (akirameru) for a decision to stop trying.
怯む describes a temporary loss of courage or a flinch, which doesn't necessarily mean the person has surrendered. 諦める means to give up entirely. Someone might 怯む momentarily but then continue, whereas if they 諦める, they stop altogether.
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Incorrect conjugation, e.g., using the dictionary form in the past tense.
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Conjugating 怯む correctly based on tense and politeness (e.g., 怯んだ - hirunda for past tense).
Forgetting to conjugate the verb correctly is a common error. For past tense, the form is 怯んだ (hirunda). For negative polite, it's 怯みません (hirumi masen). Ensure the verb ending matches the intended meaning and context.
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Using 怯む (hirumu) when the hesitation is due to indecision (ためらう - tamerau).
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Using ためらう (tamerau) for hesitation stemming from uncertainty or indecision, and 怯む (hirumu) for hesitation caused by fear or intimidation.
ためらう is about deliberating and being unable to decide. 怯む is about losing nerve or recoiling due to fear. If you're unsure whether to accept a job offer, you ためらう. If a large, aggressive dog barks at you, you 怯む.
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Overusing 怯む (hirumu) for any slight hesitation or nervousness.
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Using 怯む (hirumu) only when the context involves a significant element of fear, intimidation, or a noticeable loss of courage.
While 怯む can be used for moments of nervousness, it implies a stronger reaction than simple shyness or a slight worry. Ensure the situation truly involves being startled, intimidated, or losing nerve for 怯む to be the most appropriate word.
Tipps
Focus on the Momentary Aspect
Remember that 怯む typically describes a brief, temporary reaction. It's not about permanent fear or giving up, but about that instant of being startled, intimidated, or losing nerve. Think of it as a split-second falter.
Particle Usage
Pay attention to the particles used with 怯む. The particle に is frequently used to indicate the cause of the flinching (e.g., 音に怯む - to flinch at a sound). The particle を can sometimes indicate what is being flinched at or reacted to (e.g., 相手の勢いを怯む - to flinch at the opponent's momentum).
Cultural Nuance
In Japanese culture, showing resilience (怯むことなく) is often highly valued. While 怯む is a natural reaction, overcoming it is frequently portrayed as a sign of strength and character in narratives and social expectations.
The 'Ru' Sound
The 'ru' sound in 怯む (hirumu) is a flap, similar to the 'tt' in American English 'butter'. Practice making this quick, light sound rather than a full 'roo'.
Visualize the Reaction
When learning 怯む, visualize someone physically recoiling or their eyes widening for a split second. This mental image of a startle or momentary loss of nerve can be a powerful memory aid.
Distinguish from Similar Verbs
Carefully differentiate 怯む from 驚く (surprise), ためらう (hesitate due to indecision), and 諦める (give up). 怯む is specifically about a loss of courage or a flinch caused by fear or intimidation.
Use it in Sentences
Actively try to create sentences using 怯む in various contexts – describing a startled animal, a hesitant child, or a brave warrior momentarily taken aback. This active recall is key to mastering the word.
Explore Synonyms
Learn related words like たじろぐ (tajirogu - to flinch/recoil) and 尻込みする (shirakomi suru - to shrink back). Understanding these nuances will enrich your vocabulary and expression.
Consider the Opposite
Think about the antonyms or phrases meaning 'without flinching', such as 怯むことなく (hirumu koto naku) or 臆せず (okusezu). Understanding the opposite helps solidify the core meaning.
Listen in Media
Pay attention to how 怯む is used in Japanese dramas, anime, and movies. Observing its usage in context will provide authentic examples and deepen your understanding.
Einprägen
Eselsbrücke
Imagine a person named 'Hirumu' who is very easily startled. Every time there's a loud noise, he 'hirumu's' (flinches). He's so easily scared that even a small bump makes him 'hirumu'.
Visuelle Assoziation
Picture someone standing firm, then suddenly a large, intimidating shadow falls over them, making them visibly flinch or recoil slightly. The shadow represents the intimidating factor, and the recoil is 怯む.
Word Web
Herausforderung
Try to describe a situation where someone might 怯む, using at least three other related Japanese words you know (e.g., 怖い - kowai, 驚く - odoroku, 逃げる - nigeru). Focus on the sequence of events and the emotional state.
Wortherkunft
The origin of 怯む (hirumu) is not definitively clear, but it is believed to be an onomatopoeic or mimetic word related to the sound or feeling of recoiling or being startled. Some theories suggest it might be related to words describing a sudden intake of breath or a physical jolt.
Ursprüngliche Bedeutung: Likely related to the sound or feeling of a sudden physical reaction or a quick intake of breath.
JaponicKultureller Kontext
While 怯む describes a common human reaction, it's important to be mindful of context. Using it to describe someone who is genuinely suffering or in a deeply traumatic situation might be insensitive if it trivializes their experience. The word generally implies a more immediate, less severe reaction to a specific stimulus.
In English, equivalents like 'to flinch', 'to recoil', 'to lose one's nerve', 'to hesitate', or 'to be taken aback' capture aspects of 怯む. The nuance of a temporary loss of courage due to fear or intimidation is key.
Im Alltag üben
Kontexte aus dem Alltag
Reacting to sudden loud noises.
- 突然の物音に怯んだ。(Totsuzen no monooto ni hirunda.)
- 大きな音でびっくりして怯んだ。(Ōkina oto de bikkuri shite hirunda.)
- 雷の音に怯む。(Kaminari no oto ni hirumu.)
Facing an intimidating person or situation.
- 相手の威圧感に怯むな。(Aite no iatsukan ni hirumu na.)
- 彼の厳しい表情に怯んだ。(Kare no kibishii hyōjō ni hirunda.)
- 会議で怯むことなく発言した。(Kaigi de hirumu koto naku hatsugen shita.)
Experiencing fear or surprise.
- 暗闇で怯んだ。(Kurayami de hirunda.)
- 怖い映画を見て怯んだ。(Kowai eiga o mite hirunda.)
- 予期せぬ出来事に怯む。(Yoki senu dekigoto ni hirumu.)
Hesitating before a difficult task.
- 失敗を恐れて怯む。(Shippai o osorete hirumu.)
- 最初は少し怯んだが、挑戦した。(Saisho wa sukoshi hirunda ga, chōsen shita.)
- 困難に怯むことなく進む。(Konnan ni hirumu koto naku susumu.)
Sports and competition.
- 相手のプレッシャーに怯む。(Aite no puresshā ni hirumu.)
- 試合中に怯むことは許されない。(Shiai chū ni hirumu koto wa yurusarenai.)
- 怯むことなく最後まで戦った。(Hirumu koto naku saigo made tatakatta.)
Gesprächseinstiege
"Have you ever been so startled that you physically flinched?"
"What kind of situations make you lose your courage, even for a moment?"
"Can you think of a time you were intimidated by someone and felt like you wanted to back down?"
"When you face a difficult challenge, do you tend to hesitate or push through immediately?"
"What's the scariest thing you've ever seen that made you want to flinch away?"
Tagebuch-Impulse
Describe a situation where you (or someone you know) flinched or lost courage momentarily. What caused it, and how did you recover?
Think about a time you acted bravely despite feeling intimidated. How did you overcome the urge to flinch?
Write about a character in a book or movie who often flinches or hesitates. What are their motivations, and how does it affect the story?
Imagine you are about to undertake a very challenging task. Describe your feelings, including any moments where you might flinch or lose confidence, and how you plan to push past them.
Reflect on the importance of courage. When is it okay to flinch, and when is it essential to stand firm?
Häufig gestellte Fragen
10 Fragen驚く (odoroku) means to be surprised or astonished by something unexpected. 怯む (hirumu) means to flinch, lose courage, or hesitate, usually due to fear, intimidation, or shock. You might be 驚く at a loud noise, and then 怯む if you perceive the noise as a threat. So, surprise can lead to flinching, but flinching implies a loss of nerve or a physical recoil that surprise alone doesn't necessarily entail.
Not necessarily negative, but it describes a reaction that is not brave or resolute. It's a momentary lapse in courage or a physical startle. In many contexts, especially when facing danger, it's a natural human reaction. However, in situations where bravery is expected, not 怯む (怯むことなく) is often admired.
Primarily, 怯む is used to describe the reactions of people or animals. It describes a conscious or semi-conscious response to stimuli that affect their courage or cause them to recoil. You wouldn't typically say an inanimate object 'flinches' unless using it metaphorically.
ためらう (tamerau) means to hesitate, usually due to indecision or uncertainty about what to do. It's a more cognitive process of weighing options. 怯む (hirumu) is more of an emotional or physical reaction, a loss of nerve or a flinch caused by fear or intimidation. You might ためらう before giving a speech, but you might 怯む if someone suddenly confronts you aggressively.
A common pattern is [Trigger] + に + 怯む. For example, 突然の音に怯んだ (Totsuzen no oto ni hirunda) - I flinched at the sudden noise. You can also use it with negation: 怯むことなく (hirumu koto naku) - without flinching. Remember to conjugate it according to tense (e.g., 怯んだ for past tense).
Yes, learners sometimes confuse it with verbs like 驚く (surprise) or 諦める (give up). It's important to remember that 怯む is about a *momentary* loss of courage or a *physical recoil* due to fear/intimidation, not necessarily a decision to give up or just being surprised.
The kanji 怯 is composed of the radical '忄' (heart), indicating it relates to emotions, and '皿' (dish). While the exact etymology is debated, the heart radical clearly links it to feelings like fear and courage. It often implies a heart that is 'emptied' or 'shocked'.
While the act of 怯む itself describes a lack of bravery, the phrase 怯むことなく (without flinching) is very positive, emphasizing resilience and courage. So, the opposite of 怯む is often used in positive contexts.
Related words include 怯える (obieru - to be afraid), 怯え (obiete - fear), 臆病 (okubyou - cowardly), and 尻込みする (shirakomi suru - to shrink back).
It's quite common, especially when describing reactions to startling events, moments of tension, or when talking about bravery and fear. You'll hear it in everyday chat, movies, and news.
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Summary
怯む (hirumu) means to flinch, lose courage, or hesitate. It's a temporary reaction to something startling or intimidating, like a loud noise, a scary sight, or a daunting challenge. It's not about giving up, but about being momentarily shaken. For example, a child might 怯む at a sudden thunderclap, or a speaker might 怯む if they forget their lines.
- To flinch, lose courage, or hesitate.
- Often due to fear, surprise, or intimidation.
- A temporary reaction, not necessarily defeat.
- Common in everyday speech and media.
Focus on the Momentary Aspect
Remember that 怯む typically describes a brief, temporary reaction. It's not about permanent fear or giving up, but about that instant of being startled, intimidated, or losing nerve. Think of it as a split-second falter.
Particle Usage
Pay attention to the particles used with 怯む. The particle に is frequently used to indicate the cause of the flinching (e.g., 音に怯む - to flinch at a sound). The particle を can sometimes indicate what is being flinched at or reacted to (e.g., 相手の勢いを怯む - to flinch at the opponent's momentum).
Cultural Nuance
In Japanese culture, showing resilience (怯むことなく) is often highly valued. While 怯む is a natural reaction, overcoming it is frequently portrayed as a sign of strength and character in narratives and social expectations.
The 'Ru' Sound
The 'ru' sound in 怯む (hirumu) is a flap, similar to the 'tt' in American English 'butter'. Practice making this quick, light sound rather than a full 'roo'.
Verwandte Inhalte
Mehr emotions Wörter
ぼんやり
B1Verschwommen; geistesabwesend. Wird verwendet, um eine unklare Sicht oder einen unkonzentrierten Geisteszustand zu beschreiben.
夢中
B1Absorption; engrossment; infatuation.
受け止める
B1Etwas (z.B. einen Ball) auffangen oder eine Situation/Kritik ernsthaft annehmen.
達成感
B1Das Gefühl der Zufriedenheit und des Stolzes, wenn Sie eine Aufgabe erfolgreich abgeschlossen oder ein Ziel erreicht haben. Es ist die Belohnung für Ihre Bemühungen.
ひしひしと
B1Acutely; keenly; strongly (feeling something).
適応する
B1Sich an eine neue Umgebung anzupassen ist der Schlüssel zum Erfolg.
健気な
B2Beschreibt jemanden, der trotz Schwäche oder schwieriger Umstände bewundernswerten Mut und Einsatz zeigt.
感心な
B1Bewundernswert; lobenswert. 'Er ist ein bewundernswerter Junge, der fleißig lernt.' 'Ihre Einstellung ist wirklich bewundernswert.'
感心
B1Bewunderung oder beeindruckt sein von der Leistung oder dem Verhalten einer Person.
感心する
B1Von den Fähigkeiten oder dem Verhalten einer Person beeindruckt sein.
