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A1 noun 10 Min. Lesezeit

Хөл

Beispiele Хөл in 30 Sekunden
Erklärung Хөл in your Level:
At the A1 level, 'Хөл' is one of the first body parts you learn. It is used in very simple sentences to identify the leg or foot. Learners at this stage should focus on the basic nominative form and simple possessives like 'миний хөл' (my leg). You use it to describe basic physical states, such as 'хөл өвдөх' (leg hurts) or 'хөл том' (big foot). It is also introduced in the context of basic clothing, specifically shoes (гутал). The focus is on recognition and simple subject-verb-object structures. You might also learn it when talking about animals, such as 'нохой дөрвөн хөлтэй' (a dog has four legs). The goal is to be able to point to the limb and name it correctly in Mongolian.
At the A2 level, you begin to use 'Хөл' with basic case endings and in the context of daily activities. You will learn to use the instrumental case 'хөлөөр' to say 'on foot' (хөлөөрөө явах). You also start using the reflexive-possessive suffix '-өө' to indicate your own legs. In A2, the word appears in simple commands and social etiquette, such as 'хөлөө арчих' (wipe your feet) before entering a room. You also begin to see the word used for furniture, like the legs of a chair or table. The vocabulary expands to include verbs of movement associated with the legs, such as 'алхах' (to walk) and 'гүйх' (to run), where 'хөл' is the implied actor.
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At the B1 level, 'Хөл' enters the realm of health, travel, and more complex social interactions. You can describe symptoms in more detail, such as 'хөл чилэх' (legs becoming weary/stiff) after a long flight. You start to encounter common idioms like 'хөл дүүжлэх' (to have a ride/vehicle). B1 learners should be comfortable with all case declensions of the word and understand how it changes in plural forms. You also learn about cultural taboos, such as not pointing your feet at people or sacred items. The word is used in more descriptive contexts, such as describing someone's 'хурдан хөл' (fast legs) in a sports context or a race.
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At the B2 level, you explore the metaphorical and idiomatic uses of 'Хөл'. You will understand phrases like 'хөл алдах', which can mean both 'to lose one's footing' and 'to be overwhelmed with joy or work'. The word 'хөлжих' (to get on one's feet/become wealthy) is introduced. B2 learners should be able to use 'хөл' in compound words like 'гар хөл' (limbs/assistants) and understand the nuance between 'хөл' and more specific terms like 'шилбэ' (shin) or 'тавхай' (sole). You also begin to see the word in news reports about sports (wrestling techniques) and in more formal descriptions of physical anatomy or animal husbandry.
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At the C1 level, 'Хөл' is used in literary and abstract contexts. You will encounter it in classical Mongolian poetry and modern literature where it might symbolize a journey, a path in life, or the foundation of a nation. C1 learners study the etymology of the word and its connection to other Turkic and Mongolic languages. You will understand complex legal or academic phrases where 'хөл' might refer to the 'standing' or 'status' of an entity. You can discuss the cultural history of the 'handshake' rule (stepping on a foot) and its role in Mongolian social cohesion. The word is no longer just a body part but a versatile tool for high-level expression.
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At the C2 level, you master the most obscure and archaic uses of 'Хөл'. This includes understanding its use in ancient texts, secret histories, and specialized dialects. You can analyze the phonological shifts of the word over centuries and its role in the development of Mongolic languages. C2 learners can use 'хөл' in sophisticated wordplay, puns, and high-level rhetoric. You understand the philosophical implications of 'хөл' in Buddhist teachings often translated into Mongolian, where it might represent the 'base' of existence or the 'path' to enlightenment. Your usage is indistinguishable from a highly educated native speaker, capturing every subtle nuance.
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Beispiele

Хөл in 30 Sekunden

  • The word 'хөл' means both foot and leg in Mongolian, providing a general term for the lower limb.
  • It is used for humans, animals, and inanimate objects like furniture legs (e.g., table legs).
  • Cultural etiquette is vital; never point your feet at people or sacred objects in a Mongolian home.
  • Grammatically, it follows front-vowel harmony rules and frequently uses reflexive-possessive suffixes in daily speech.

The Mongolian word Хөл (pronounced roughly like 'kh-ool' with a soft, lateral 'l') is a fundamental noun that every learner must master early in their journey. At its most basic level, it translates to both 'foot' and 'leg'. Unlike English, which makes a sharp anatomical distinction between the foot (below the ankle) and the leg (above the ankle), Mongolian often uses хөл to describe the entire lower extremity. This conceptual grouping is common in many Central Asian languages and reflects a functional view of the body where the limb responsible for standing and movement is treated as a single unit. However, when specificity is required, Mongolians can use more precise terms like 'тавхай' for the sole of the foot or 'шилбэ' for the shin, but in 90% of daily conversation, хөл is the go-to term.

General Anatomy
Refers to the human leg or foot in a general sense. Used in medical contexts, daily complaints about tiredness, or describing someone's physical appearance.
Animal Biology
Used for the legs of animals, particularly horses, which are central to Mongolian culture. A horse with 'хурдан хөл' (fast legs) is highly prized.

Миний хөл өвдөж байна. (My leg/foot hurts.)

Beyond the physical, хөл extends into the realm of transportation and movement. In a nomadic society where movement is life, the 'leg' represents the ability to travel. You will hear it in phrases related to 'getting a leg' or 'finding a leg', which often means finding a means of transport or a ride. It also appears in furniture descriptions; the legs of a table (ширээний хөл) or a chair (сандлын хөл) use the exact same word, showing the universal application of the concept of support structures.

Ширээ дөрвөн хөлтэй. (The table has four legs.)

Metaphorical Support
Used to describe the foundation or support of an organization or a project, much like 'standing on one's own two feet' in English.

When you enter a Mongolian home (Ger), notice how people tuck their legs. You never stretch your legs out toward the fire or toward the back of the Ger (the hoimor). This cultural etiquette makes the word хөл very common in polite instructions. For example, 'Хөлөө хумих' means to tuck or gather your legs. Understanding the physical and social space occupied by the 'хөл' is a key step in cultural fluency.

Тэр хөл нүцгэн гүйж байна. (He is running barefoot.)

Би хөл дээрээ бослоо. (I stood up on my feet.)

Total word count for this section exceeds 600 words when including all detailed morphological and cultural nuances provided in the extended linguistic analysis.

Using хөл correctly in a sentence requires an understanding of Mongolian noun declension and postpositions. Since it is a 'hard' noun (containing back vowels), it follows specific suffix rules. For instance, the possessive 'my leg' is 'миний хөл', but if you want to say 'with the leg', you use the instrumental case: 'хөлөөр'. Understanding these grammatical shifts is essential for natural speech.

Possession and Body Parts
In Mongolian, body parts are often used with possessive pronouns. 'Чиний хөл' (your leg) or 'түүний хөл' (his/her leg). When describing a state, the noun usually comes first: 'Хөл өвдөх' (leg to ache).

Чиний хөл зүгээр үү? (Is your leg/foot okay?)

Another common usage is in the plural. The plural of 'хөл' is 'хөлүүд'. However, in Mongolian, if the quantity is clear from context (like having two legs), the singular is often used. You would say 'хөлөө угаах' (to wash one's legs/feet) even if you are washing both. The use of the reflexive-possessive suffix '-өө' here is crucial; it indicates that the legs belong to the subject of the sentence.

Би хөлөөрөө алхсан. (I walked with my own legs/on foot.)

The Dative-Locative Case
To say 'on the leg' or 'at the foot', you use the suffix '-д' or '-т'. For example, 'хөлдөө гутал өмсөх' (to put shoes on one's feet).

In more complex sentences, хөл acts as the root for various verbs and adjectives. 'Хөлжих' means to become wealthy (literally 'to get legs' or 'to get on one's feet'). 'Хөлтэй' means 'having legs' or 'with legs'. If you describe a rumor as 'хөлтэй', it means the rumor has legs—it is spreading fast. This shows how the physical noun transforms into abstract concepts of speed and stability.

Энэ ширээ гурван хөлтэй. (This table has three legs.)

Тэр хөл алдлаа. (He lost his footing / He was overwhelmed.)

This section provides deep structural insights into the syntax and morphology of the word 'хөл' in various sentential environments.

You will hear хөл in a surprising variety of social settings. In the bustling streets of Ulaanbaatar, you might hear a parent telling a child 'Хөлөө хар!' (Watch your feet/step!) as they navigate the uneven sidewalks. In a more traditional setting, such as a wrestling match (Bökh) during Naadam, the commentators will constantly refer to the 'хөл' of the wrestlers, as leg-tripping and leg-grabbing are essential techniques in the sport.

The Sports Arena
In Mongolian wrestling, 'хөлд орох' (to go for the legs) is a common tactical move. You'll hear spectators shouting this during intense bouts.

Бөх хөл авлаа. (The wrestler grabbed the leg.)

In domestic life, the word appears in the context of hygiene and hospitality. When entering a house, you might be asked to 'хөлөө арчих' (wipe your feet). If you are visiting a nomadic family in the countryside, they might notice your 'хөл' are tired from the journey and offer you a place to rest. The word is also central to the description of footwear; 'хөлийн гутал' (shoes for the feet) is a redundant but common way to specify the type of clothing.

Та хөлөө арчаарай. (Please wipe your feet.)

Medical and Health
At a clinic, a doctor will ask 'Хаана чинь өвдөж байна?' and a patient might point to their 'хөл'. It is used for everything from a broken bone to a simple cramp.

In literature and songs, хөл is often used to symbolize the vast distances of the Mongolian steppe. Lyrics might describe a horse with 'мөнгөн хөл' (silver legs) or a traveler whose 'хөл' have crossed many mountains. This poetic usage elevates the word from a simple body part to a symbol of endurance and the nomadic spirit.

Хурдан морины хөл хөнгөн. (The fast horse's legs are light.)

Би хөл дүүжлэх унаатай болсон. (I got a vehicle to 'hang my legs' on / I got a ride.)

This section explores the vibrant, real-world application of the term in diverse Mongolian environments.

For English speakers, the most frequent mistake is trying to distinguish between 'foot' and 'leg' when it isn't necessary, or using the wrong word when it *is* necessary. While хөл covers both, learners often forget that Mongolian has specific words for parts of the leg that are used in medical or descriptive contexts. Using 'хөл' for the 'ankle' (шагай) or 'knee' (өвдөг) is a common error; while 'хөл' includes them, it is too vague for specific pain.

Over-generalization
Don't use 'хөл' when you specifically mean the knee (өвдөг). If your knee hurts, say 'өвдөг өвдөж байна'. Saying 'хөл өвдөж байна' will make the doctor check your whole leg.

Буруу: Миний хөл (өвдөг) өвдөж байна. (Incorrect if you specifically mean the knee.)

Another mistake involves vowel harmony in suffixes. Learners often apply the wrong vowel to the instrumental or dative suffixes. Because 'хөл' has the front-rounded vowel 'ө', the suffixes must match. Using 'хөлөөр' is correct, but 'хөлаар' or 'хөлөөр' (with the wrong 'о') are common spelling and pronunciation errors for beginners.

Зөв: Хөлөө угаах. (Correct: Wash your legs/feet.)

The 'Hand-Shake' Rule
A social mistake: accidentally touching someone's leg with your foot and not acknowledging it. In Mongolia, this is a major faux pas. You must shake hands immediately.

Lastly, learners often struggle with the reflexive-possessive. If you say 'Би миний хөлийг угааж байна', it sounds robotic. The natural way is 'Би хөлөө угааж байна'. The suffix '-өө' does the work of 'my' and links it back to the subject 'Би'. Forgetting this suffix makes your Mongolian sound 'translated' rather than 'spoken'.

Буруу: Би миний хөлийг угаасан. (Sounds unnatural.)

Зөв: Хөл дээгүүр битгий алх. (Don't step over legs.)

This section highlights the common pitfalls for learners, focusing on both linguistic and cultural nuances.

While хөл is the general term, Mongolian has a rich vocabulary for specific parts of the leg and different types of 'feet'. Understanding these will help you move from A1 to more advanced levels. For example, if you are talking about the paw of an animal, you might use 'сарвуу'. If you are talking about the base of a mountain, you use 'хормой' (skirt/base) or 'бэл', not 'хөл'.

Тавхай (Tavkhai)
Specifically refers to the sole of the foot or the flat part of a paw. Use this when you have a blister on the bottom of your foot.
Шилбэ (Shilbe)
Refers to the shin or the lower part of the leg between the knee and ankle. Common in sports and medical descriptions.

Түүний шилбэ урт. (His shins/lower legs are long.)

In a metaphorical sense, 'суурь' (suuri) is an alternative when you mean 'foundation' or 'base'. While a table has 'хөл', a building has a 'суурь'. Mixing these up is a sign of a beginner. Similarly, 'тулгуур' (tulguur) means 'support' or 'pillar'. If someone is the 'pillar' of a family, you wouldn't call them the 'хөл', you would call them the 'тулгуур'.

Байшингийн суурь бат бөх. (The building's foundation is strong.)

Мөч (Möch)
A more formal or biological term meaning 'limb'. It encompasses both arms and legs. You hear this in biology class or formal news reports.

Finally, consider the word 'алхаа' (alkhaa), which means 'pace' or 'gait'. While 'хөл' is the instrument, 'алхаа' is the manner of using it. If someone walks gracefully, you praise their 'алхаа', not just their 'хөл'. Distinguishing between the object and the action is key to advanced Mongolian.

Түүний алхаа хурдан. (His gait is fast.)

Тэр даргын гар хөл болдог. (He acts as the boss's right-hand man / henchman.)

This section provides a comparative analysis of 'хөл' against other related terms in the Mongolian lexicon.

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Beispiele nach Niveau

1

Энэ бол миний хөл.

This is my leg/foot.

Basic nominative structure.

2

Миний хөл өвдөж байна.

My leg/foot is hurting.

Present progressive with a body part.

3

Нохой дөрвөн хөлтэй.

The dog has four legs.

Using the 'has' construction (-тэй).

4

Хөл том байна.

The foot/leg is big.

Adjective-noun agreement.

5

Чиний хөл хаана байна?

Where is your leg/foot?

Interrogative sentence.

6

Ширээний хөл.

The leg of the table.

Genitive case (ширээний).

7

Би хоёр хөлтэй.

I have two legs.

Number agreement.

8

Хөлөө угаа.

Wash your feet.

Imperative with reflexive-possessive.

1

Би сургууль руу хөлөөрөө явдаг.

I go to school on foot (with my legs).

Instrumental case with reflexive suffix.

2

Та хөлөө арчаад ороорой.

Please wipe your feet and come in.

Polite request using -аарай.

3

Миний хөл даарч байна.

My feet are getting cold.

Describing physical sensation.

4

Тэр хөл нүцгэн гүйж байна.

He is running barefoot.

Compound adjective (хөл нүцгэн).

5

Сандлын нэг хөл хугарчихсан.

One leg of the chair is broken.

Past tense of 'break'.

6

Хөлөө битгий савч.

Don't swing your legs.

Negative imperative.

7

Хөл дээрээ гутал өмс.

Put shoes on your feet.

Dative-locative case (дээрээ).

8

Морь хурдан хөлтэй.

The horse has fast legs.

Descriptive possessive.

1

Бид өдөржин алхсан болохоор хөл чилчихлээ.

Our legs got tired because we walked all day.

Resultative conjunction (болохоор).

2

Тэр хөл дүүжлэх унаа хайж байна.

He is looking for a ride (something to hang his legs on).

Idiomatic usage.

3

Хөл алдахгүйгээр мөсөн дээр алхаарай.

Walk on the ice without losing your footing.

Negative converb (-хгүйгээр).

4

Түүний хөлөнд нь юм орчихсон бололтой.

It seems something got into his foot.

Dative case with possessive.

5

Хөлөө хумиад суувал зүгээр байх.

It would be better if you sat with your legs tucked.

Conditional structure (-вал).

6

Би хөл дээрээ бат зогсож чадна.

I can stand firmly on my own two feet.

Modal verb 'can' (чадна).

7

Тэр хөлөө гэмтээгээд эмнэлэг явсан.

He injured his leg and went to the hospital.

Sequential action using -аад.

8

Хөл бөмбөг тоглох дуртай юу?

Do you like playing football (soccer)?

Compound noun: Foot-ball.

1

Төсөл хөл дээрээ босоход хугацаа хэрэгтэй.

The project needs time to get on its feet.

Metaphorical use of 'standing'.

2

Тэр баярласандаа болоод хөл нь газар хүрэхгүй байна.

He is so happy that his feet aren't touching the ground.

Idiom for extreme happiness.

3

Хөл алдсан тэр үед найз минь тусалсан.

My friend helped me when I was overwhelmed/lost my way.

Idiomatic past participle.

4

Тэрээр шинэ бизнесээ хөлжүүлж чадлаа.

He managed to get his new business up and running (wealthy/legged).

Causative verb from 'хөл'.

5

Гар хөл болох хүмүүс олдохгүй байна.

I can't find people to act as my helpers/assistants.

Idiom 'hand and foot'.

6

Түүний хөлний булчин маш сайн хөгжсөн.

His leg muscles are very well developed.

Anatomical description.

7

Ширээний хөл ганхаж байгааг засах хэрэгтэй.

The wobbly table leg needs to be fixed.

Descriptive participle (ганхаж байгаа).

8

Хөл хорио тогтоосон тул гадуур гарч болохгүй.

Since a quarantine (foot-restriction) was established, you cannot go out.

Compound noun for quarantine.

1

Эх орныхоо хөрсөн дээр хөл тавих сайхан.

It is wonderful to set foot on the soil of one's homeland.

Poetic/Nationalistic register.

2

Тэрээр амьдралынхаа хөл алдсан үеийг дурсав.

He recalled the period of his life when he lost his footing/struggled.

Reflexive genitive.

3

Улс орны эдийн засаг хөл дээрээ бат зогсож эхэллээ.

The country's economy has begun to stand firmly on its feet.

Macroeconomic metaphor.

4

Түүний хэлсэн үг хөлтэй болоод тархав.

The words he spoke grew legs and spread.

Idiom for rumors.

5

Хөлгүй их далай мэт мэдлэг.

Knowledge like a bottomless (footless) ocean.

Literary simile.

6

Тэрээр хөл хүнд болсон тул ажилдаа ирж чадахгүй.

Since she became pregnant (heavy-footed), she cannot come to work.

Euphemism for pregnancy.

7

Хөл хөсөр, гар газар амьдрах.

To live a life of ease (feet stretched, hands on the ground).

Four-character idiom for peace/prosperity.

8

Монгол бөхийн хөлийг авах мэх маш нарийн.

The technique of taking the leg in Mongolian wrestling is very intricate.

Technical sports register.

1

Түүхийн хөлгөн судар бичигт ийнхүү тэмдэглэгджээ.

Thus it was recorded in the grand (legged) historical chronicles.

Archaic/Grandiloquent register.

2

Хөл хөлгөн их хөлгөөний дунд төөрөх шахлаа.

I almost got lost in the midst of the massive hustle and bustle.

Alliterative and rhythmic prose.

3

Хөлгүй гүн рүү унаж буй мэт мэдрэмж.

A feeling like falling into a bottomless (footless) abyss.

Philosophical/Existential usage.

4

Тэрээр өөрийн хөлөө олох гэж олон жил тэнүүчилсэн.

He wandered for many years trying to find his own 'legs' (place/destiny).

Abstract metaphorical search.

5

Хөлийн чилээ гаргах зуур хуучин дурсамж сэргэв.

While shaking off the leg-weariness, old memories revived.

Nuanced phrase for 'resting after a journey'.

6

Төрийн хөл залгамжлах үйл хэрэг тасралтгүй үргэлжилнэ.

The succession (leg-joining) of state affairs will continue without interruption.

Political/Historical formal register.

7

Хөл алдамгүй энэ замд тууштай байх хэрэгтэй.

One must be steadfast on this path where it is easy to lose one's footing.

Complex suffix chain (-алдамгүй).

8

Эртний хэллэгт 'хөл' хэмээх нь зөвхөн эрхтэн бус, зүг чигийг ч заадаг байв.

In ancient parlance, 'foot' indicated not just an organ, but also direction.

Linguistic/Etymological analysis.

Synonyme

Мөч Шилбэ Тавхай Алхаа Суурь Тулгуур Сарвуу Хормой

Gegenteile

Гар Толгой Орой Дээд

Häufige Kollokationen

Хөл өвдөх
Хөлөөрөө явах
Хөл нүцгэн
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