وام دادن/گرفتن 30 सेकंड में
- Vām dādan/gereftan means lending/borrowing money formally.
- Use 'dādan' for the lender and 'gereftan' for the borrower.
- It is different from 'qarz', which is for informal small amounts.
- Commonly used with banks, cars, houses, and marriage contexts.
The compound verbs وام دادن (vām dādan) and وام گرفتن (vām gereftan) are the cornerstones of financial terminology in Persian. At their core, they represent the bilateral act of lending and borrowing money, typically within a formal or institutional framework. Unlike the more informal qarz dādan, which might involve a small sum between friends for lunch, vām almost always implies a structured agreement, often involving interest, collateral, and a fixed repayment schedule. In modern Iranian society, these terms are ubiquitous, appearing in every context from evening news reports on national debt to young couples discussing their first mortgage.
- Formal Lending
- This refers to the process where a bank or credit union provides capital to an individual or entity. In Persian, this is exclusively وام دادن. The recipient is said to be وامگیرنده (the loan-taker).
بانک به من برای خرید خانه وام داد. (The bank gave me a loan to buy a house.)
Understanding the distinction between these two verbs is crucial for B2 learners. Dādan means 'to give', so vām dādan is the act of the lender. Gereftan means 'to take' or 'to receive', so vām gereftan is the act of the borrower. In a sentence, the source of the loan is often introduced with the preposition از (az - from).
- Institutional Context
- When discussing the World Bank or International Monetary Fund, Persian speakers use these terms to describe sovereign debt and international credit facilities.
او از بانک مرکزی وام گرفت تا کسبوکارش را گسترش دهد. (He took a loan from the central bank to expand his business.)
The cultural weight of these words is significant in Iran due to the complex banking system and the high inflation environment. Taking a loan is often seen as a strategic move to hedge against currency devaluation. Thus, these verbs are not just financial actions but are often discussed as life milestones or survival strategies.
- Repayment Terms
- The act of 'giving' or 'taking' a loan is immediately followed by discussions of bazpardākht (repayment) and sud (interest/profit).
Using وام دادن and وام گرفتن requires an understanding of Persian sentence structure, particularly how to handle the origin and the recipient of the funds. As compound verbs, the 'dādan' or 'gereftan' part is conjugated according to tense, person, and number, while 'vām' remains stable as the noun component. Let's look at the syntax for both.
- The 'Borrower' Structure
- [Subject/Borrower] + [Source/Bank] + az + [Amount/Type] + vām gereftan. Example: 'Man az bank vām gereftam.'
آیا میتوانی از صندوق رفاه وام بگیری؟ (Can you take a loan from the welfare fund?)
For the lender's perspective, the structure shifts. Be (to) is used to indicate the recipient.
- The 'Lender' Structure
- [Subject/Lender] + [Recipient] + be + [Amount] + vām dādan. Example: 'Dowlat be dāneshjuyān vām midahad.'
بانکها در شرایط اقتصادی دشوار، سختتر وام میدهند. (Banks lend money more difficultly in tough economic conditions.)
When using the continuous aspect, the word 'dārad' or 'dāsht' comes before the whole compound. For example: 'Dāram vām migiram' (I am in the process of getting a loan). This is very common when discussing the long administrative hurdles of Iranian banking.
You will encounter وام in several distinct social spheres in Iran. The first and most obvious is the banking sector. Walking into any 'Bānk' (Melli, Mellat, Saderat), you will see signs for vām-e khodro (car loan), vām-e ezdevāj (marriage loan), and vām-e maskan (housing loan). These are specific financial products that are part of the daily conversation for many Iranians.
- News and Media
- Financial news often discusses 'vām-hā-ye kalān' (large-scale loans) and the interest rates associated with them. You'll hear phrases like 'tas-hilāt-e bānki' which is a more formal way to say 'lending facilities'.
اخبار گفت که دولت به کشاورزان وام کمبهره میدهد. (The news said the government is giving low-interest loans to farmers.)
In the workplace, employees often discuss 'vām-e dākheli' (internal company loans), which are a common perk in large Iranian organizations. Employees might say, 'In māh vām-e sherkat-am rā gereftam' (I got my company loan this month).
برای خرید جهیزیه، مجبور شدیم وام بگیریم. (To buy the dowry, we were forced to take a loan.)
The most frequent mistake English speakers make is confusing vām with qarz. While both involve borrowing/lending money, qarz is generally for small, interest-free, informal amounts. If you say you took a 'vām' from your brother for a cup of coffee, it sounds like you signed a legal contract with him. Use qarz gereftan for friends and family.
- Mistake: Confusion with Objects
- Never use 'vām gereftan' to mean borrowing a physical object like a pen or a car. For that, use 'amanat gereftan' or 'gharz gereftan' (the latter is okay for objects in some dialects, but 'amanat' is safer).
غلط: من کتاب را از او وام گرفتم. (Wrong: I loaned the book from him.)
Another mistake is the direction of the verb. Remember: Dādan = Outgoing (Lending), Gereftan = Incoming (Borrowing). Beginners often swap them, leading to confusing sentences where the bank is borrowing money from the customer!
Persian has several words related to the exchange of money and credit. Knowing the nuances helps you sound more like a native speaker.
- Qarz (قرض)
- The most common alternative. Used for informal, usually interest-free borrowing. 'Qarz-ol-hasane' is a specific religious term for interest-free loans.
- Tas-hilāt (تسهیلات)
- A formal, bureaucratic term meaning 'facilities' or 'credits'. You will see this on bank websites and official documents instead of the simpler 'vām'.
- Etebār (اعتبار)
- Means 'credit'. Used for credit cards (kārt-e etebāri) or credit lines. It refers more to the potential to borrow rather than the act of the loan itself.
بانک به شرکتهای نوپا تسهیلات مالی ارائه میدهد. (The bank provides financial facilities to startups.)
How Formal Is It?
"بانک مرکزی تسهیلات ویژهای را به بخش صنعت وام میدهد."
"من برای خرید لپتاپ وام گرفتم."
"بابا، یه وام به من میدی؟"
"بانک مهربان به ما پول داد تا خانه بخریم."
"طرف رفته نزول گرفته، بدبخت شده."
रोचक तथ्य
The word 'Vām' is also related to the word 'vām-khāh' which in old literature referred to a creditor. Today, it's almost exclusively used in financial banking contexts.
उच्चारण मार्गदर्शिका
- Pronouncing 'v' as 'w'. Persian has no 'w' sound.
- Making the 'ā' sound too short like 'cat'. It must be long like 'ball'.
- Stress on the first word 'vām'. In compound verbs, stress is on the verbal element.
- Mispronouncing 'gereftan' as 'ger-ef-ten'.
- Missing the silent 'h' if written as 'vām-hā'.
कठिनाई स्तर
Easy to recognize in news and bank signs.
Requires correct conjugation of compound verbs.
Must distinguish between 'dādan' and 'gereftan' quickly.
Very common word, easy to pick out.
आगे क्या सीखें
पूर्वापेक्षाएँ
आगे सीखें
उन्नत
ज़रूरी व्याकरण
Compound Verb Conjugation
Vām mi-gir-am (I am taking), Vām na-gereft-am (I didn't take).
Preposition 'Az' for Source
Az bank vām gereftam.
Preposition 'Be' for Recipient
Be u vām dādam.
Ezafe Construction with Vām
Vām-e maskan (Housing loan).
Subjunctive with Modal 'Bāyad'
Bāyad vām bi-gir-am.
स्तर के अनुसार उदाहरण
من وام میخواهم.
I want a loan.
Simple present tense.
بانک وام میدهد.
The bank gives a loan.
Subject-verb agreement.
او وام گرفت.
He took a loan.
Simple past tense.
آیا وام داری؟
Do you have a loan?
Interrogative sentence.
ما وام گرفتیم.
We took a loan.
First person plural past.
پول وام کجاست؟
Where is the loan money?
Question word 'where'.
این وام بزرگ است.
This loan is big.
Adjective usage.
او به من وام داد.
He gave me a loan.
Indirect object with 'be'.
من از بانک ملی وام گرفتم.
I took a loan from Bank Melli.
Preposition 'az' (from).
پدرم به من وام نمیدهد.
My father doesn't give me a loan.
Negative compound verb.
او برای ماشین وام گرفت.
He took a loan for a car.
Preposition 'barāye' (for).
ما باید وام بگیریم.
We must take a loan.
Modal verb 'bāyad'.
آیا بانک به شما وام داد؟
Did the bank give you a loan?
Formal 'shomā'.
او وامش را پس داد.
He gave back his loan.
Possessive suffix '-ash'.
وام گرفتن سخت است.
Taking a loan is hard.
Gerund/Infinitive as subject.
آنها وامهای زیادی دارند.
They have many loans.
Plural noun 'vām-hā'.
من دارم برای خرید خانه وام میگیرم.
I am (in the process of) getting a loan to buy a house.
Present continuous.
اگر وام بگیریم، میتوانیم سفر کنیم.
If we take a loan, we can travel.
Conditional type 1.
او قبلاً از این بانک وام گرفته است.
He has already taken a loan from this bank.
Present perfect tense.
بانک به دانشجوها وام تحصیلی میدهد.
The bank gives student loans to students.
Compound noun 'vām-e tahsili'.
قسطهای وام من خیلی زیاد است.
My loan installments are very high.
Vocabulary: 'qest' (installment).
او بدون ضامن وام گرفت.
He took a loan without a guarantor.
Vocabulary: 'zāmen' (guarantor).
ما قصد داریم ماه آینده وام بگیریم.
We intend to take a loan next month.
Phrase: 'ghasd dāshtan'.
چرا بانک به تو وام نداد؟
Why didn't the bank give you a loan?
Question with 'cherā'.
شرایط وام گرفتن در ایران پیچیده است.
The conditions for taking a loan in Iran are complex.
Noun phrase as subject.
بانک مرکزی نرخ سود وام را افزایش داد.
The Central Bank increased the loan interest rate.
Vocabulary: 'nerkh-e sud' (interest rate).
او میخواست وام بگیرد اما ضامن نداشت.
He wanted to take a loan but didn't have a guarantor.
Past continuous/desire.
وامهای کمبهره برای تولیدکنندگان ضروری است.
Low-interest loans are essential for producers.
Compound adjective 'kam-bahre'.
دولت باید به زوجهای جوان وام ازدواج بدهد.
The government must give marriage loans to young couples.
Social context.
بازپرداخت وام ده سال طول میکشد.
The loan repayment takes ten years.
Vocabulary: 'bāzpardākht' (repayment).
او تمام مدارک لازم برای وام گرفتن را آماده کرد.
He prepared all the necessary documents for taking a loan.
Adjective 'lāzem' (necessary).
آیا تا به حال از بانک وام گرفتهاید؟
Have you ever taken a loan from a bank?
Experience with 'tā be hāl'.
تسهیلات بانکی نقش مهمی در رشد اقتصادی دارند.
Banking facilities play an important role in economic growth.
Formal term 'tas-hilāt'.
بسیاری از شرکتها به دلیل ناتوانی در بازپرداخت وام ورشکست شدند.
Many companies went bankrupt due to inability to repay loans.
Reasoning with 'be dalil-e'.
بانکها باید در وام دادن به بخشهای غیرمولد محتاط باشند.
Banks must be cautious in lending to non-productive sectors.
Formal adjective 'mohtāt'.
او از طریق رانت توانست وام کلانی دریافت کند.
He managed to receive a huge loan through rent-seeking/connections.
Social commentary: 'rānt'.
سیاستهای انقباضی باعث کاهش وامدهی بانکها شده است.
Contractionary policies have led to a decrease in bank lending.
Economic terminology.
وامگیرندگان باید از حقوق قانونی خود آگاه باشند.
Borrowers must be aware of their legal rights.
Agent noun 'vām-girandegan'.
این قرارداد شامل جزئیات دقیق وام دادن است.
This contract includes the precise details of the lending.
Formal verb 'shāmel shodan'.
او به دنبال وامی با دوره تنفس طولانی است.
He is looking for a loan with a long grace period.
Vocabulary: 'dowre-ye tanafos' (grace period).
تخصیص بهینه وامها میتواند ساختار اقتصادی را متحول کند.
Optimal allocation of loans can transform the economic structure.
Academic Persian.
بحران بدهی ناشی از وامدهی بیرویه بانکهای خصوصی بود.
The debt crisis resulted from excessive lending by private banks.
Compound adjective 'bi-ravi-ye'.
دولت در پی استقراض خارجی و دریافت وام از صندوق بینالمللی پول است.
The government is seeking foreign borrowing and receiving loans from the IMF.
Vocabulary: 'esteghrāz' (borrowing).
شفافیت در فرآیند وام دادن، فساد مالی را کاهش میدهد.
Transparency in the lending process reduces financial corruption.
Abstract noun 'shaffāfiyat'.
نظام بانکی باید بین وامهای تجاری و حمایتی تمایز قائل شود.
The banking system must distinguish between commercial and supportive loans.
Complex verb 'tamāyoz ghāyel shodan'.
پدیده وامهای معوقه به یکی از چالشهای اصلی سیستم بانکی تبدیل شده است.
The phenomenon of non-performing loans has become one of the main challenges of the banking system.
Vocabulary: 'vām-hā-ye mo-avvaghe'.
تداوم وامدهی به صنایع ورشکسته، منابع ملی را هدر میدهد.
Continued lending to bankrupt industries wastes national resources.
Gerund 'tadāvom'.
رویکرد بانکها در قبال وام دادن به شرکتهای دانشبنیان تغییر کرده است.
The banks' approach toward lending to knowledge-based companies has changed.
Phrase 'dar ghabāl-e' (toward).
सामान्य शब्द संयोजन
सामान्य वाक्यांश
अक्सर इससे भ्रम होता है
Qarz is informal/short-term; Vām is formal/long-term.
Amanat is for objects (like a book); Vām is only for money.
Hedye is a gift; Vām must be paid back.
मुहावरे और अभिव्यक्तियाँ
— To be indebted to someone (usually metaphorically for a favor).
من همیشه وامدار مهربانیهای شما هستم.
Literary/Formal— To beg (often used when one can't get a loan).
نمیخواهم پیش کسی دست گدایی دراز کنم.
Informal— To take a new loan to pay off an old one.
او با کلاه به کلاه کردن زندگیاش را میچرخاند.
Slang— To skin someone alive (used for high interest rates).
بانک با این سودها پوست ما را میکند.
Informal— To expect something in return (like interest).
او بدون هیچ چشمداشتی به من قرض داد.
Neutral— To be crushed under the weight of debt.
کمرش زیر بار وامهای سنگین خم شده است.
Informal— Legitimate money (often discussed regarding interest).
او فقط دنبال پول حلال است.
Religious/Cultural— To pickpocket (used for unfair bank fees).
این بانک با کارمزدهایش جیب ما را میزند.
Slang— To become destitute (often after a bad loan).
بعد از آن وام سنگین، به خاک سیاه نشست.
Idiomatic— Losing face (if one cannot repay a loan).
نتوانست وام را بدهد و آبرو ریزی شد.
Culturalआसानी से भ्रमित होने वाले
Both mean borrowing.
Qarz is usually interest-free and between individuals, while Vām is institutional and has interest.
به من صد تومان قرض بده.
Both involve temporary use.
Amanat is for physical items that you return exactly as they are.
کتابت را به امانت گرفتم.
Both relate to credit.
Etebār is the capacity or limit; Vām is the actual sum of money received.
اعتبار کارت من تمام شد.
वाक्य संरचनाएँ
Man vām mi-khāh-am.
من وام میخواهم.
Man az [Bank] vām gereft-am.
من از بانک وام گرفتم.
U barāye [Noun] vām mi-gir-ad.
او برای ماشین وام میگیرد.
Agar vām bi-gir-am, [Verb].
اگر وام بگیرم، خانه میخرم.
Tas-hilāt-e bānki be [Sector] ta-allogh mi-gir-ad.
تسهیلات بانکی به بخش کشاورزی تعلق میگیرد.
Siyāsat-e vām-dehi-ye bank-hā [Verb].
سیاست وامدهی بانکها تغییر کرده است.
शब्द परिवार
संज्ञा
क्रिया
विशेषण
संबंधित
इसे कैसे इस्तेमाल करें
Extremely frequent in daily life, news, and business.
-
Man az u vām dādam.
→
Man be u vām dādam.
You give 'to' (be) someone, not 'from' (az).
-
Man vām-e ketāb gereftam.
→
Man ketāb rā amānat gereftam.
Vām is only for money, not objects.
-
Bank vām gereft.
→
Bank vām dād.
The bank lends (gives), it doesn't usually borrow from you in this context.
-
Vām-gereftan-am na-shod.
→
Na-tavān-est-am vām bi-gir-am.
Use 'tavānestan' (to be able to) for ability.
-
Qarz-e maskan.
→
Vām-e maskan.
A mortgage is a formal 'vām', not an informal 'qarz'.
सुझाव
Compound Verb Rule
Remember that in 'vām gereftan', only 'gereftan' changes its form for different tenses.
The Role of Zāmen
In Iran, you almost always need a 'zāmen' (guarantor) to get a bank loan.
Vām vs Qarz
Use 'Vām' for banks and 'Qarz' for friends to sound more like a native.
Long 'ā'
Make sure the 'ā' in 'vām' is long and deep, not short.
Formal Contexts
In a bank, use 'darkhāst-e vām' (applying for a loan).
Asking for Favors
Asking someone to be your zāmen is a serious matter in Iranian culture.
Inflation
Many Iranians take loans because inflation makes the future value of the debt lower.
Compound Stress
The stress falls on the end of the verb, e.g., vām geref-TÁM.
Ezafe
Don't forget the ezafe in 'vām-e khodro' (car loan).
Direction
Dādan is giving (lending), Gereftan is taking (borrowing).
याद करें
स्मृति सहायक
Think of 'Vām' as 'Value Added Money'. You get money (Value) but you have to Add interest when you pay it back. Vām = Value Added Money.
दृश्य संबंध
Imagine a bank vault (V) with an Aim (Am) to give you money. V-Am.
Word Web
चैलेंज
Try to write a paragraph about your dream house and how much 'vām' you would need to buy it.
शब्द की उत्पत्ति
The word 'Vām' comes from Middle Persian 'vām', which originally meant 'debt' or 'loan'. It has roots in Old Persian and is related to the concept of giving and returning.
मूल अर्थ: A debt or obligation that must be fulfilled.
Indo-European > Indo-Iranian > Iranian > Western Iranian > Persian.सांस्कृतिक संदर्भ
Avoid discussing interest (Riba) in a strictly religious context if you are unsure, as usury is forbidden in Islam, though 'sud' in banks is legal.
In the West, loans are often impersonal. In Iran, asking someone to be your 'zāmen' (guarantor) for a 'vām' is a huge favor that implies great trust.
असल ज़िंदगी में अभ्यास करें
वास्तविक संदर्भ
At the Bank
- شرایط وام چیست؟
- ضامن لازم دارم؟
- سودش چقدر است؟
- فرم وام کجاست؟
Buying a House
- وام مسکن میگیرم.
- سند در رهن بانک است.
- قسطها سنگین است.
- وام را تسویه کردم.
Starting a Business
- وام اشتغالزایی
- طرح توجیهی برای وام
- سرمایه اولیه از وام
- بازپرداخت پنج ساله
Marriage
- ثبتنام وام ازدواج
- نوبت وام ما رسید.
- هزینه عروسی با وام
- کمکهزینه دولتی
Economic News
- کاهش قدرت وامدهی
- معوقات بانکی
- اختلاس در وامها
- نرخ بهره
बातचीत की शुरुआत
"آیا تا به حال برای خرید چیزی وام گرفتهاید؟ (Have you ever taken a loan to buy something?)"
"به نظر شما سود وام در این کشور خیلی زیاد است؟ (In your opinion, is the loan interest in this country too high?)"
"برای گرفتن وام در ایران چه مدارکی لازم است؟ (What documents are needed to get a loan in Iran?)"
"آیا ترجیح میدهید وام بگیرید یا پول پسانداز کنید؟ (Do you prefer to take a loan or save money?)"
"اگر بانک به شما وام کلانی بدهد، با آن چه میکنید؟ (If the bank gives you a huge loan, what will you do with it?)"
डायरी विषय
تجربه خود را از اولین باری که وام گرفتید بنویسید. (Write about your experience the first time you took a loan.)
مزایا و معایب وام گرفتن برای جوانان را تحلیل کنید. (Analyze the pros and cons of taking loans for young people.)
چرا در فرهنگ ما، ضامن شدن برای وام دیگران یک ریسک بزرگ است؟ (Why is being a guarantor for others' loans a big risk in our culture?)
نقش وام در رسیدن به آرزوهای مالی شما چیست؟ (What is the role of loans in achieving your financial dreams?)
اگر رئیس یک بانک بودید، به چه کسانی راحتتر وام میدادید؟ (If you were a bank president, who would you lend to more easily?)
अक्सर पूछे जाने वाले सवाल
10 सवालVām is a formal loan (usually from a bank) with interest. Qarz is an informal loan (from a friend) usually without interest.
No, for a book use 'amanat gereftan' or 'gharz gereftan'. Vām is only for money.
It is a special loan given by the Iranian government to newly married couples.
You can say 'vām rā pas dādan' or more formally 'bāzpardākht-e vām'.
Yes, but 'tas-hilāt' is often preferred in very formal banking contexts.
A 'zāmen' is a guarantor who signs for your loan and is responsible if you don't pay.
It is called 'nerkh-e sud'.
Yes, it is very common for housing, cars, and business due to economic conditions.
It is a mortgage or housing loan.
No, it is a noun that needs 'dādan' or 'gereftan' to become a verb.
खुद को परखो 177 सवाल
Write a sentence: 'I took a loan from the bank.'
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Write a sentence: 'The bank doesn't give loans easily.'
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Write: 'We are applying for a housing loan.'
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Write: 'He defaulted on his loan.'
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Translate: 'The banking system needs reform in lending.'
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Write: 'Do you have a guarantor?'
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Write: 'The interest rate is 18 percent.'
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Translate: 'The loan was approved.'
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Write: 'I am paying the loan.'
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Write: 'The bank requested more documents.'
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Translate: 'The inflation rate affects loans.'
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Write: 'I want to take a loan.'
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Write: 'The bank checked his credit.'
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Translate: 'The loan application was rejected.'
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Write: 'I have a loan.'
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Write: 'He gave me a loan.'
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Write: 'I paid all my installments.'
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Translate: 'The government provides loans to startups.'
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Say: 'I need a loan for my car.'
Read this aloud:
तुमने कहा:
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Listen and write the amount: 'بانک ده میلیون تومان وام داد.'
Write: 'The loan is big.'
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Write: 'Is the interest high?'
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Write: 'The loan has a low interest.'
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Translate: 'I need a guarantor for my loan.'
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Write: 'He wants a loan.'
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Write: 'The loan was rejected due to lack of guarantor.'
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Translate: 'The bank gave me a housing loan.'
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Write: 'I am a borrower.'
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/ 177 correct
Perfect score!
Summary
The verbs 'vām dādan' and 'vām gereftan' are essential for formal financial life in Iran. Use them for bank loans and official credit, always remembering that 'dādan' is giving and 'gereftan' is taking. Example: 'Bank be man vām dād' (The bank lent me money).
- Vām dādan/gereftan means lending/borrowing money formally.
- Use 'dādan' for the lender and 'gereftan' for the borrower.
- It is different from 'qarz', which is for informal small amounts.
- Commonly used with banks, cars, houses, and marriage contexts.
Compound Verb Rule
Remember that in 'vām gereftan', only 'gereftan' changes its form for different tenses.
The Role of Zāmen
In Iran, you almost always need a 'zāmen' (guarantor) to get a bank loan.
Vām vs Qarz
Use 'Vām' for banks and 'Qarz' for friends to sound more like a native.
Long 'ā'
Make sure the 'ā' in 'vām' is long and deep, not short.
संबंधित सामग्री
business के और शब्द
عادتأ
B2आदतन; प्रथा के अनुसार। उन कार्यों के लिए उपयोग किया जाता है जो आदत के कारण होते हैं।
عامیانه
B2Characteristic of ordinary conversation rather than formal speech or writing; informal.
اعطا کردن
B2प्रदान करना या देना (एक अधिकार, शक्ति, या सम्मान)। विश्वविद्यालय ने उसे डिग्री प्रदान की।
اعتبار
A2क्रेडिट, वैधता, प्रतिष्ठा। यह कार्ड बैलेंस, दस्तावेजों की वैधता या सामाजिक प्रतिष्ठा को संदर्भित करता है।
اعتبار دادن
B1किसी को या किसी चीज़ को श्रेय देना या विश्वसनीयता प्रदान करना।
اعتبار مالی
B1Financial standing or reputation; available funds.
اعتباراً
B2On credit; by means of credibility.
اعتباردهنده
B2'اعتباردهنده' का अर्थ है लेनदार या ऋणदाता, वह संस्था जो दूसरे पक्ष को पैसा उधार देती है।
اعتبارنامه
B1एक औपचारिक दस्तावेज जो किसी की योग्यता या अधिकार को प्रमाणित करता है। राजदूत ने राष्ट्रपति को अपना परिचय पत्र प्रस्तुत किया।
اعتباری
B1क्रेडिट या ऋण से संबंधित, विशेष रूप से वित्तीय क्रेडिट।
