B1 Relative Clauses 1 min read Medio

Relative Clauses with Prepositions

Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

In Bulgarian, prepositions always come before the relative pronoun 'който' to link descriptions to nouns.

  • Place the preposition directly before the relative pronoun: 'с когото' (with whom).
  • The pronoun must match the gender/number of the noun it describes: 'който/която/което/които'.
  • Use 'когото' instead of 'който' for masculine persons after a preposition.
Noun + , + Preposition + Който (Gender Match) + Verb

Relative Pronoun Agreement with Prepositions

Gender/Number Subject Form After Preposition (Non-Person) After Preposition (Person)
Masculine
който
който
когото
Feminine
която
която
която
Neuter
което
което
което
Plural
които
които
които

Meanings

A relative clause with a preposition provides extra information about a noun where the relationship involves a prepositional link (like 'with', 'for', or 'in').

1

Spatial/Directional

Indicating location or movement relative to the noun.

“Къщата, пред която стоим, е стара.”

“Пътят, по който вървим, е дълъг.”

2

Social/Relational

Indicating relationships between people using prepositions like 'with' or 'about'.

“Човекът, с когото говорих, е лекар.”

“Жената, за която ти разказах, е тук.”

Reference Table

Reference table for Relative Clauses with Prepositions
Form Structure Example
Masculine Person
Prep + когото
Човекът, с когото говоря.
Masculine Object
Prep + който
Моливът, с който пиша.
Feminine
Prep + която
Жената, за която мисля.
Neuter
Prep + което
Селото, в което живея.
Plural
Prep + които
Хората, с които пътувам.
Formal Dative
комуто
Човекът, комуто вярвам.

Espectro de formalidad

Formal
Лицето, с когото пътувам.

Лицето, с когото пътувам. (Travel)

Neutral
Човекът, с когото пътувам.

Човекът, с когото пътувам. (Travel)

Informal
Този, с който пътувам.

Този, с който пътувам. (Travel)

Jerga
Човека, дето пътувам с него.

Човека, дето пътувам с него. (Travel)

The Relative Bridge

Preposition + Който

People (Masc)

  • с когото with whom

Things (Fem)

  • за която about which

English vs Bulgarian Order

English (Stranded)
The man I work WITH Preposition at end
Bulgarian (Strict)
Човекът, С КОГОТО работя Preposition before pronoun

Ejemplos por nivel

1

Това е къщата, в която живея.

This is the house in which I live.

2

Това е момчето, с което уча.

This is the boy with whom I study.

1

Филмът, за който говориш, е интересен.

The movie you are talking about is interesting.

2

Жената, на която помогнах, е съседка.

The woman I helped is a neighbor.

1

Това е колегата, с когото работя по проекта.

This is the colleague with whom I am working on the project.

2

Проблемите, пред които сме изправени, са сериозни.

The problems we are facing are serious.

1

Идеята, върху която разсъждаваме, е иновативна.

The idea we are reflecting upon is innovative.

2

Човекът, от когото взех заема, е мой приятел.

The person from whom I took the loan is my friend.

1

Обстоятелствата, при които се случи това, са странни.

The circumstances under which this happened are strange.

2

Това е авторът, за когото се пише толкова много напоследък.

This is the author about whom so much is being written lately.

1

Той е човекът, комуто бе поверена тази важна мисия.

He is the person to whom this important mission was entrusted.

2

Институцията, чрез която се осъществява контролът, е независима.

The institution through which control is exercised is independent.

Fácil de confundir

Relative Clauses with Prepositions vs Където vs. В който

Both can mean 'where' in a relative sense.

Relative Clauses with Prepositions vs Който vs. Когото

Learners use 'който' for everything.

Relative Clauses with Prepositions vs Дето vs. Който

'Дето' is used in slang for all relative clauses.

Errores comunes

Къщата който живея.

Къщата, в която живея.

Missing preposition 'в' and wrong gender (къща is feminine).

Човекът който говоря с.

Човекът, с когото говоря.

Preposition must come before the pronoun.

Приятелите който имам.

Приятелите, които имам.

Plural noun needs plural pronoun 'които'.

Мъжът, с който работя.

Мъжът, с когото работя.

Use 'когото' for masculine persons after prepositions.

Градът в който.

Градът, в който.

Always put a comma before the relative clause.

Жената за който говорих.

Жената, за която говорих.

Gender mismatch: 'жена' is feminine.

Проектът, на когото работя.

Проектът, на който работя.

'Когото' is only for people; 'който' is for objects.

Хората, за който мислиш.

Хората, за които мислиш.

Plural agreement error.

Мястото, където в него живея.

Мястото, в което живея.

Redundant pronoun 'него' when using a relative clause.

Човекът, на който дадох книгата.

Човекът, на когото дадох книгата.

In formal writing, 'на който' for a person is considered a stylistic error.

Фирмата, чрез който се развиваме.

Фирмата, чрез която се развиваме.

Abstract noun gender confusion.

Събитието, при което присъствахме.

Събитието, на което присъствахме.

Wrong preposition choice for the verb 'присъствам'.

Patrones de oraciones

Това е ___(noun)___, за който/която/което/които ти разказах.

Човекът, с когото ___(verb)___, е мой приятел.

Това е проблемът, пред който сме ___(adjective/participle)___.

Real World Usage

Social Media very common

Това е ресторантът, за който ви говорих в сторито!

Job Interviews common

Това е проектът, по който постигнах най-добри резултати.

Texting constant

Прати ми линка, за който спомена.

Academic Writing very common

Хипотезата, върху която се гради изследването, е следната...

💡

The Person Rule

Always ask: Is it a man? If yes, and there is a preposition, use 'когото'. It's the mark of a B1 learner!
⚠️

No Dangling Prepositions

Never end a sentence with 'с', 'за', or 'в'. Move them to the front of 'който' immediately.
🎯

Comma First

In Bulgarian, we almost always put a comma before 'който'. It helps the reader see the relative clause starting.

Smart Tips

Stop! Move the 'to' (на) to the front and change 'who' to 'whom' (когото).

Човекът, който говорих на. Човекът, на когото говорих.

If you are unsure of the preposition, 'в който' (in which) is usually a safe bet for buildings and cities.

Офисът, който работя. Офисът, в който работя.

Use 'който' structures instead of 'дето' to maintain a professional tone.

Документите, дето ги пратих. Документите, които изпратих.

Pronunciación

v-KOY-to, s-ko-GO-to

Liaison with Prepositions

The preposition and the relative pronoun are pronounced as one word. The stress usually falls on the pronoun.

Comma Pause

Човекът [pause], с когото говоря...

A slight rise and pause before the relative clause starts.

Memorízalo

Mnemotecnia

Preposition first, then the 'K' word—never let the preposition hang at the end like a loose thread!

Asociación visual

Imagine a train where the preposition is the locomotive and 'който' is the first carriage. The locomotive must always lead the way into the tunnel (the relative clause).

Rhyme

За който, със когото – сложи предлога пред името!

Story

A man named Koito (който) always travels with his dog, Preposition. In Bulgarian land, the dog must always walk in front of Koito, or they won't be allowed to cross the comma bridge.

Word Web

койтокоятокоетокоитокоготопредлогизречение

Desafío

Write three sentences about your best friend, your favorite book, and your city using 'с когото', 'за която', and 'в който'.

Notas culturales

Bulgarians are quite strict about the use of 'когото' for people in formal settings. Using 'който' for a person after a preposition can make you sound uneducated.

In very casual speech, Bulgarians often replace 'който' with 'дето' and use a resumptive pronoun at the end. This is common but should be avoided in writing.

Bulgarian relative pronouns derive from Old Church Slavonic 'kyi-zhe'.

Inicios de conversación

Кой е човекът, на когото се възхищаваш най-много?

Разкажи ми за града, в който си роден.

Има ли проект, по който работиш в момента?

Temas para diario

Опиши идеалния дом, в който би искал да живееш.
Напиши за приятел, на когото винаги можеш да разчиташ.
Опиши последното пътуване, на което си бил.

Errores comunes

Incorrect

Correcto


Incorrect

Correcto


Incorrect

Correcto


Incorrect

Correcto

Test Yourself

Fill in the correct form of 'който' (който, която, което, които, когото).

Това е жената, за _______ ти разказах.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: която
'Жена' is feminine, so we use 'която'.
Find the error in the sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Човекът, с който пътувам, е много мил.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: с който
Since it's a person (masculine), it should be 'с когото'.
Choose the correct prepositional relative clause. Opción múltiple

Къде е книгата, _______ ?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: за която говорихме
The preposition must come immediately before the relative pronoun.
Translate to Bulgarian: 'The city in which I live.' Traducción

The city in which I live.

Answer starts with: Гра...

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Градът, в който живея.
'Град' is masculine object, so 'който' is correct, and the preposition 'в' must be at the front.

Score: /4

Ejercicios de practica

4 exercises
Fill in the correct form of 'който' (който, която, което, които, когото).

Това е жената, за _______ ти разказах.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: която
'Жена' is feminine, so we use 'която'.
Find the error in the sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Човекът, с който пътувам, е много мил.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: с който
Since it's a person (masculine), it should be 'с когото'.
Choose the correct prepositional relative clause. Opción múltiple

Къде е книгата, _______ ?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: за която говорихме
The preposition must come immediately before the relative pronoun.
Translate to Bulgarian: 'The city in which I live.' Traducción

The city in which I live.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Градът, в който живея.
'Град' is masculine object, so 'който' is correct, and the preposition 'в' must be at the front.

Score: /4

Preguntas frecuentes (6)

In very informal speech, people do it, but it is grammatically incorrect. For B1 exams and professional life, always use `когото` for masculine persons.

Bulgarian punctuation rules require a comma to separate a subordinate clause (the relative clause) from the main clause.

No, 'когото' is only for masculine singular. For plural people, just use `които` (e.g., `хората, с които`).

Mostly, yes. `Където` is more common in speech, while `в който` is more common in writing.

Yes, if the pronoun is the subject or direct object (without a prepositional relationship). E.g., `Човекът, който ме видя` (The man who saw me).

It is an old dative form meaning 'to whom'. You will see it in the Bible or old poetry. In modern Bulgarian, we say `на когото`.

Scaffolded Practice

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

4

Mastery Progress

Needs Practice

Improving

Strong

Mastered

In Other Languages

Spanish high

el cual / con quien

Spanish uses 'quien' for people, while Bulgarian uses a modified version of 'which' (когото).

French high

lequel / avec qui

French has a specific form 'dont' for 'of which', whereas Bulgarian just uses 'от който'.

German moderate

mit dem / durch die

German pronouns are identical to definite articles, while Bulgarian uses a specific 'k-' word.

Japanese none

None (Attributive verbs)

Japanese has no equivalent to 'which' or 'whom' in these structures.

Arabic low

al-ladhi + resumptive pronoun

Bulgarian does not use resumptive pronouns (e.g., we don't say 'the house in which I live in it').

Learning Path

Prerequisites

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