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A1 adjective 11 min de lecture

زیاد

ziyad
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زیاد en 30 secondes

  • زیاد means 'many' or 'much'.
  • It's used for large quantities or frequencies.
  • Can be an adjective (many books) or adverb (eats a lot).
  • Common in everyday Persian conversation.

The Persian word زیاد (pronounced 'zee-ahd') is a versatile adjective that translates most commonly to 'many' or 'much' in English. It's used to indicate a large quantity or number of something. Think of it as the direct opposite of 'little' or 'few'. You'll hear it used in everyday conversations, from describing the number of people at an event to the amount of food on a plate, or even the intensity of a feeling. It's a fundamental word for expressing abundance in Persian.

Usage Context
زیاد can modify both countable and uncountable nouns. When referring to countable items, it means 'many.' When referring to uncountable substances or abstract concepts, it means 'much.' This flexibility makes it incredibly useful in a wide range of situations.
Examples in Context
Imagine you're at a party and there are many people; you could say, 'مردم زیاد بودند' (Mardom ziad boodand - There were many people). If you have a lot of work to do, you might say, 'کار زیاد دارم' (Kār ziad dāram - I have a lot of work). It's also used for time: 'وقت زیاد ندارم' (Vaght ziad nadāram - I don't have much time).

این کتاب‌ها زیاد هستند. (These books are many.)

او زیاد می‌خورد. (He eats a lot.)

In essence, زیاد signifies abundance. It's a fundamental building block for expressing quantities in Persian, whether you're talking about tangible items or abstract concepts. Mastering this word will significantly enhance your ability to communicate about amounts and numbers in a natural and fluent way. You'll encounter it in practically every conversation, from casual chats with friends to more formal settings. Its simplicity and broad applicability make it an essential vocabulary item for any Persian learner.

Grammatical Flexibility
زیاد functions primarily as an adjective, but it can also act as an adverb. As an adjective, it directly modifies nouns. For example, 'کتاب‌های زیاد' (ketāb-hā-ye ziad - many books). As an adverb, it modifies verbs, indicating the extent or frequency of an action. For instance, 'او زیاد می‌نویسد' (U ziad minevisad - He writes a lot). This dual role further increases its utility and frequency of use.

ما زیاد سفر می‌کنیم. (We travel a lot.)

Using زیاد is straightforward once you understand its core meaning. It's typically placed after the noun it modifies when used as an adjective, or after the verb when used as an adverb. However, in Persian sentence structure, especially with simple statements, it can often appear at the end of the sentence or in a position that emphasizes the quantity. Let's explore some common sentence patterns.

As an Adjective (Modifying Nouns)
When زیاد describes a noun, it usually follows the noun, often connected by the 'ezafe' construction (using 'e' or 'ye' sound). For countable nouns, it means 'many.' For uncountable nouns, it means 'much.' Observe these examples:

  • کتاب‌های زیاد (ketāb-hā-ye ziad) - Many books. Here, 'کتاب‌ها' (books) is plural, and زیاد modifies it.
  • ماشین‌های زیاد (māshin-hā-ye ziad) - Many cars.
  • پول زیاد (pul-e ziad) - Much money. 'پول' (money) is uncountable.
  • وقت زیاد (vaght-e ziad) - Much time. 'وقت' (time) is uncountable.
  • آدم‌های زیاد (ādam-hā-ye ziad) - Many people.
As an Adverb (Modifying Verbs)
When زیاد modifies a verb, it indicates the degree or frequency of the action. It often appears before or after the verb phrase, or at the end of the sentence for emphasis.

  • او زیاد می‌خندد. (U ziad mikhandad.) - He laughs a lot.
  • ما زیاد مطالعه می‌کنیم. (Mā ziad motāle'e mikonim.) - We study a lot.
  • شما زیاد سفر کرده‌اید. (Shomā ziad safar karde-id.) - You have traveled a lot.
  • او زیاد حرف می‌زند. (U ziad harf mizanad.) - She talks a lot.
  • این غذا زیاد تند است. (In ghazā ziad tond ast.) - This food is very spicy. (Here, زیاد emphasizes 'tond' - spicy, acting as an intensifier.)

امروز هوا زیاد گرم است. (Today the weather is very hot.)

It's also common to use زیاد in negations, often in conjunction with 'not'. For example, 'زیاد نیست' (ziad nist) means 'it is not much' or 'it is not many'.

Using زیاد in Questions
You can ask about quantities using زیاد. For instance:

  • آیا زیاد پول داری؟ (Āyā ziad pul dāri?) - Do you have a lot of money?
  • چقدر زیاد کار می‌کنی؟ (Cheghadr ziad kār mikoni?) - How much do you work? (This is a bit awkward; 'چقدر کار می‌کنی؟' is more natural for asking 'how much do you work?') A better question using زیاد would be: آیا شما زیاد کار می‌کنید؟ (Āyā shomā ziad kār mikonid?) - Do you work a lot?
  • اینجا آدم زیاد است؟ (Injā ādam ziad ast?) - Are there many people here?

اینجا زیاد شلوغ نیست. (It's not very crowded here.)

You'll encounter زیاد (ziad) in virtually every aspect of daily life in Persian-speaking communities. It's a word so common that you'll hear it constantly, making it one of the most useful vocabulary items for beginners. Its ubiquity means that even if you only know a few words, you'll likely understand or be able to use زیاد in many contexts.

Everyday Conversations
In casual chats, زیاد is used to describe quantities of almost anything. For instance, someone might say:

  • 'امروز زیاد کار کردم.' (Emruz ziad kār kardam.) - I worked a lot today.
  • 'اینجا زیاد گرماست.' (Injā ziad garmāst.) - It's very hot here.
  • 'من زیاد کتاب می‌خوانم.' (Man ziad ketāb mikhānam.) - I read a lot of books.
  • 'او زیاد دوست دارد.' (U ziad dust dārad.) - He likes it a lot.

You'll hear it when people discuss traffic ('ماشین‌ها زیاد بودند' - Māshin-hā ziad boodand - There were many cars), food ('غذای زیاد پختیم' - Ghazā-ye ziad pokhtim - We cooked a lot of food), or even emotions ('او زیاد خوشحال بود' - U ziad khoshhāl bood - He was very happy).

Shopping and Markets
When shopping, people might ask or comment on quantities:

  • 'این میوه زیاد است.' (In miveh ziad ast.) - This fruit is plentiful/expensive (depending on context, but often implies a large quantity or price). A better phrasing for plentiful would be 'میوه زیاد داریم' (Miveh ziad dārim - We have a lot of fruit).
  • 'من زیاد خرید کردم.' (Man ziad kharid kardam.) - I shopped a lot / I bought a lot.
Media and Entertainment
In movies, TV shows, and songs, زیاد is used to add descriptive detail:

  • A character might say, 'من زیاد تو را دیدم.' (Man ziad to rā didam.) - I saw you a lot.
  • A song lyric could be, 'اشک‌هایم زیاد بود.' (Ashk-hā-yam ziad bood.) - My tears were many.
Formal Settings (with caution)
While زیاد is primarily informal and neutral, it can appear in more formal contexts, though more specific or formal synonyms might be preferred. For example, in a report about population growth, one might see 'رشد جمعیت زیاد بود' (Roshd-e jam'iyat ziad bood - The population growth was significant/large). However, words like 'قابل توجه' (ghābel-e tavajjoh - significant) might be used instead.

اینجا زیاد دانشجو داریم. (We have many students here.)

In summary, زیاد is a foundational word that you will hear and use constantly. From casual greetings and discussions about daily activities to more descriptive language in media, its presence is pervasive. Don't hesitate to use it; it's one of the most accessible and practical words for anyone starting to learn Persian.

While زیاد (ziad) is a simple word, learners can sometimes make mistakes in its usage, particularly regarding its placement in a sentence or its precise meaning in certain contexts. Understanding these common pitfalls can help you avoid them and use the word more accurately.

Incorrect Placement
One common mistake is placing زیاد incorrectly, especially when it modifies a noun. In English, 'many' or 'much' often comes before the noun. In Persian, زیاد usually follows the noun it modifies, often with an 'ezafe' connector.

  • Incorrect: زیاد کتاب دارم. (Ziad ketāb dāram.) - This sounds unnatural.
  • Correct: کتاب‌های زیاد دارم. (Ketāb-hā-ye ziad dāram.) - I have many books.
  • Incorrect: من زیاد آب خوردم. (Man ziad āb khordam.) - While understandable, it's more natural to say 'آب زیاد خوردم' or 'خیلی آب خوردم'.
  • Correct: آب زیاد خوردم. (Āb-e ziad khordam.) - I drank a lot of water.
Confusing with Other Quantity Words
While زیاد is common, sometimes other words might be more appropriate depending on the nuance. Learners might overuse زیاد when a more specific word is needed, or vice-versa.

  • Using زیاد for 'few' or 'little'. The opposite of زیاد is 'کم' (kam - little/few).
  • Using زیاد when 'many' or 'much' is implied by context and doesn't need explicit mention. Sometimes, just stating the noun is enough if the quantity is obvious.
Overuse as an Intensifier
While زیاد can intensify adjectives (like 'very hot'), sometimes learners might use it where 'خیلی' (kheyli - very) would be more natural or expected, especially in spoken Persian.

  • 'این غذا زیاد خوشمزه است.' (In ghazā ziad khoshmazeh ast.) - This food is very delicious. While understandable, 'این غذا خیلی خوشمزه است' is more common.
  • 'او زیاد زیباست.' (U ziad zibāst.) - She is very beautiful. Again, 'خیلی زیباست' is more idiomatic.
Using 'زیاد' as a Noun
Sometimes learners might try to use زیاد as a noun meaning 'a large amount', which is generally not how it functions. For example, saying 'من زیاد می‌خواهم' (Man ziad mikhāham - I want a lot) is understood, but it's more common to specify what you want 'a lot of'.

  • 'من زیاد می‌خواهم.' - This is understood as 'I want a lot (of something unspecified).'
  • More natural: 'من زیاد غذا می‌خواهم.' (Man ziad ghazā mikhāham.) - I want a lot of food.

او زیاد ناراحت است. (He is very sad.) - Correct, but 'خیلی ناراحت است' is more common.

While زیاد (ziad) is a highly versatile word for 'many' or 'much,' Persian offers several other words and phrases that can be used to express similar concepts, each with its own nuances in terms of formality, intensity, and specific usage. Understanding these alternatives can enrich your vocabulary and allow for more precise communication.

Using 'خیلی' (kheyli)
خیلی (kheyli) is perhaps the most common alternative, often interchangeable with زیاد, especially when used as an intensifier for adjectives or adverbs. It generally carries a neutral to informal tone.

زیاد vs. خیلی

زیاد: Can function as both adjective and adverb, often emphasizing quantity or extent.

خیلی: Primarily functions as an intensifier (adverb), meaning 'very' or 'a lot.' It is often preferred when intensifying adjectives or adverbs.

Example:

Both 'هوا زیاد گرم است' (Havā ziad garm ast - The weather is very hot) and 'هوا خیلی گرم است' (Havā kheyli garm ast - The weather is very hot) are correct. However, 'خیلی' is more commonly used to intensify adjectives like 'گرم' (hot).

Example Sentences

زیاد: او زیاد می‌نویسد. (He writes a lot.)

خیلی: او خیلی خوب می‌نویسد. (He writes very well.)

Both: کتاب‌های زیاد دارم. (I have many books.) / کتاب‌های خیلی دارم. (This sounds slightly less natural for quantity of books, but is understood.)

Using 'بسیار' (besyār)
بسیار (besyār) is a more formal and literary alternative to زیاد and خیلی. It translates to 'very,' 'much,' or 'many' but is typically used in writing, speeches, or more formal conversations.

بسیار vs. زیاد

زیاد: Common, neutral, used in everyday speech.

بسیار: Formal, literary, emphasizes a greater degree or quantity.

Example:

Informal: 'این غذا زیاد خوشمزه است.' (This food is very delicious.)

Formal: 'این غذا بسیار لذیذ است.' (In ghazā besyār laziz ast. - This food is extremely delicious.)

Example Sentences

زیاد: 'مردم زیاد آمده بودند.' (Many people had come.)

بسیار: 'در این مراسم، بسیار شخصیت برجسته حضور داشتند.' (Dar in marāsem, besyār shakhsiyat-e barjasteh hozur dāshtand. - In this ceremony, many prominent personalities were present.)

Using 'کثیر' (kasir) and 'فراوان' (farāvān)
کثیر (kasir) means 'numerous' or 'abundant' and is often used in more formal or literary contexts, usually referring to countable things. فراوان (farāvān) also means 'abundant' or 'plentiful' and can be used for both countable and uncountable things, often implying a generous amount.

کثیر and فراوان

کثیر: Formal, for countable items, 'numerous'.

فراوان: Can be formal or informal, for countable or uncountable, 'abundant', 'plentiful'.

Example:

'کثیرالنوازل' (kasir-ol-navāzel) - a formal term meaning 'prone to many calamities'.

'میوه‌های فراوان در بازار بود.' (Miveh-hā-ye farāvān dar bāzār bood. - There were abundant fruits in the market.)

Example Sentences

کثیر: 'این منطقه شاهد کثیرالطرق بود.' (In manteghé shāhed-e kasir-ol-toroq bood. - This region witnessed much traffic.) - This is a very formal construction.

فراوان: 'نعمت فراوان' (Ne'mat-e farāvān - Abundant blessings.)

Using 'چندین' (chandin)
چندین (chandin) specifically means 'several' or 'many' and is used exclusively with countable nouns. It implies a number that is more than a few but not necessarily a huge amount.

چندین

Usage: Precedes countable nouns, meaning 'several' or 'many'.

Example:

'چندین کتاب خریدم.' (Chandin ketāb kharidam. - I bought several books.)

Comparison

While 'کتاب‌های زیاد' (many books) can imply a very large number, 'چندین کتاب' (several books) suggests a more moderate, yet significant, quantity.

او فراوان دوست دارد. (He likes it abundantly.) - This sentence is grammatically awkward. It's better to say 'او خیلی دوست دارد' or 'او این را زیاد دوست دارد'.

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Exemples par niveau

1

من آب زیاد می‌نوشم.

I drink a lot of water.

زیاد functions as an adverb modifying the verb 'می‌نوشم' (drink).

2

اینجا آدم زیاد است.

There are many people here.

زیاد functions as an adjective modifying the noun 'آدم' (people).

3

کتاب زیاد دارم.

I have many books.

زیاد modifies the noun 'کتاب' (books).

4

او زیاد می‌خندد.

He laughs a lot.

زیاد functions as an adverb modifying the verb 'می‌خندد' (laughs).

5

وقت زیاد ندارم.

I don't have much time.

زیاد modifies the noun 'وقت' (time).

6

آنها پول زیاد دارند.

They have a lot of money.

زیاد modifies the noun 'پول' (money).

7

این غذا زیاد تند است.

This food is very spicy.

زیاد intensifies the adjective 'تند' (spicy).

8

ما زیاد سفر می‌کنیم.

We travel a lot.

زیاد functions as an adverb modifying the verb 'سفر می‌کنیم' (travel).

1

در کلاس ما دانشجوهای زیاد هستند.

There are many students in our class.

زیاد modifies the noun 'دانشجوها' (students).

2

او زیاد مطالعه می‌کند.

He studies a lot.

زیاد functions as an adverb modifying the verb 'مطالعه می‌کند' (studies).

3

این ماشین‌ها زیاد گران نیستند.

These cars are not very expensive.

زیاد intensifies the adjective 'گران' (expensive), and the negation 'نیستند' (are not).

4

من او را زیاد دیده‌ام.

I have seen him a lot.

زیاد functions as an adverb modifying the verb 'دیده‌ام' (have seen).

5

هوا امروز زیاد سرد است.

The weather is very cold today.

زیاد intensifies the adjective 'سرد' (cold).

6

آنها در مورد این موضوع زیاد صحبت کردند.

They talked a lot about this topic.

زیاد functions as an adverb modifying the verb 'صحبت کردند' (talked).

7

این کتاب داستان‌های زیاد دارد.

This book has many stories.

زیاد modifies the noun 'داستان‌ها' (stories).

8

شما باید کمتر بخورید، زیاد نخورید.

You should eat less, don't eat too much.

زیاد is used in a negative imperative 'نخورید' (don't eat).

1

با وجود ترافیک سنگین، مردم توانستند به موقع برسند، اما عده‌ای زیاد دیر کردند.

Despite heavy traffic, people managed to arrive on time, but quite a few were late.

زیاد here modifies 'عده‌ای' (quite a few/number of people), indicating a significant portion.

2

او در مورد آینده شغلی خود زیاد نگران است.

He is very worried about his future career.

زیاد intensifies the adjective 'نگران' (worried).

3

این پروژه نیازمند منابع مالی زیاد است.

This project requires many financial resources.

زیاد modifies the noun phrase 'منابع مالی' (financial resources).

4

تلاش‌های او برای موفقیت زیاد بود، اما نتیجه دلخواه را نگرفت.

His efforts for success were great, but he didn't get the desired result.

زیاد modifies the noun 'تلاش‌ها' (efforts).

5

در این منطقه، بیماری‌های واگیردار زیاد گزارش شده است.

Many infectious diseases have been reported in this region.

زیاد modifies the noun 'بیماری‌های واگیردار' (infectious diseases).

6

او زیاد به حرف‌های دیگران اهمیت نمی‌دهد.

He doesn't pay much attention to what others say.

زیاد functions as an adverb modifying the verb phrase 'اهمیت نمی‌دهد' (doesn't pay attention).

7

فرصت‌های یادگیری زبان در این دوره زیاد است.

There are many opportunities for language learning in this course.

زیاد modifies the noun 'فرصت‌ها' (opportunities).

8

اگر زیاد عجله کنی، ممکن است اشتباه کنی.

If you hurry too much, you might make a mistake.

زیاد intensifies the adverb 'عجله کنی' (you hurry).

1

پیشرفت‌های تکنولوژیکی در دهه اخیر بسیار چشمگیر بوده است.

Technological advancements in the last decade have been very remarkable.

Here, 'بسیار' is used instead of 'زیاد' for formality, intensifying 'چشمگیر' (remarkable).

2

تعداد مقالات علمی منتشر شده در این حوزه به طور قابل توجهی افزایش یافته است.

The number of scientific articles published in this field has significantly increased.

This sentence implies 'many' articles, but uses 'افزایش' (increase) to convey the idea.

3

او به دلیل مشکلات متعدد، قادر به تکمیل پروژه در موعد مقرر نبود.

Due to numerous problems, he was unable to complete the project by the deadline.

'متعدد' (numerous) is used instead of 'زیاد' for a more formal description of problems.

4

تأثیرات منفی تغییرات اقلیمی بر اکوسیستم‌ها بسیار نگران‌کننده است.

The negative impacts of climate change on ecosystems are very concerning.

Formal use of 'بسیار' to intensify 'نگران‌کننده' (concerning).

5

در طول تاریخ، تمدن‌های بسیاری در این منطقه شکوفا شده‌اند.

Throughout history, many civilizations have flourished in this region.

Formal use of 'بسیاری' (many) modifying 'تمدن‌ها' (civilizations).

6

او با وجود تمام تلاش‌هایش، نتوانست رضایت کامل مشتریان را جلب کند.

Despite all his efforts, he could not win the complete satisfaction of the customers.

'تمام تلاش‌هایش' (all his efforts) implies a large quantity of effort.

7

این روش آموزشی، بازدهی قابل توجهی در یادگیری زبان‌آموزان داشته است.

This teaching method has had a significant yield in language learners' progress.

'قابل توجهی' (significant) is a formal alternative to 'زیاد'.

8

تعداد گونه‌های جانوری در این پارک ملی فراوان است.

The number of animal species in this national park is abundant.

Formal use of 'فراوان' (abundant) for 'many species'.

1

پیامدهای اقتصادی ناشی از همه‌گیری کووید-۱۹ بسیار گسترده و پیچیده بوده است.

The economic consequences stemming from the COVID-19 pandemic have been very widespread and complex.

Formal and emphatic use of 'بسیار' to intensify 'گسترده' (widespread).

2

تحلیلگران پیش‌بینی می‌کنند که تقاضا برای انرژی‌های تجدیدپذیر در سال‌های آتی به طور چشمگیری افزایش خواهد یافت.

Analysts predict that the demand for renewable energy will increase significantly in the coming years.

'به طور چشمگیری' (significantly) is a sophisticated adverbial phrase replacing 'زیاد' for emphasis.

3

موفقیت هر جنبش اجتماعی، مستلزم فداکاری‌های عظیم و مشارکت گسترده مردمی است.

The success of any social movement necessitates immense sacrifices and broad public participation.

'عظیم' (immense) and 'گسترده' (broad/widespread) are used to describe the quantity and scale.

4

در عصر حاضر، حجم اطلاعات تولید شده توسط بشر فوق‌العاده زیاد است.

In the current era, the volume of information produced by humankind is extraordinarily large.

'فوق‌العاده' (extraordinarily) is used as a strong intensifier for 'زیاد'.

5

تنوع گونه‌های گیاهی در جنگل‌های بارانی آمازون بی‌نظیر و فراوان است.

The diversity of plant species in the Amazon rainforest is unparalleled and abundant.

'بی‌نظیر' (unparalleled) and 'فراوان' (abundant) are used to describe the richness.

6

او به رغم مخالفت‌های سرسختانه، توانست دیدگاه خود را به کرسی بنشاند.

Despite stubborn opposition, he managed to get his viewpoint accepted.

'مخالفت‌های سرسختانه' (stubborn opposition) implies a significant amount of resistance.

7

میراث فرهنگی و هنری ایران بسیار غنی و متنوع است.

The cultural and artistic heritage of Iran is very rich and diverse.

Formal use of 'بسیار' and 'متنوع' (diverse) to describe the heritage.

8

تعداد مقالات علمی در حوزه هوش مصنوعی به طور تصاعدی رشد کرده است.

The number of scientific articles in the field of artificial intelligence has grown exponentially.

'به طور تصاعدی' (exponentially) is a sophisticated way to express a very large and rapid increase.

1

میزان همبستگی میان متغیرهای اقتصادی و اجتماعی در پژوهش‌های اخیر به وضوح نمایان شده است.

The degree of correlation between economic and social variables has been clearly demonstrated in recent research.

'به وضوح' (clearly/distinctly) implies a significant and undeniable relationship, a sophisticated alternative to 'زیاد'.

2

در طول تاریخ، تغییرات پارادایمی در علم همواره با مقاومت‌های اولیه روبرو بوده‌اند، اما در نهایت غلبه یافته‌اند.

Throughout history, paradigm shifts in science have always faced initial resistance, but have ultimately prevailed.

'مقاومت‌های اولیه' (initial resistances) implies a substantial amount of opposition that was overcome.

3

فلسفه اگزیستانسیالیسم به طرق متعدد به مسئله آزادی و مسئولیت فردی پرداخته است.

Existentialist philosophy has addressed the issue of individual freedom and responsibility in numerous ways.

'به طرق متعدد' (in numerous ways) is a sophisticated phrasing for 'many ways'.

4

تأثیرات گسترده و ژرف شبکه‌های اجتماعی بر روابط انسانی غیرقابل انکار است.

The widespread and profound effects of social networks on human relationships are undeniable.

'گسترده' (widespread) and 'ژرف' (profound) describe the magnitude and depth of the effects.

5

این اثر هنری، بازتابی عمیق از دغدغه‌های اجتماعی دوران خود است.

This work of art is a deep reflection of the social concerns of its time.

'عمیق' (deep) and 'دغدغه‌های' (concerns, implying many) suggest a significant and multifaceted reflection.

6

پیشرفت‌های شگرف در زمینه هوش مصنوعی، پتانسیل چشمگیری برای دگرگونی صنایع مختلف دارد.

The tremendous advancements in artificial intelligence have significant potential for transforming various industries.

'شگرف' (tremendous) and 'چشمگیر' (significant) are formal descriptors of magnitude.

7

میزان پیچیدگی سیستم‌های زیستی به حدی است که درک کامل آن‌ها چالشی عظیم محسوب می‌شود.

The complexity of biological systems is such that fully understanding them is considered a huge challenge.

'به حدی' (to such an extent) and 'عظیم' (huge) emphasize the scale of complexity and challenge.

8

تحولات بنیادین در حوزه علوم اعصاب، درک ما از آگاهی و خودآگاهی را به کلی دگرگون کرده است.

Fundamental transformations in neuroscience have completely altered our understanding of consciousness and self-awareness.

'بنیادین' (fundamental) and 'به کلی' (completely) indicate a vast and comprehensive change.

Collocations courantes

کار زیاد
وقت زیاد
پول زیاد
آدم زیاد
مطالعه زیاد
سفر زیاد
حرف زیاد
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