B1 Relative Clauses 1 min read मध्यम

Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

The relative pronoun 'koji' must match the noun it refers to in gender, number, and case.

  • Match the gender of the noun: 'Čovjek koji' (masc) vs 'Žena koja' (fem).
  • Match the number: 'Ljudi koji' (plural) vs 'Čovjek koji' (singular).
  • Match the case: Use 'kojeg' for direct objects (Accusative) or 'kojim' for instrumental.
Noun (Gender/Number/Case) + Koji (Same Gender/Number/Case) + Verb

Declension of 'Koji' (Singular)

Case Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative
koji
koja
koje
Genitive
kojeg
koje
kojeg
Dative
kojem
kojoj
kojem
Accusative
kojeg
koju
koje
Locative
kojem
kojoj
kojem
Instrumental
kojim
kojom
kojim

Meanings

The relative pronoun 'koji' is used to connect a noun to a descriptive clause, acting as 'who', 'which', or 'that'.

1

Relative Pronoun

Connecting a noun to its description.

“Čovjek koji sjedi tamo je moj brat.”

“Auto koji sam kupio je crven.”

Reference Table

Reference table for Declension of 'Koji' (Gender, Number, Case Agreement)
Form Structure Example
Nominative
Subject
Čovjek koji radi
Accusative
Direct Object
Knjiga koju čitam
Genitive
Possession/Negation
Čovjek kojeg nema
Dative
Indirect Object
Žena kojoj pišem
Locative
Location
Grad u kojem živim
Instrumental
Accompaniment
Prijatelj s kojim idem

औपचारिकता का स्तर

औपचारिक
Gospodin koji je ovdje.

Gospodin koji je ovdje. (Describing a person)

तटस्थ
Čovjek koji je ovdje.

Čovjek koji je ovdje. (Describing a person)

अनौपचारिक
Lik koji je ovdje.

Lik koji je ovdje. (Describing a person)

बोलचाल
Tip koji je tu.

Tip koji je tu. (Describing a person)

Koji Agreement Map

Koji

Gender

  • Masc koji
  • Fem koja
  • Neut koje

Case

  • Nom Subject
  • Acc Object

स्तर के अनुसार उदाहरण

1

Ovo je čovjek koji radi.

This is the man who works.

2

Ovo je žena koja radi.

This is the woman who works.

3

Ovo je auto koji je brz.

This is the car that is fast.

4

Ovo su ljudi koji pjevaju.

These are the people who are singing.

1

Knjiga koju čitam je dobra.

The book that I am reading is good.

2

Prijatelj kojeg vidim je sretan.

The friend whom I see is happy.

3

Kuća u kojoj živim je velika.

The house in which I live is big.

4

Grad u kojem radim je lijep.

The city in which I work is beautiful.

1

Čovjek s kojim razgovaram je profesor.

The man with whom I am talking is a professor.

2

Žena kojoj sam pisao je otišla.

The woman to whom I wrote has left.

3

Dječaci koje vidim igraju nogomet.

The boys whom I see are playing soccer.

4

Stvari o kojima pričamo su važne.

The things about which we are talking are important.

1

Ovo je problem o kojem nitko ne govori.

This is a problem about which no one speaks.

2

Osobe kojima vjerujem su rijetke.

The people whom I trust are rare.

3

Pravilo kojeg se moramo držati je jasno.

The rule to which we must adhere is clear.

4

Ideja koju si predložio je izvrsna.

The idea that you proposed is excellent.

1

Znanstvenik čijim se radom ponosimo je ovdje.

The scientist whose work we are proud of is here.

2

Gradovi kroz koje smo putovali su povijesni.

The cities through which we traveled are historical.

3

Prijatelji s kojima sam odrastao su otišli.

The friends with whom I grew up have left.

4

Odluka koju smo donijeli bila je teška.

The decision that we made was difficult.

1

Okolnosti u kojima se nalazimo su izazovne.

The circumstances in which we find ourselves are challenging.

2

Čovjek kojega sam upoznao je izniman.

The man whom I met is exceptional.

3

Pitanje o kojem raspravljamo je kompleksno.

The question about which we are debating is complex.

4

Svi oni koji su sudjelovali su nagrađeni.

All those who participated were rewarded.

आसानी से भ्रमित होने वाले

Declension of 'Koji' (Gender, Number, Case Agreement) बनाम Koji vs Tko

Both translate to 'who'.

Declension of 'Koji' (Gender, Number, Case Agreement) बनाम Koji vs Što

Both can mean 'which'.

Declension of 'Koji' (Gender, Number, Case Agreement) बनाम Koji vs Čiji

Both are relative pronouns.

सामान्य गलतियाँ

Žena koji radi

Žena koja radi

Gender mismatch.

Auto koja je brz

Auto koji je brz

Gender mismatch.

Ljudi koja pjevaju

Ljudi koji pjevaju

Number mismatch.

Koji je to?

Tko je to?

Wrong pronoun for question.

Vidim ženu koji volim

Vidim ženu koju volim

Case mismatch.

Kuća u koji živim

Kuća u kojoj živim

Case mismatch.

Prijatelj s koji idem

Prijatelj s kojim idem

Case mismatch.

Osobe koji vjerujem

Osobe kojima vjerujem

Dative case needed.

Stvari o koji pričamo

Stvari o kojima pričamo

Locative case needed.

Pravilo kojeg se držim

Pravilo kojeg se držim

Correct, but often confused with 'kojem'.

Znanstvenik čiji rad se ponosimo

Znanstvenik čijim se radom ponosimo

Instrumental case required.

Gradovi kroz koji smo prošli

Gradovi kroz koje smo prošli

Accusative plural needed.

Odluka koji smo donijeli

Odluka koju smo donijeli

Accusative singular needed.

Svi oni koji su sudjelovali

Svi oni koji su sudjelovali

Correct, but often confused with 'kojima'.

वाक्य संरचनाएँ

Ovo je ___ koji/koja/koje ___.

Vidim ___ kojeg/koju/koje ___.

Grad u ___ živim je ___.

Prijatelj s ___ idem je ___.

Real World Usage

Texting very common

Gdje je majica koju sam kupio?

Job Interview common

Ovo je projekt na kojem sam radio.

Travel common

Ovo je hotel u kojem spavam.

Food Delivery occasional

Gdje je hrana koju sam naručio?

Social Media very common

Ovo je osoba koju pratim.

Academic Writing common

Teorija o kojoj govorimo je važna.

💡

Check the Case

Always identify the case of the noun first. It will tell you which form of 'koji' to use.
⚠️

Don't Forget Gender

A masculine noun needs a masculine pronoun. Don't mix them up.
🎯

Use 'koji' as a bridge

Think of it as a bridge connecting two ideas. If the bridge is broken (wrong case), the sentence falls.
💬

Listen to Natives

Pay attention to how native speakers use 'koji' in daily conversation.

Smart Tips

Identify its gender and case before adding 'koji'.

Čovjek koji... Čovjek koji...

Check the verb in the clause to see if it needs an object.

Knjiga koji čitam. Knjiga koju čitam.

The preposition dictates the case of 'koji'.

Grad u koji živim. Grad u kojem živim.

Ensure your 'koji' matches the case of the antecedent.

Osoba koji vjerujem. Osoba kojoj vjerujem.

उच्चारण

/kɔ̂ji/

Koji

Pronounced as 'koh-yee'.

Statement

Čovjek koji radi. ↘

Falling intonation at the end.

याद करें

स्मृति सहायक

Koji is a mirror: look at the noun, see the reflection in the pronoun.

दृश्य संबंध

Imagine a mirror standing next to a noun. Whatever the noun wears (gender/case), the mirror (koji) reflects it perfectly.

Rhyme

Koji, koja, koje, match the noun and you'll be okay.

Story

A man (čovjek) walks into a room. He is the subject (koji). He meets a woman (ženu). He is now the object (kojeg). They dance together (s kojom).

Word Web

kojikojakojekojegkojojkojimkojima

चैलेंज

Write 5 sentences describing objects in your room using 'koji'.

सांस्कृतिक नोट्स

Used in all formal and informal settings.

Often simplified in speech.

Follows standard rules strictly.

Derived from Proto-Slavic *koji.

बातचीत की शुरुआत

Tko je osoba koju najviše voliš?

Koji je film koji si zadnji gledao?

O kojem gradu najviše sanjaš?

S kojim se prijateljem najčešće družiš?

डायरी विषय

Opiši svog najboljeg prijatelja.
Opiši svoj najdraži hobi.
Opiši grad u kojem živiš.
Opiši projekt na kojem radiš.

सामान्य गलतियाँ

Incorrect

सही


Incorrect

सही


Incorrect

सही


Incorrect

सही

Test Yourself

Fill in the blank.

Ovo je čovjek ___ radi.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: koji
Masculine nominative.
Choose the correct form. बहुविकल्पी

Knjiga ___ čitam je dobra.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: koju
Accusative feminine.
Correct the sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Žena koji radi je ovdje.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Žena koja radi
Gender agreement.
Reorder the words. Sentence Reorder

Arrange the words in the correct order:

All words placed

Click words above to build the sentence

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ovo je čovjek koji radi.
Correct word order.
Translate to Croatian. अनुवाद

The man who is here.

Answer starts with: Čov...

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Čovjek koji je ovdje.
Correct agreement.
Match the case. Match Pairs

Match each item on the left with its pair on the right:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: All correct
All forms are correct.
Conjugate 'koji' for feminine Accusative. Conjugation Drill

Feminine Accusative form?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: koju
Feminine Accusative is 'koju'.
Complete the dialogue. Dialogue Completion

A: Tko je to? B: To je čovjek ___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: koji radi
Masculine nominative.

Score: /8

अभ्यास प्रश्न

8 exercises
Fill in the blank.

Ovo je čovjek ___ radi.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: koji
Masculine nominative.
Choose the correct form. बहुविकल्पी

Knjiga ___ čitam je dobra.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: koju
Accusative feminine.
Correct the sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Žena koji radi je ovdje.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Žena koja radi
Gender agreement.
Reorder the words. Sentence Reorder

koji / radi / čovjek / ovo / je

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ovo je čovjek koji radi.
Correct word order.
Translate to Croatian. अनुवाद

The man who is here.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Čovjek koji je ovdje.
Correct agreement.
Match the case. Match Pairs

Match the case to the form.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: All correct
All forms are correct.
Conjugate 'koji' for feminine Accusative. Conjugation Drill

Feminine Accusative form?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: koju
Feminine Accusative is 'koju'.
Complete the dialogue. Dialogue Completion

A: Tko je to? B: To je čovjek ___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: koji radi
Masculine nominative.

Score: /8

अक्सर पूछे जाने वाले सवाल (8)

It changes to match the noun's gender, number, and case.

Look at the role of the noun in the relative clause.

No, it is used for people and things.

Yes, 'koji' is also the plural form.

The sentence will sound unnatural or be confusing.

It is neutral and used in all registers.

'Koji' is for relative clauses, 'tko' is for questions.

Yes, it is essential for writing.

Scaffolded Practice

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

4

Mastery Progress

Needs Practice

Improving

Strong

Mastered

In Other Languages

German high

welcher/der

German has fewer cases.

French moderate

qui/que/lequel

French does not decline for case in the same way.

Spanish moderate

que/cual

Spanish 'que' is invariant.

Japanese low

no/dono

Japanese has no declension.

Arabic partial

alladhi

Arabic pronouns are less case-sensitive.

Chinese none

de

Chinese has no declension.

Learning Path

Prerequisites

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