B1 Passive & Reported Speech 1 min read Medio

Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

Use the -s form of verbs like 'säga' or 'tro' to report rumors or general beliefs without naming a specific person.

  • Add -s to the verb to make it passive: 'säga' becomes 'sägas' (is said).
  • Use 'Det' as a placeholder: 'Det sägs att...' (It is said that...).
  • Use a personal subject: 'Han sägs vara...' (He is said to be...).
Subject + Verb-s + (att / infinitive) 🗣️➡️🤫

Meanings

Passive reporting verbs allow you to convey information, rumors, or general opinions without attributing them to a specific source. They function similarly to the English 'it is said that' or 'he is considered to be'.

1

Rumors and hearsay

Using 'sägas' or 'ryktas' to talk about things people are talking about but aren't confirmed.

“Det ryktas att de ska gifta sig.”

“Han sägs ha vunnit på lotto.”

2

General opinion or reputation

Using 'anses' or 'betraktas' to describe how someone or something is viewed by society.

“Hon anses vara en av de bästa i världen.”

“Filmen anses vara ett mästerverk.”

3

Expectations and estimates

Using 'beräknas' or 'väntas' for future events or statistical data.

“Tåget beräknas anlända klockan tio.”

“Priserna väntas stiga nästa år.”

Common Reporting Verbs in Passive Form

Infinitive Present (-s) Past (Preteritum) Supine English Meaning
sägas sägs sades sagts be said
anses anses ansågs ansetts be considered
tros tros troddes trotts be believed
påstås påstås påstods påståtts be claimed
ryktas ryktas ryktades ryktats be rumored
uppges uppges uppgavs uppgetts be reported
beräknas beräknas beräknades beräknats be estimated
väntas väntas väntades väntats be expected

Reference Table

Reference table for Reporting Verbs
Form Structure Example
Affirmative (Det) Det + Verb-s + att + clause Det sägs att han är här.
Affirmative (Personal) Subject + Verb-s + infinitive Han sägs vara här.
Negative (Det) Det + Verb-s + inte + att + clause Det sägs inte att han är här.
Negative (Personal) Subject + Verb-s + inte + infinitive Han sägs inte vara här.
Question (Det) Verb-s + det + att + clause? Sägs det att han är här?
Question (Personal) Verb-s + Subject + infinitive? Sägs han vara här?
Past Tense Subject + Verb-s (past) + infinitive Han sades vara rik.
Perfect Tense Subject + har + Verb-s (supine) + infinitive Han har sagts vara rik.

Espectro de formalidad

Formal
Han uppges vara förmögen.

Han uppges vara förmögen. (Discussing someone's finances)

Neutral
Han sägs vara rik.

Han sägs vara rik. (Discussing someone's finances)

Informal
Man säger att han har mycket pengar.

Man säger att han har mycket pengar. (Discussing someone's finances)

Jerga
Ryktet går att han är tät.

Ryktet går att han är tät. (Discussing someone's finances)

The World of Reporting Verbs

Reporting Verbs

Rumors

  • sägas be said
  • ryktas be rumored

Opinions

  • anses be considered
  • betraktas be viewed

Claims

  • påstås be claimed
  • uppges be reported

Active vs. Passive Reporting

Active (Man)
Man säger att... They say that...
Passive (S-form)
Det sägs att... It is said that...

Choosing Your Structure

1

Do you want to start with 'Det'?

YES
Use: Det + Verb-s + att...
NO
Go to next step
2

Do you want to focus on the Person?

YES
Use: Person + Verb-s + infinitive
NO
Use 'Man säger att...'

Examples by Level

1

Folk säger att han är snäll.

People say that he is kind.

2

Många tror att det ska regna.

Many people think it will rain.

3

De säger att maten är god.

They say the food is good.

4

Jag hörde att du är sjuk.

I heard that you are sick.

1

Man säger att det är kallt i norr.

They say it's cold in the north.

2

Det sägs att han har mycket pengar.

It is said that he has a lot of money.

3

Man tror att krisen är över.

People believe the crisis is over.

4

Här anses det vara oartigt.

Here it is considered to be rude.

1

Han sägs vara en mycket skicklig läkare.

He is said to be a very skilled doctor.

2

Det påstås att företaget ska säljas.

It is claimed that the company will be sold.

3

Zlatan anses vara Sveriges bästa spelare.

Zlatan is considered to be Sweden's best player.

4

Tåget beräknas anlända om tio minuter.

The train is estimated to arrive in ten minutes.

1

Gärningsmannen uppges ha lämnat platsen i en röd bil.

The perpetrator is reported to have left the scene in a red car.

2

Resultaten tros bero på den nya metoden.

The results are believed to be due to the new method.

3

Han föregavs vara expert på området.

He was alleged to be an expert in the field.

4

Det sades att ingenting kunde stoppa dem.

It was said that nothing could stop them.

1

Åtgärderna förutsätts leda till ökad tillväxt.

The measures are assumed to lead to increased growth.

2

Han befaras ha omkommit i olyckan.

He is feared to have perished in the accident.

3

Detta torde anses vara ett brott mot reglerna.

This ought to be considered a breach of the rules.

4

Boken förmodas vara skriven på 1700-talet.

The book is presumed to be written in the 18th century.

1

Det förmäls i krönikan att kungen red genom staden.

It is recounted in the chronicle that the king rode through the city.

2

Vederbörande påstås ha agerat i god tro.

The person in question is claimed to have acted in good faith.

3

Fenomenet betraktas numera som en historisk anomali.

The phenomenon is nowadays regarded as a historical anomaly.

4

Hennes inflytande sades genomsyra hela organisationen.

Her influence was said to permeate the entire organization.

Easily Confused

Reporting Verbs vs S-passive vs. Deponens

Both end in -s, but deponens verbs (like 'hoppas', 'andas') are active in meaning.

Reporting Verbs vs Sägs vs. Säger

Learners use 'säger' when they mean 'it is said'.

Reporting Verbs vs Anses vs. Tycker

Using 'tycker' (to think/opine) in formal contexts.

Errores comunes

Jag är sagd att...

Det sägs att jag...

Learners try to translate 'I am said to' literally using 'är'. Swedish uses the -s form.

Folk sägs att...

Folk säger att...

If you have a subject like 'Folk', you usually use the active 'säger'.

Det blir sagt att...

Det sägs att...

Using 'bli' for reporting verbs is incorrect in Swedish.

Säger det att...

Det sägs att...

Forgetting the -s makes it sound like 'It says that' (like a book), not 'It is said'.

Han sägs att vara rik.

Han sägs vara rik.

In the personal construction, you don't use 'att' before the infinitive.

Det anses han vara snäll.

Han anses vara snäll.

Mixing the 'Det' and personal constructions.

Det ryktas han ska sluta.

Det ryktas att han ska sluta.

Forgetting 'att' in the 'Det' construction.

Han ansågs vara vunnit.

Han ansågs ha vunnit.

Using the wrong infinitive for past actions. Use 'ha' + supine.

Det påstås att han är en tjuv av polisen.

Han påstås av polisen vara en tjuv.

Word order with the agent 'av polisen' can be tricky.

Sades det att han kommer?

Sades det att han skulle komma?

Tense harmony in reporting. If the reporting verb is past, the subclause often needs 'skulle'.

Han förmodas att ha gjort det.

Han förmodas ha gjort det.

Still adding 'att' in formal personal constructions.

Det uppgavs han vara sjuk.

Han uppgavs vara sjuk.

Incorrect dummy subject usage with specific reporting verbs.

Sentence Patterns

Det sägs att ___.

___ anses vara ___.

___ påstås ha ___.

Tåget/Flyget beräknas ___ klockan ___.

Real World Usage

News Headlines constant

Mannen påstås ha flytt landet.

Train/Airport Announcements very common

Tåget beräknas ankomma 12:45.

Office Gossip common

Det ryktas att chefen ska sluta.

Academic Papers very common

Metoden anses vara revolutionerande.

Job Interviews occasional

Jag anses vara stresstålig av mina kollegor.

Social Media (Twitter/X) common

Det sägs att den nya filmen är usel.

🎯

The 'Ha' Trick

When reporting something that happened in the past using the personal construction, always use 'ha' + supine. 'Han sägs ha varit' (He is said to have been).
⚠️

Avoid 'Är sagd'

Never say 'Jag är sagd'. It's a direct translation from English that doesn't work. Use 'Det sägs att jag' or 'Jag sägs'.
💡

Use 'Anses' for CVs

In a Swedish CV or cover letter, use 'anses' to describe your reputation. It sounds more objective than 'Jag är'.
💬

The 'Lär' Alternative

In spoken Swedish, you might hear 'Han lär vara rik'. This 'lär' acts just like 'sägs' but is more common in speech.

Smart Tips

Replace 'Jag tror' or 'Folk säger' with 'Det anses' or 'Det sägs'.

Jag tror att det är viktigt. Det anses vara viktigt.

Always use 'ha' + supine after the reporting verb.

Han sägs var rik förut. Han sägs ha varit rik förut.

Look for the 'att' later in the sentence to find the actual information being reported.

Det sägs... Det sägs att tåget är inställt.

Use 'påstås' instead of 'sägs'. It subtly signals that the claim might be false.

Han sägs ha ljugit. Han påstås ha ljugit.

Pronunciación

/sɛks/

The -s ending

The -s at the end of these verbs is always voiceless, like the 's' in 'sit'. It does not change to a 'z' sound.

/ˈanˌseːs/

Stress in 'anses'

The stress is on the first syllable 'an-', and the 's' is joined smoothly to the end.

Reporting Intonation

Det sägs ↘ att han är här.

A slight drop in pitch after the reporting verb to introduce the new information.

Memorize It

Mnemonic

Remember 'S-A-P-T': Sägas, Anses, Påstås, Tros. These are the four kings of reporting.

Visual Association

Imagine a newspaper with a giant '-S' on the front page. Every headline uses an '-s' verb to show it's reported news, not just a personal opinion.

Rhyme

When the source is out of sight, add an -S to make it right!

Story

A spy is listening to a conversation. He doesn't know who said it, so he writes in his notebook: 'Det sägs...' (It is said). He sees a man and writes: 'Han anses...' (He is considered). He hears a claim: 'Det påstås...' (It is claimed).

Word Web

sägasansespåståstrosryktasuppgesberäknas

Desafío

Look at a Swedish news site (like SVT or DN) and find three sentences using a verb ending in -s that isn't a normal passive (like 'stängs').

Notas culturales

Swedish journalists are very careful with 'påstås' (claimed) vs 'uppges' (reported). 'Påstås' often implies that the speaker doesn't necessarily believe the claim.

In Sweden, using 'anses' can be a way to avoid sounding too boastful. Instead of saying 'I am the best,' one might say 'Jag anses vara duktig' (I am considered capable).

In universities, the passive reporting verb is the standard. Using 'Jag tror' (I think) is often seen as too subjective.

The -s passive in Swedish evolved from the Old Norse reflexive pronoun 'sik' (himself/herself/itself).

Conversation Starters

Vad anses vara den bästa maten i Sverige?

Vem sägs vara den mest kända personen från din stad?

Det ryktas att det ska bli en kall vinter, vad tror du?

Vilka egenskaper anses vara viktigast på en arbetsplats?

Journal Prompts

Skriv om ett rykte du har hört nyligen. Använd 'Det sägs att' och 'Det ryktas att'.
Beskriv din hemstad. Vad anses vara dess största sevärdhet? Vad sägs om människorna där?
Argumentera för eller emot en känd person. Vad påstås hen ha gjort? Hur betraktas hen av allmänheten?
Skriv en kort nyhetsartikel om en fiktiv händelse. Använd 'uppges', 'befaras' och 'beräknas'.

Test Yourself

Choose the correct form of the verb 'säga' for reporting. Opción múltiple

Det ___ att det ska bli snö imorgon.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: sägs
We need the passive present form '-s' for a general report.
Complete the personal construction with the correct verb.

Han anses ___ en av de bästa spelarna.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: vara
In personal constructions, use the infinitive without 'att'.
Correct the mistake in the sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Det ryktas han ska gifta sig.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Det ryktas att han ska gifta sig.
The 'Det' construction requires the conjunction 'att'.
Change the active sentence to a passive personal construction: 'Man tror att hon bor i London.' Sentence Transformation

Hon ___ i London.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: tros bo
Subject (Hon) + Passive Verb (tros) + Infinitive (bo).
Match the reporting verb with its meaning. Match Pairs

Match each item on the left with its pair on the right:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 1-B, 2-C, 3-A
Anses = Considered, Påstås = Claimed, Beräknas = Estimated.
Is the following statement true or false? True False Rule

You can use 'bli' to form reporting passives like 'Det blir sagt'.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: False
Reporting passives almost exclusively use the -s form in Swedish.
Complete the dialogue. Dialogue Completion

A: Har du hört om den nya chefen? B: Ja, hon ___ vara väldigt sträng.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: sägs
B is reporting a rumor they heard.
Which of these are valid reporting verbs? Grammar Sorting

Sägas, Anses, Hoppas, Påstås

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Sägas, Anses, Påstås
'Hoppas' is a deponens verb, not a reporting passive.

Score: /8

Ejercicios de practica

8 exercises
Choose the correct form of the verb 'säga' for reporting. Opción múltiple

Det ___ att det ska bli snö imorgon.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: sägs
We need the passive present form '-s' for a general report.
Complete the personal construction with the correct verb.

Han anses ___ en av de bästa spelarna.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: vara
In personal constructions, use the infinitive without 'att'.
Correct the mistake in the sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Det ryktas han ska gifta sig.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Det ryktas att han ska gifta sig.
The 'Det' construction requires the conjunction 'att'.
Change the active sentence to a passive personal construction: 'Man tror att hon bor i London.' Sentence Transformation

Hon ___ i London.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: tros bo
Subject (Hon) + Passive Verb (tros) + Infinitive (bo).
Match the reporting verb with its meaning. Match Pairs

1. Anses, 2. Påstås, 3. Beräknas

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 1-B, 2-C, 3-A
Anses = Considered, Påstås = Claimed, Beräknas = Estimated.
Is the following statement true or false? True False Rule

You can use 'bli' to form reporting passives like 'Det blir sagt'.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: False
Reporting passives almost exclusively use the -s form in Swedish.
Complete the dialogue. Dialogue Completion

A: Har du hört om den nya chefen? B: Ja, hon ___ vara väldigt sträng.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: sägs
B is reporting a rumor they heard.
Which of these are valid reporting verbs? Grammar Sorting

Sägas, Anses, Hoppas, Påstås

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Sägas, Anses, Påstås
'Hoppas' is a deponens verb, not a reporting passive.

Score: /8

Preguntas frecuentes (8)

`Sägs` is the present tense (is said), while `sägas` is the infinitive (to be said). You use `sägs` in most sentences: `Det sägs att...`.

Yes! `Han lär vara rik` means the same as `Han sägs vara rik`. `Lär` is very common in spoken Swedish and acts like a reporting particle.

We use `ha` + supine to report something that happened in the past. It's like the English 'He is said to HAVE won'.

It is neutral to formal. In very informal speech, people often just say `De säger att...` (They say that...).

Usually, yes. `Han anses vara snäll`. However, you can sometimes drop it in very concise writing: `Han anses snäll`.

`Påstås` (is claimed) often carries a hint of doubt. It suggests that someone is making a claim, but it might not be true.

Use the preterite form `sades`. Example: `Det sades att kriget var slut` (It was said that the war was over).

Yes! `Anses han vara duktig?` (Is he considered capable?). Just flip the verb and the subject.

In Other Languages

English high

It is said that / He is said to

Swedish uses one word (sägs) where English uses three (is being said).

German moderate

Man sagt / Es wird gesagt / Er soll ... sein

German uses 'sollen' for rumors, while Swedish uses the passive of 'säga'.

French moderate

On dit que / Il est dit que

French uses 'on' much more frequently than Swedish uses the passive.

Spanish moderate

Se dice que

Spanish cannot easily use the personal construction (He is said to be) like Swedish can.

Japanese high

〜と言われている (~to iwarete iru)

Japanese reporting often implies a more collective, social consensus.

Arabic high

يُقال أن (Yuqal 'anna)

Arabic uses a change in the verb stem rather than a suffix like Swedish.

Chinese low

据说 (Jùshuō)

Chinese uses a fixed lexical item rather than a grammatical transformation of the verb 'to say'.

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