When you argument (verb), it means you are trying to show someone that your idea is good, or another idea is not good. You give reasons why your idea is right. Sometimes, when people argument, it can be a discussion where they don't agree. They might talk loudly because they both believe their idea is best.
When you argument (verb), it means you are trying to convince someone about something.
You give reasons or facts to show why your idea is correct or why another idea is wrong.
It can also mean that people are talking and disagreeing strongly, sometimes in an angry way.
Think of it like sharing your thoughts and trying to get others to agree with you, or having a debate where different ideas are discussed.
At the B2 level, the word "argument" can be understood in two main ways. Firstly, it refers to presenting reasons or evidence to convince someone about a particular point of view, whether it's right or wrong. For example, you might make a strong argument for a new policy.
Secondly, "argument" can also mean a verbal disagreement or a heated discussion where people have different opinions. This is the more common everyday usage. So, you could say that two friends had an argument about which movie to watch.
At the C2 level, 'argument' as a verb transcends simple persuasion or disagreement. It signifies the sophisticated process of constructing a compelling case, meticulously weaving together complex evidence, logical reasoning, and rhetorical strategies to advocate for a particular stance. This often involves anticipating counterarguments, refuting opposing viewpoints with precision, and subtly influencing the audience through nuanced language and deep analytical insight. The goal is not merely to convince, but to establish an undeniable intellectual position, demonstrating mastery over the subject matter and the art of discourse.
§ "Argument" as a Noun
It's important to clarify that while the word provided was "argument" (verb), "argument" is predominantly used as a noun. The verb form associated with the concept of presenting reasons to persuade or having a disagreement is usually "to argue." Therefore, this section will focus on how to use the noun "argument" and its related verb "to argue" in sentences, covering grammar, common prepositions, and nuanced usage.
§ "Argument" (noun) - Grammar and Usage
- Definition
- A set of reasons or evidence presented with the aim of persuading others that an action or idea is right or wrong. It also commonly refers to a verbal disagreement or a heated exchange of diverging opinions.
As a noun, "argument" can be count (referring to individual disagreements or lines of reasoning) or non-count (referring to the general act of arguing or disagreement as a concept).
When referring to a formal discussion or a line of reasoning, "argument" is often followed by prepositions like "for" or "against" to indicate what is being supported or opposed.
The lawyer presented a strong argument for her client's innocence.
There were many arguments against the proposed policy changes.
When referring to a disagreement or dispute, "argument" is often used with prepositions like "with," "about," or "over."
They had a heated argument with their neighbors about the loud music.
The couple frequently had arguments over trivial matters.
§ "To Argue" (verb) - Grammar and Usage
The verb form, "to argue," means to present reasons or to have a disagreement. It can be transitive (taking a direct object) or intransitive.
When presenting reasons or making a case, "to argue" is often followed by "that" to introduce the point being made, or "for" / "against" when discussing a position.
She tried to argue that the new system would be more efficient.
The activists argued for stricter environmental regulations.
He argued against increasing the budget for marketing.
When referring to a verbal disagreement, "to argue" is often followed by "with" (someone) and "about" or "over" (something).
It's pointless to argue with him when he's already made up his mind.
They spent hours arguing about who should clean the dishes.
§ Common Phrases and Idioms
- To have an argument: To engage in a disagreement.
I don't want to have an argument about this again.
- To get into an argument: To start a disagreement, often unexpectedly.
He always seems to get into arguments at family gatherings.
- To win/lose an argument: To be considered correct or incorrect in a disagreement.
It's not about winning an argument, but about finding a solution.
The word "argument" is fascinating because it carries two distinct meanings, both frequently encountered in everyday communication, particularly at the CEFR B2 level. Understanding these nuances is key to effective English communication. We'll explore both definitions and provide examples and tips for their appropriate use.
§ Definition 1: A Set of Reasons
- Definition
- A set of reasons or evidence presented with the aim of persuading others that an action or idea is right or wrong.
This definition of "argument" is often found in academic, professional, and journalistic contexts. It refers to the logical construction of a case, using facts, examples, and reasoning to support a particular viewpoint. When you "make an argument," you are constructing a persuasive case, not necessarily engaging in a conflict.
The lawyer presented a compelling argument for her client's innocence, citing several pieces of new evidence.
In his essay, the student developed a strong argument against the proposed policy changes.
§ Definition 2: Verbal Disagreement
- Definition
- It also commonly refers to a verbal disagreement or a heated exchange of diverging opinions.
This is perhaps the more common understanding of "argument" in informal settings. It implies a conflict or a dispute, often characterized by strong emotions and differing viewpoints. When people "have an argument," it means they are disagreeing, sometimes passionately.
My siblings and I often have a friendly argument about which movie to watch.
They got into a heated argument over who was responsible for the mistake.
§ Where You'll Hear This Word
The context in which you encounter "argument" will often hint at which meaning is intended.
Work: In a professional setting, you might hear phrases like "The marketing team made a strong argument for increasing the budget" (Definition 1) or "There was a slight argument between departments about project priorities" (Definition 2, but usually a professional disagreement, not necessarily heated).
School: Academic environments heavily utilize the first definition. Students are often asked to "construct an argument" in essays, debates, and presentations. For example, "Her history paper presented a compelling argument for the causes of the revolution." You might also hear about disagreements among students, like "The classmates had an argument about the correct answer to the math problem."
News: News reports will use both. Political commentators frequently "make arguments" for or against policies (Definition 1). You'll also hear about "arguments" between political figures or countries (Definition 2). For instance, "The senator's argument focused on economic growth" versus "The two nations are engaged in a diplomatic argument over trade."
§ Tips for Using "Argument" Effectively
Mastering the dual nature of "argument" will significantly enhance your comprehension and expression at the CEFR B2 level. Always consider the surrounding words and the overall situation to correctly interpret and use this versatile word.
§ Mistakes people make with this word
The word 'argument' is one of those English words that can be tricky because it has a couple of distinct meanings. Many learners, even at the B2 level, can sometimes confuse these meanings, leading to misunderstandings or awkward phrasing. Let's explore some common mistakes and how to avoid them.
§ Mistake 1: Confusing 'a logical discussion' with 'a heated dispute'
One of the most frequent errors is not distinguishing between the formal, logical sense of 'argument' and the more common, informal sense of a disagreement. In academic or formal contexts, an argument refers to a structured presentation of reasons and evidence to support a point of view.
- DEFINITION
- A set of reasons or evidence presented with the aim of persuading others that an action or idea is right or wrong.
Conversely, in everyday conversation, 'argument' most often implies a verbal fight or a disagreement.
- DEFINITION
- It also commonly refers to a verbal disagreement or a heated exchange of diverging opinions.
The mistake happens when someone uses the word in a formal context but intends the informal meaning, or vice-versa. For example, saying "I had a good argument with my professor about the essay" might sound like you had a fight, when you actually meant a productive discussion.
The lawyer presented a strong argument for his client's innocence.
They had a heated argument about politics last night.
§ Mistake 2: Using 'argue' when 'discuss' or 'debate' is more appropriate
While 'argue' can mean to present reasons, it often carries the connotation of trying to convince someone who disagrees with you, or engaging in a dispute. If the intention is simply to talk about something or explore different viewpoints without necessarily trying to win someone over, 'discuss' or 'debate' might be better choices.
- Discuss: To talk about something with another person or group in order to exchange ideas or make a decision.
- Debate: A formal discussion on a particular matter in a public meeting or legislative assembly, in which opposing arguments are put forward and which is usually followed by a vote. It can also refer to a less formal discussion in which people express different opinions about something.
For instance, instead of saying "We argued about the new project ideas," which implies some contention, you could say "We discussed the new project ideas" if the conversation was collaborative and amiable. If there were strong opposing viewpoints presented in a structured way, "We debated the new project ideas" would be fitting.
They needed to discuss the upcoming changes.
The students will debate the merits of renewable energy.
§ Mistake 3: Incorrect prepositions with 'argue'
The verb 'argue' often requires specific prepositions, and using the wrong one can sound unnatural to a native speaker. Here are the most common uses:
- Argue with someone: This is used when you are having a disagreement or a dispute with another person.
- Argue about something: This refers to the topic of the disagreement.
- Argue for/against something: This is used when you are presenting reasons in favor of (for) or in opposition to (against) an idea, plan, or action.
A common mistake is to say "argue on something" instead of "argue about something" or "argue with someone on something."
She often argues with her brother about trivial things.
The committee will argue for increased funding for education.
§ Summary of Key Takeaways
To avoid common mistakes with 'argument' and 'argue', remember these points:
- Distinguish between 'argument' as a logical case and 'argument' as a dispute.
- Choose 'discuss' or 'debate' when the conversation is collaborative or involves structured examination of different views, rather than a confrontation.
- Use the correct prepositions: 'argue with someone', 'argue about something', and 'argue for/against something'.
By being mindful of these distinctions and practicing their application, B2 learners can confidently and accurately use 'argument' and its related forms in various contexts.
§ Overview of "Argument"
The word "argument" is multifaceted, encompassing both formal reasoning and informal disagreements. Understanding its nuances is key to using it effectively. As a verb, to "argument" (though more commonly used as a noun, the prompt specified verb form, so we'll focus on the action it implies) means to present reasons for or against a proposition, or to engage in a dispute. In everyday language, it often refers to a verbal conflict. We'll explore synonyms and compare them to highlight when to use "argument" for precision and impact.
§ Formal vs. Informal Contexts
The usage of "argument" can significantly shift depending on whether you are in a formal academic or legal setting, or an informal social one. In academic circles, 'argument' refers to a logical structure supporting a claim. In social contexts, it often implies conflict.
§ Similar Words and Their Nuances
- DISCUSS
- To talk about something with another person or a group of people.
While both "discuss" and "argument" involve talking about a topic, "discuss" implies a more collaborative and less confrontational exchange of ideas. It focuses on exploring different viewpoints without necessarily aiming to win or persuade in a competitive sense.
The team decided to discuss the project's challenges in a calm manner.
- DEBATE
- A formal discussion on a particular matter in a public meeting or legislative assembly, in which opposing arguments are put forward and then voted on.
"Debate" is often more structured than a general "argument." It typically involves presenting opposing viewpoints in a formal setting, often with rules and a moderator. While an "argument" can be a spontaneous disagreement, a "debate" is usually planned and aims to sway an audience or judge.
The politicians will debate the new policy next week.
- DISPUTE
- A disagreement or argument, especially an official one, between opposing parties.
"Dispute" strongly emphasizes disagreement and often implies a more contentious or prolonged conflict than a simple "argument." It can refer to legal or labor conflicts, suggesting a more serious and sometimes unresolved clash of opinions or interests.
The neighbors continued to dispute over the property line.
- QUARREL
- An angry argument or disagreement, typically between people who are usually on good terms.
"Quarrel" is a more informal term for a heated verbal exchange, often implying a less serious but more emotional disagreement than an "argument." It's typically used for personal disputes between friends or family members.
They had a small quarrel about who should do the dishes.
- CONTEND
- To assert something as a position in an argument.
"Contend" is generally used in more formal contexts, especially when stating a point in an argument or competition. It emphasizes the act of putting forward a claim or opinion that is open to challenge.
The lawyers will contend that their client is innocent.
§ When to use "Argument"
- For logical reasoning: Use "argument" when referring to a structured set of reasons intended to persuade, especially in academic or philosophical contexts. For example, "The philosopher presented a compelling argument for his theory."
- For verbal disagreements: Use "argument" when describing a verbal exchange of differing opinions, which can range from a mild disagreement to a heated dispute. For example, "They had an argument about politics."
§ Summary of Usage
Choosing between "argument" and its synonyms depends heavily on the specific context and the level of formality. If you are describing a formal presentation of logical reasons, "argument" is suitable. If you are referring to a verbal disagreement, it also fits, but synonyms like "dispute," "quarrel," or "debate" might offer more specific connotations regarding the intensity or nature of the disagreement.
For collaborative exploration of ideas, "discuss" is a better choice. For asserting a specific point in a formal setting, "contend" is often appropriate. By carefully considering these distinctions, you can enhance the precision and clarity of your communication.
How Formal Is It?
"The lawyer will contend that the evidence presented is insufficient to prove the defendant's guilt."
"They need to discuss the new project proposals during the meeting."
"The siblings tend to bicker over trivial things like who gets to use the remote."
"My friends and I sometimes disagree about which game to play, but we always figure it out."
"He's got some beef with his neighbor about the loud music."
知っておくべき文法
Nouns can be formed from verbs by adding suffixes such as '-ment'. In this case, 'argue' (verb) becomes 'argument' (noun).
He decided to argue his point. -> His argument was convincing.
The word 'argument' can be used with the preposition 'for' or 'against' to indicate the stance taken.
She made a strong argument for the new policy. They presented arguments against the proposed changes.
When referring to a verbal disagreement, 'argument' is often followed by 'with' to indicate the person involved, or 'about'/'over' to indicate the topic.
I had an argument with my brother about the chores. They got into an argument over money.
The verb 'have' is commonly used with 'argument' to express engaging in one.
We had a long argument about politics. Don't have an argument with your parents.
When 'argument' refers to the reasons presented, it can be pluralized to 'arguments'.
He presented several arguments in favor of his theory. Her arguments were well-researched and persuasive.
レベル別の例文
My brother and I sometimes argue about what to watch on TV.
My brother and I sometimes fight about what to watch on TV.
Here, 'argue' means to have a verbal disagreement.
The children started to argue over the last piece of cake.
The children started to fight over the last piece of cake.
Used with 'over' to show what the disagreement is about.
They always argue about money, which makes me sad.
They always fight about money, which makes me sad.
The preposition 'about' is used to indicate the subject of the argument.
I don't want to argue with you, let's just agree.
I don't want to fight with you, let's just agree.
Used with 'with' to show who the argument is between.
It's not good to argue in front of the kids.
It's not good to fight in front of the kids.
A general statement about the act of arguing.
They tried to argue their point, but no one listened.
They tried to explain why they were right, but no one listened.
Here, 'argue' means to present reasons to persuade.
He likes to argue for new ideas in the team meetings.
He likes to present reasons for new ideas in the team meetings.
Used with 'for' to show what someone is advocating for.
Don't argue with the teacher, just do your homework.
Don't disagree with the teacher, just do your homework.
An imperative sentence advising against arguing.
The lawyer tried to *argument* his case by presenting new evidence to the jury.
El abogado trató de argumentar su caso presentando nuevas pruebas al jurado.
In this context, 'argument' is used as a verb, meaning to present reasons for or against something. While grammatically understandable, 'argue' is the more common and natural verb form. We are using 'argument' as a verb here as per the prompt's instruction, but it's important to note the more conventional usage.
During the debate, both politicians began to *argument* fiercely over economic policies.
Durante el debate, ambos políticos comenzaron a argumentar ferozmente sobre las políticas económicas.
Here, 'argument' functions as a verb, indicating a verbal disagreement. Again, 'argue' is the standard verb. This usage, while technically possible given the prompt's instruction to treat 'argument' as a verb, highlights the typical use of 'argue'.
She likes to *argument* with her friends about trivial matters just for fun.
A ella le gusta argumentar con sus amigos sobre asuntos triviales solo por diversión.
Used as a verb to describe engaging in a discussion or disagreement. 'Argue' would be the more conventional verb form.
The scientific community continues to *argument* the validity of the new theory.
La comunidad científica continúa argumentando la validez de la nueva teoría.
As a verb, indicating a sustained discussion or debate about a topic. 'Argue' is the standard verb.
It's difficult to *argument* against such strong evidence.
Es difícil argumentar en contra de pruebas tan contundentes.
Here, 'argument' as a verb means to dispute or contest. 'Argue' is the customary verb form.
They spent hours trying to *argument* the best approach to the complex problem.
Pasaron horas tratando de argumentar el mejor enfoque para el problema complejo.
Used as a verb to describe the process of discussing and reasoning. 'Argue' is the standard verb.
He was always ready to *argument* his point of view, even if it was unpopular.
Siempre estaba listo para argumentar su punto de vista, incluso si era impopular.
As a verb, meaning to present and defend one's opinion. 'Argue' is the conventional verb.
Let's not *argument* over small details; focus on the main objective.
No discutamos por pequeños detalles; centrémonos en el objetivo principal.
Used as a verb to mean to engage in a dispute or debate. 'Argue' is the more common and natural verb form.
The lawyer tried to *argument* his case effectively, presenting a mountain of evidence to sway the jury.
To argue, to present an argument.
In this context, 'argument' is used as a verb, meaning to present an argument. This is less common than using 'argue' as the verb.
Despite the compelling data, she struggled to *argument* her proposal in a way that resonated with the skeptical board members.
To argue, to make a case for.
Here, 'argument' is used as a verb, emphasizing the act of constructing and presenting a persuasive case.
It's crucial for scientists to *argument* their findings rigorously, allowing for peer review and replication.
To argue for, to provide reasons for.
The verb 'argument' implies a structured and evidence-based presentation of ideas.
The political commentators often *argument* their positions passionately, sometimes to the point of personal attacks.
To argue, to debate.
In this sense, 'argument' as a verb refers to engaging in a verbal debate or disagreement.
He found it difficult to *argument* with his boss without fear of reprisal, so he often kept his opinions to himself.
To argue with, to disagree with.
Here, 'argument' is used as a verb, meaning to engage in a disagreement or to contend with someone.
They would often *argument* over trivial matters, but their disagreements rarely escalated into serious conflict.
To argue about, to dispute.
The verb 'argument' in this sentence signifies a verbal dispute or disagreement.
The philosopher's ability to *argument* complex ethical dilemmas made his lectures particularly engaging.
To argue, to discuss and analyze.
In this usage, 'argument' as a verb implies a thoughtful and analytical discussion of a topic.
Instead of resorting to insults, try to *argument* your point with logical reasoning and supporting facts.
To argue, to explain your position.
This sentence emphasizes the constructive and rational aspect of presenting an argument.
The politician's argument for tax reform was meticulously constructed, appealing to both economic efficiency and social equity.
The politician's reasoning for tax reform was carefully built, appealing to both economic efficiency and fairness.
Here, 'argument' refers to a structured presentation of reasons.
Despite the compelling evidence, her opponent refused to concede the argument, instead resorting to ad hominem attacks.
Even with strong evidence, her opponent wouldn't accept the point, instead using personal attacks.
'Concede the argument' means to acknowledge the validity of the opposing viewpoint.
Their philosophical argument about the nature of consciousness spanned several hours, delving into complex theories and counter-arguments.
Their deep discussion about consciousness lasted for hours, exploring complex ideas and opposing views.
This usage highlights a sustained and detailed intellectual debate.
The environmental group's argument against the new development project was predicated on concerns for local biodiversity and sustainable urban planning.
The environmental group's reasoning against the new development project was based on worries about local nature and eco-friendly city planning.
'Predicated on' means based on or founded upon.
A heated argument erupted between the two colleagues over the allocation of resources, escalating into a public display of professional disagreement.
A strong disagreement started between the two coworkers about how resources were shared, becoming a public show of professional conflict.
This example uses 'argument' in the sense of a verbal disagreement.
He spent the entire evening attempting to justify his controversial stance, but his argument failed to sway the skeptical audience.
He tried all evening to explain his unpopular view, but his reasons didn't convince the doubtful listeners.
'Sway' means to influence or persuade.
The legal team meticulously crafted their argument, presenting a watertight case that ultimately led to the defendant's acquittal.
The legal team carefully built their case, presenting a strong argument that finally resulted in the defendant being found not guilty.
'Watertight case' means an argument that is flawless and cannot be disproven.
Their long-standing argument about artistic interpretation often led to passionate discussions, yet always ended with mutual respect for differing perspectives.
Their ongoing discussion about how to understand art often led to intense talks, but always finished with shared respect for different viewpoints.
This sentence illustrates that an 'argument' can be a passionate discussion rather than just a hostile one.
よく使う組み合わせ
よく使うフレーズ
get into an argument
ввязаться в спор
settle an argument
разрешить спор
make an argument for
привести довод в пользу
present an argument against
выдвинуть аргумент против
there's no argument about that
об этом нет спора
beyond argument
бесспорно
for the sake of argument
ради спора
enter into an argument
вступать в спор
pick an argument with someone
затеять спор с кем-то
have an argument over something
спорить о чем-либо
慣用句と表現
"To argue a point"
To present reasons for or against a particular idea or opinion.
During the debate, she eloquently argued her point about the importance of environmental protection.
neutral"To pick an argument"
To intentionally provoke a disagreement or fight.
He's always looking to pick an argument with his brother over trivial matters.
informal"To get into an argument"
To begin a disagreement or dispute with someone.
I got into an argument with my neighbor about the loud music.
neutral"Beyond argument"
Undisputable; something that is certainly true or undeniable.
It is beyond argument that regular exercise is beneficial for health.
formal"A moot point"
An issue that is debatable or a matter about which there can be no definitive answer; often, something irrelevant for discussion.
Whether he could have won the race is a moot point now that he's retired.
neutral"To win an argument"
To successfully convince someone of your point of view in a discussion or debate.
After much discussion, she managed to win the argument and convince everyone to go with her plan.
neutral"To lose an argument"
To be unsuccessful in convincing someone of your point of view; to be proven wrong in a discussion.
He hated to lose an argument, especially when he felt he was right.
neutral"To argue the toss"
To dispute a decision, especially one that has already been made.
It's no good arguing the toss now; the referee's decision is final.
informal"To have an argument with yourself"
To be undecided about something, weighing pros and cons in your mind.
I had an argument with myself all morning about whether to go to the party or stay home.
informal"For the sake of argument"
As a hypothetical premise; assuming something is true for the purpose of discussion, even if it's not.
For the sake of argument, let's say your theory is correct; what would be the implications?
neutral使い方
When 'argument' is used as a verb, it means to present reasons or evidence to persuade. For example: 'The lawyer **argued** passionately for his client's innocence.' It can also refer to a disagreement: 'The siblings **argued** over who would get the last slice of cake.'
A common mistake is confusing the verb 'argument' with the noun 'argument'. The noun refers to the set of reasons or the disagreement itself, while the verb describes the act of presenting those reasons or engaging in a disagreement. For example, you wouldn't say 'They had an **argumented** discussion'; instead, you would say 'They **argued** during the discussion' or 'They had an **argument**.'
ヒント
Understand the Nuances
The verb 'argument' has two main senses: to persuade with reasons and to disagree verbally. Context is key to understanding which meaning is intended.
Practice with Both Meanings
Try forming sentences using 'argument' in both contexts. For example: 'She argued her case effectively' and 'They argued about the best route.'
Identify Related Nouns
The noun form is also 'argument'. Understanding this connection can help reinforce your learning. 'Their argument was persuasive' or 'They had a heated argument.'
Look for Synonyms
For 'to persuade', consider words like 'contend' or 'assert'. For 'to disagree', think 'dispute' or 'quarrel'. This expands your vocabulary around the concept of 'argument'.
Pay Attention to Prepositions
Often, 'argue for' or 'argue against' is used when persuading, and 'argue with' is used for a disagreement. For instance, 'He argued for stricter regulations.'
Use in Debates/Discussions
Engage in discussions or debates where you can actively use 'argument' in both senses. This helps solidify your understanding and usage.
Recognize Formal vs. Informal
The 'persuade' meaning often appears in more formal contexts (e.g., academic papers), while the 'disagreement' meaning can be both formal and informal, but especially common in everyday conversation for heated exchanges.
Avoid Misinterpretation
Be careful not to confuse 'argument' (verb) with just any discussion. It implies a point of view being advocated or a disagreement being expressed. Not every conversation is an argument.
Cultural Context of Disagreement
In some cultures, overt 'arguments' (disagreements) might be seen as impolite, while in others, they are a normal part of intellectual discourse. Understanding this can help you use the word appropriately.
Explore Rhetorical Arguments
For advanced learners, delve into the concept of 'rhetorical argument' which refers to the art of effective or persuasive speaking or writing, especially the use of figures of speech and other compositional techniques.
暗記しよう
記憶術
To remember 'argument' as a verb meaning to persuade or disagree, think of a situation where you 'ARGUE' with someone using 'REASONS' (the R in ARgUE) to make your point, or you're involved in a 'heated EXCHANGE' (the EX in EXchange) of ideas.
視覚的連想
Imagine two people standing on a debate stage, each with a speech bubble above their head filled with reasons and evidence, trying to convince a judge. This represents the persuasive aspect. For the disagreement aspect, imagine the same two people now with steam coming out of their ears, red faces, and crossed arms, showing a heated exchange.
Word Web
チャレンジ
Try to use 'argument' (as a verb) in three different sentences. For example: 1. 'The lawyer will argument his case in front of the jury.' (persuading) 2. 'My siblings always argument over who gets the last slice of pizza.' (disagreeing) 3. 'We had a long argument about the best way to solve the problem.' (discussion with diverging opinions)
実生活で練習する
実際の使用場面
In academic writing, you need to build a strong argument to support your thesis.
- build a strong argument
- support a thesis
- academic writing
The lawyers presented their arguments to the jury, hoping to convince them of their client's innocence.
- presented their arguments
- convince the jury
- client's innocence
My siblings and I had an argument over who should do the dishes.
- had an argument
- over who should do the dishes
- verbal disagreement
The politician's argument for tax reform was quite persuasive.
- politician's argument
- tax reform
- quite persuasive
It's important to be able to present your arguments clearly and logically in a debate.
- present your arguments clearly
- logically in a debate
- persuading others
会話のきっかけ
"Can you think of a time when you had to argue strongly for something you believed in?"
"What do you consider to be a strong argument? What elements does it need?"
"Have you ever witnessed or participated in a heated argument that taught you something?"
"How do you usually handle disagreements or arguments with friends or family?"
"In what situations do you think it's important to stand your ground and argue your point?"
日記のテーマ
Describe a time you successfully persuaded someone using a well-constructed argument.
Reflect on a past argument where you learned a valuable lesson about communication.
Write about the difference between a productive argument and an unproductive one.
Imagine you need to write an argument for a cause you care deeply about. What would your main points be?
Consider a time when you chose not to engage in an argument, and why you made that decision.
よくある質問
10 問Yes, it can! While 'argument' often brings to mind a heated disagreement, it also refers to presenting reasons or evidence to persuade others. So, if people are calmly discussing different ideas and each person is presenting their case, they are engaging in an argument in this sense.
Not necessarily. As mentioned, an argument can be a logical discussion where people present their points of view to persuade. However, it's true that it's frequently used to describe a verbal disagreement or a heated exchange, which often has a negative connotation.
A 'debate' is a more formal type of argument, usually with structured rules and often with a moderator. An 'argument' can be any instance of presenting reasons to persuade, or a disagreement. So, all debates involve arguments, but not all arguments are debates.
Absolutely! An essay, a legal brief, or even an advertisement can be an argument if its purpose is to present reasons or evidence to persuade the reader about a particular viewpoint or action.
Context is key! If someone says, 'She made a strong argument for her proposal,' it's likely the persuasive sense. If they say, 'They had a big argument last night,' it's probably referring to a disagreement. Look at the surrounding words and the overall situation to understand the meaning.
Yes, there are many! Some common synonyms include 'dispute,' 'quarrel,' 'row,' 'tiff,' 'disagreement,' and 'altercation.' The specific word you choose often depends on the intensity of the disagreement.
When 'argument' refers to presenting reasons, you might use words like 'case,' 'reasoning,' 'rationale,' 'justification,' or 'contention.' These words emphasize the logical and persuasive aspect.
While strong arguments are often built on facts and evidence, people can certainly present arguments based on their feelings, beliefs, or personal experiences. However, such arguments might be less persuasive to someone looking for objective reasoning. So, yes, it can be, but it might not always be the most effective way to persuade.
If 'having an argument' means a heated disagreement, it can certainly be perceived as rude, especially if voices are raised or insults are exchanged. However, calmly discussing different viewpoints (the persuasive sense of argument) can be a healthy part of communication and is not inherently rude.
A very common phrase is 'to have an argument.' For example, 'They had an argument about who should do the dishes.' Another one is 'to get into an argument,' which suggests starting a disagreement.
自分をテスト 144 問
My brother and I often ___ about toys.
The word 'argument' is used here to describe a verbal disagreement.
They had a big ___ over who would clean the room.
An 'argument' is a disagreement or a heated exchange of opinions.
Sometimes, friends have a small ___ and then they are happy again.
A 'small argument' refers to a minor disagreement.
The children had an ___ about sharing the candy.
An 'argument' often happens when people disagree about sharing things.
It's not good to have an ___ with your parents.
Having an 'argument' with parents means having a disagreement with them.
Can we talk without an ___?
The speaker wants to talk without a disagreement or dispute.
Two people are talking loudly about a toy.
They couldn't agree on a color.
Listen to the advice given.
Read this aloud:
I argue.
Focus: ar-gue
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Read this aloud:
We often argue.
Focus: often argue
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Read this aloud:
They like to argue.
Focus: like to argue
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Write a short sentence about two friends talking. Use the word 'argument'.
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Sample answer
My friends had an argument about a game.
Complete the sentence: 'Sometimes my brother and I have a small ___.'
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Sample answer
Sometimes my brother and I have a small argument.
Write a sentence using 'argument' about disagreeing with someone.
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Sample answer
I had an argument with my friend about the movie.
What did Tom and Mary have?
Read this passage:
Tom and Mary are friends. They like to play together. One day, they wanted to play different games. Tom wanted to play with a ball, but Mary wanted to play with dolls. They had a small argument about what to play. After a few minutes, they decided to play both games.
What did Tom and Mary have?
The passage states, 'They had a small argument about what to play.'
The passage states, 'They had a small argument about what to play.'
What do mom and dad have sometimes?
Read this passage:
My family likes to talk. Sometimes, my mom and dad have an argument. It's usually about small things, like what to eat for dinner. But they always hug after.
What do mom and dad have sometimes?
The passage says, 'Sometimes, my mom and dad have an argument.'
The passage says, 'Sometimes, my mom and dad have an argument.'
What should you not have with your friends at school?
Read this passage:
In school, we learn to share. It's important to not have an argument with your friends. If you disagree, you can talk quietly and find a solution together.
What should you not have with your friends at school?
The passage states, 'It's important to not have an argument with your friends.'
The passage states, 'It's important to not have an argument with your friends.'
This sentence describes a disagreement about a movie.
This sentence describes someone presenting reasons for their idea.
This sentence describes a minor disagreement during dinner.
My brother and I often ___ about what to watch on TV.
The word 'argument' fits here to describe a verbal disagreement about what to watch.
The children had a small ___ over who could play with the toy car.
An 'argument' is a common word for a disagreement, even a small one, between children.
Sometimes friends have a little ___ but they usually make up quickly.
Having an 'argument' and then making up is a normal part of friendships.
It's important to listen to both sides of an ___ to understand the problem.
When there is an 'argument', it means different people have different opinions, so you listen to both sides.
My parents had an ___ about where to go for vacation.
An 'argument' here means they had a discussion where they disagreed about the vacation spot.
She didn't want to have another ___ about cleaning the room.
This implies a previous disagreement about cleaning the room, and she wants to avoid another 'argument'.
My brother and I often ___ about what to watch on TV.
To 'argument' in this context means to have a disagreement. 'Agree' means to have the same opinion, 'laugh' means to make a sound when something is funny, and 'play' means to engage in an activity for enjoyment.
The children had a small ___ over who got the last cookie.
An 'argument' here means a verbal disagreement. 'Talk' is a general conversation, 'sing' is to make musical sounds with the voice, and 'dance' is to move rhythmically to music.
It's important to make a good ___ when you want to convince someone.
To 'make a good argument' means to present reasons to persuade someone. 'Picture' is an image, 'noise' is a sound, and 'friend' is a person you like.
When you argument with someone, you are usually agreeing with them.
To 'argument' means to disagree or have a heated exchange, not to agree.
You can use an argument to try and change someone's mind.
One meaning of 'argument' is to present reasons to persuade others.
A friendly chat is the same as an argument.
An 'argument' implies disagreement or a heated exchange, which is different from a friendly chat.
Write a short sentence using 'argument' to mean a disagreement between two people.
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Sample answer
My brother and I had an argument about who would do the dishes.
Imagine you want to convince your friend to watch a new movie. Write two sentences giving your reasons (your 'argument').
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Sample answer
I have a good argument for why we should see the new superhero movie. It has great special effects and a fun story.
Complete the sentence: 'They had a big argument over...' using your own words.
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Sample answer
They had a big argument over what to eat for dinner.
What happened between Sarah and Tom?
Read this passage:
Sarah and Tom were friends. One day, they both wanted to play with the same toy. They started to talk loudly and say why they should have it. This became a small argument. Later, they shared the toy.
What happened between Sarah and Tom?
The passage says, 'This became a small argument.'
The passage says, 'This became a small argument.'
What does a lawyer do with an argument?
Read this passage:
A lawyer needs to make a strong argument in court. They present facts and reasons to show why their client is right. If their argument is good, the judge might agree with them.
What does a lawyer do with an argument?
The passage states, 'They present facts and reasons to show why their client is right.'
The passage states, 'They present facts and reasons to show why their client is right.'
Why were Maria and her sister arguing?
Read this passage:
Maria had an argument with her sister about cleaning their room. Maria said her sister made the most mess. Her sister said Maria never helped. They were both a little angry.
Why were Maria and her sister arguing?
The first sentence clearly states, 'Maria had an argument with her sister about cleaning their room.'
The first sentence clearly states, 'Maria had an argument with her sister about cleaning their room.'
The two friends had a big ___ over a misunderstanding, but they quickly made up.
An 'argument' here refers to a verbal disagreement, which fits the context of friends having a misunderstanding.
During the debate, each candidate presented a strong ___ for their policies.
In a debate, people present 'arguments' or reasons to persuade others, aligning with the definition.
The children had a small ___ about who should play with the toy first.
A 'small argument' describes a minor disagreement, which is common among children sharing toys.
Her main ___ was that the new plan would save the company a lot of money.
Here, 'argument' refers to a set of reasons presented to persuade others, fitting the context of presenting a plan.
They tried to avoid a ___ by calmly discussing their different points of view.
To 'avoid an argument' means to prevent a verbal disagreement, which is what calm discussion aims to do.
The lawyer presented a strong ___ to the jury, hoping to prove his client's innocence.
Lawyers present 'arguments' in court, using evidence and reasons to persuade the jury.
The children had an __________ over who got to play with the new toy first.
An argument in this context refers to a disagreement or a heated exchange of opinions, which fits the scenario of children quarreling over a toy.
The lawyer presented a strong __________ to convince the jury of his client's innocence.
In this case, an argument is a set of reasons or evidence presented to persuade others, which is what a lawyer does in court.
My sister and I often have a friendly __________ about what movie to watch.
While 'discussion' is close, 'argument' can also refer to a disagreement, even a friendly one, when deciding between options.
Having an argument always means you are angry with someone.
While arguments can involve anger, they can also be friendly disagreements or formal presentations of reasons without any negative emotion.
When you make an argument for something, you are trying to convince others that it is right.
One meaning of 'argument' is to present reasons or evidence to persuade others, which implies trying to show something is right or wrong.
A good debate involves presenting strong arguments for your point of view.
Debates are structured discussions where participants present arguments (reasons and evidence) to support their positions.
Listen for the word 'argument' in the context of children sharing a toy.
Focus on the word 'argument' in the context of a politician presenting an idea.
Listen for the word 'argument' when discussing disagreements about a movie choice.
Read this aloud:
Can you present your argument for why we should go to the park?
Focus: argument
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Read this aloud:
Describe a time when you had an argument with a friend or family member.
Focus: argument
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Read this aloud:
What is the main argument of your favorite book or movie?
Focus: argument
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Imagine you had a friendly disagreement with a friend about what movie to watch. Write a short paragraph explaining your 'argument' for your preferred movie, using reasons to convince them.
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Sample answer
I really wanted to watch the new action movie because it has great special effects and a very exciting storyline. I argued that it would be a more fun experience for both of us than a drama, and we could see a drama another time. I also said it had good reviews.
Think about a time you tried to convince someone to agree with you about something important (e.g., a rule at home, a plan for a trip). Describe the 'argument' you presented, focusing on the evidence or reasons you gave.
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Sample answer
I made an argument to my parents that I should be allowed to stay up later on weekends. My reasons were that I always finish my homework, and staying up later would give me more time to relax after a busy week. I also promised to still get enough sleep.
Write a short email to a friend. In the email, explain why you believe a certain local park is the best place to have a picnic, giving at least two 'arguments' to support your choice.
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Sample answer
Hi [Friend's Name], I think we should have our picnic at Willow Creek Park. My argument for this park is that it has a really nice big grassy area perfect for spreading out our blanket, and there are also lots of shady trees. Plus, it has clean restrooms, which is always good! See you soon, [Your Name]
What was the main point of Mark and Sarah's argument?
Read this passage:
Mark and Sarah had an argument about who would do the dishes. Mark believed it was Sarah's turn because he cooked dinner. Sarah disagreed, saying she had cleaned the kitchen the day before. They talked for a few minutes before deciding to do them together.
What was the main point of Mark and Sarah's argument?
The passage clearly states they had an argument about 'who would do the dishes.'
The passage clearly states they had an argument about 'who would do the dishes.'
What was Emily's main argument?
Read this passage:
During the school debate, Emily presented a strong argument for why students should have longer lunch breaks. She explained that more time would allow students to eat slowly, socialize, and even participate in school clubs without feeling rushed. Her points were well-received.
What was Emily's main argument?
The passage states Emily presented a 'strong argument for why students should have longer lunch breaks.'
The passage states Emily presented a 'strong argument for why students should have longer lunch breaks.'
What kind of argument do the brother and sister usually have?
Read this passage:
My brother and I often have friendly arguments about sports teams. He supports the Lions, and I support the Tigers. We always give each other reasons why our team is better, but it's all in good fun and we remain friends.
What kind of argument do the brother and sister usually have?
The passage mentions 'friendly arguments about sports teams' where they 'give each other reasons why our team is better,' indicating a competitive discussion.
The passage mentions 'friendly arguments about sports teams' where they 'give each other reasons why our team is better,' indicating a competitive discussion.
This sentence describes a verbal disagreement about travel plans.
This sentence refers to a set of reasons presented to persuade others.
This sentence uses 'argument' in the sense of presenting reasons to persuade.
The lawyer presented a strong ___ for his client's innocence, citing several alibis.
In this context, 'argument' refers to a set of reasons or evidence presented to persuade.
Despite their differing opinions, they managed to have a polite ___ about the new policy.
'Argument' can also mean a verbal disagreement, which in this case was polite.
Her ___ was based on solid facts and research, making it difficult to refute.
Here, 'argument' refers to a reasoned case or set of reasons.
The couple had a heated ___ over who should do the dishes.
'Argument' can describe a heated exchange of diverging opinions or a verbal disagreement.
The scientific community continues to ___ about the origins of the universe.
The verb form of 'argument' is 'to argue'. The sentence implies an ongoing disagreement, so 'argument' fits best as a noun meaning the topic of disagreement.
He developed a compelling ___ for why the company should invest in renewable energy.
In this sentence, 'argument' means a set of reasons put forward to persuade.
The lawyer presented a strong ___ for his client's innocence.
In this context, 'argument' refers to a set of reasons presented to persuade, which fits the legal setting.
Despite their different opinions, they managed to have a polite ___ about politics.
While 'argument' can refer to a disagreement, 'discussion' implies a more polite exchange of ideas, contrasting with the negative connotations of the other options.
The siblings often had a heated ___ over who would use the computer.
A 'heated argument' accurately describes a verbal disagreement or a heated exchange of diverging opinions, which is common among siblings.
If you present a solid argument, you are offering a set of reasons to persuade someone.
This statement aligns with the definition of 'argument' as a set of reasons or evidence presented with the aim of persuading others.
A friendly chat can also be referred to as an argument.
An 'argument' typically implies a disagreement or a heated exchange, not a friendly chat.
When two people are having an argument, they are always being polite and respectful to each other.
The definition states that 'argument' can refer to a 'heated exchange of diverging opinions,' which often involves a lack of politeness or respect.
Listen for the reasons and evidence presented by the politician.
Pay attention to the interaction and disagreement between the candidates.
Focus on the convincing nature of her reasons for sustainable living.
Read this aloud:
Can you explain the main argument of this article in your own words?
Focus: argument
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Read this aloud:
Imagine you are trying to convince a friend to try a new hobby. What argument would you use?
Focus: convince, argument
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Read this aloud:
Describe a time you had an argument with someone and how it was resolved.
Focus: resolved, argument
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Write a short paragraph (3-4 sentences) about a time you had a friendly argument with someone and how it was resolved.
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
My friend and I had a mild argument last week about the best way to organize a surprise party. She thought a detailed schedule was essential, while I preferred a more spontaneous approach. After some discussion, we decided to combine our ideas, creating a loose timeline with room for flexibility. It was a good example of how a disagreement can lead to a stronger plan.
Imagine you are trying to convince your family to go on a specific vacation. Write a short persuasive message (3-4 sentences) outlining your main arguments for this destination.
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Sample answer
I really think we should go to Japan for our next family vacation. The cultural immersion and stunning historical sites would offer an unforgettable experience. Plus, the food is incredible, and there are so many unique activities for everyone to enjoy. It would be a truly enriching and memorable trip for all of us.
Describe a common situation where people might have an 'argument' in the sense of a verbal disagreement. What usually causes it, and how can it be avoided or handled constructively?
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Sample answer
A common situation for a verbal argument is when two people have different expectations about household chores. One person might feel they're doing more than their fair share, leading to frustration. Often, it's caused by a lack of clear communication and assumptions. To handle it constructively, open dialogue and a willingness to compromise are essential, perhaps by creating a shared chore list.
According to the passage, why is a well-structured argument important in academic settings?
Read this passage:
In academic settings, presenting a well-structured argument is crucial. Students are often required to support their claims with evidence from research and logical reasoning. This process teaches critical thinking and the ability to articulate complex ideas clearly. Without a strong argument, even a brilliant idea may not be accepted by peers or instructors.
According to the passage, why is a well-structured argument important in academic settings?
The passage states that students are required to support their claims with evidence and logical reasoning, and that this process teaches critical thinking and clear articulation.
The passage states that students are required to support their claims with evidence and logical reasoning, and that this process teaches critical thinking and clear articulation.
What was the outcome of the team's argument?
Read this passage:
The team had a heated argument about the best marketing strategy for the new product. Some members advocated for a strong online presence, while others insisted on traditional advertising methods. Despite the initial disagreement, the discussion ultimately led to a hybrid approach that incorporated elements from both sides, proving that arguments, when managed well, can lead to innovation.
What was the outcome of the team's argument?
The passage explicitly states that 'the discussion ultimately led to a hybrid approach that incorporated elements from both sides'.
The passage explicitly states that 'the discussion ultimately led to a hybrid approach that incorporated elements from both sides'.
What methods did the candidates use to strengthen their arguments?
Read this passage:
During the political debate, each candidate presented their arguments for why their policies would benefit the country. They used statistics, expert opinions, and real-world examples to try and persuade the audience. The effectiveness of their arguments often depended on their ability to connect with the voters' concerns and present their vision convincingly.
What methods did the candidates use to strengthen their arguments?
The passage clearly states, 'They used statistics, expert opinions, and real-world examples to try and persuade the audience.'
The passage clearly states, 'They used statistics, expert opinions, and real-world examples to try and persuade the audience.'
This sentence describes lawyers using 'arguments' in the sense of presenting reasons to persuade.
This sentence uses 'argument' to describe a verbal disagreement.
This sentence uses 'argument' in the sense of constructing a set of reasons to persuade.
The lawyer presented a compelling ___ for his client's innocence, leaving no room for doubt.
In this context, 'argument' refers to a set of reasons or evidence presented to persuade, which fits the lawyer's role.
Their ___ escalated quickly from a calm discussion to a heated exchange of accusations.
Here, 'argument' signifies a verbal disagreement or a heated exchange of opinions, which aligns with the escalating nature described.
The scientific community's ___ for stricter environmental regulations is based on overwhelming evidence of climate change.
'Argument' is the best fit as it implies a reasoned case with supporting evidence.
Despite their strong ___ about the best approach, they eventually reached a compromise.
This sentence uses 'argument' to denote a disagreement or differing viewpoints that required a compromise.
His entire ___ rested on the premise that human nature is inherently altruistic.
Here, 'argument' refers to the structured set of reasons or ideas presented as a coherent whole.
The political debate was characterized by a series of sharp ___ between the opposing candidates.
'Arguments' in this context refers to verbal disagreements, which are common in political debates.
Listen for the politician's persuasive discourse.
Focus on the context of a polite disagreement.
Consider how research strengthens a presented case.
Read this aloud:
Can you elaborate on the main argument presented in the article?
Focus: ar-gu-ment
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Read this aloud:
How would you defend your argument if challenged by an expert?
Focus: de-fend your ar-gu-ment
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Read this aloud:
Let's try to avoid a heated argument and focus on finding common ground.
Focus: heat-ed ar-gu-ment
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Write a short paragraph (3-4 sentences) arguing for or against the implementation of a four-day work week, ensuring your argument is well-structured and uses sophisticated vocabulary.
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
Implementing a four-day work week could significantly enhance employee productivity and overall job satisfaction, fostering a better work-life balance. While some argue against potential economic drawbacks, the long-term benefits of reduced burnout and increased engagement could outweigh initial challenges. Companies might observe a decrease in absenteeism and an uptick in creative output, ultimately leading to greater organizational success. Careful planning and pilot programs would be crucial to a successful transition.
Imagine you are drafting an email to a colleague to politely but firmly argue for a different approach to a current project. Highlight the key points of your alternative strategy and explain why you believe it's superior.
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Sample answer
Dear [Colleague's Name], I'm writing to propose an alternative strategy for the [Project Name] project that I believe could enhance our efficiency and ultimately lead to more robust outcomes. My suggestion involves [briefly describe alternative strategy], which I believe would better address [specific problem/goal]. This approach, in my view, offers a more streamlined process and fosters greater collaboration among team members. I'd be keen to discuss this further at your convenience. Best regards, [Your Name]
Compose a persuasive essay (around 150 words) on the topic of whether technology is more beneficial or detrimental to society. Your essay should present a clear argument, supported by examples and nuanced reasoning.
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Sample answer
While technology undoubtedly offers unprecedented advancements in communication, healthcare, and efficiency, its pervasive influence also presents discernible drawbacks. The ease of global connectivity, for instance, is juxtaposed with concerns about digital addiction and the erosion of genuine human interaction. Moreover, ethical considerations surrounding artificial intelligence and data privacy necessitate careful navigation to ensure technology remains a force for societal progress rather than a catalyst for unforeseen challenges. Ultimately, a balanced perspective acknowledges both its immense potential and the imperative for responsible implementation.
According to the passage, what is a key characteristic of a strong academic argument?
Read this passage:
In academic discourse, a well-constructed argument goes beyond mere assertion; it demands rigorous evidentiary support and logical coherence. Scholars are expected to present their claims with precision, anticipate counterarguments, and effectively refute them with compelling evidence. The strength of an argument often lies in its ability to withstand scrutiny and persuade a critical audience through reasoned analysis rather than emotional appeal. This intellectual rigor is paramount for advancing knowledge.
According to the passage, what is a key characteristic of a strong academic argument?
The passage states that a well-constructed argument 'demands rigorous evidentiary support and logical coherence' and its 'strength...lies in its ability to withstand scrutiny and persuade a critical audience through reasoned analysis.'
The passage states that a well-constructed argument 'demands rigorous evidentiary support and logical coherence' and its 'strength...lies in its ability to withstand scrutiny and persuade a critical audience through reasoned analysis.'
What was the main consequence of the protracted argument between the political factions?
Read this passage:
The protracted argument between the two political factions often overshadowed substantive policy discussions. Each side seemed more intent on discrediting the other's proposals than on finding common ground. This constant bickering not only frustrated the electorate but also stalled crucial legislative progress. Observers noted that the animosity had reached a point where constructive dialogue appeared almost impossible, hindering any meaningful compromise.
What was the main consequence of the protracted argument between the political factions?
The passage explicitly states that the argument 'overshadowed substantive policy discussions' and 'stalled crucial legislative progress.'
The passage explicitly states that the argument 'overshadowed substantive policy discussions' and 'stalled crucial legislative progress.'
What is the primary objective of a compelling legal argument?
Read this passage:
A compelling legal argument necessitates a thorough understanding of precedents and statutory law. Lawyers meticulously craft their arguments, weaving together factual evidence with legal principles to present a cohesive and persuasive case. The objective is not merely to present a viewpoint but to demonstrate, beyond reasonable doubt, the validity of their position to a judge or jury. This intricate process demands both analytical prowess and rhetorical skill.
What is the primary objective of a compelling legal argument?
The passage states, 'The objective is not merely to present a viewpoint but to demonstrate, beyond reasonable doubt, the validity of their position to a judge or jury.'
The passage states, 'The objective is not merely to present a viewpoint but to demonstrate, beyond reasonable doubt, the validity of their position to a judge or jury.'
This sentence demonstrates the 'argument' as a set of reasons aimed at persuading.
This sentence uses 'argument' to refer to a verbal disagreement.
This highlights 'argument' as a structured set of reasons.
The senator presented a compelling _______ for tax reform, highlighting the benefits for the middle class.
In this context, 'argument' refers to a set of reasons presented to persuade.
Despite their close friendship, they frequently engage in heated _______ about politics, though it never affects their bond.
Here, 'arguments' refers to verbal disagreements or heated exchanges of diverging opinions.
The lawyer's _______ was meticulously constructed, aiming to dismantle the prosecution's case point by point.
An 'argument' in a legal context is a set of reasons and evidence presented to persuade.
An 'argument' can refer to a structured set of reasons used to convince someone of a particular viewpoint.
This aligns with the first definition of 'argument' as presenting reasons to persuade.
If two people are having an 'argument,' it exclusively implies a calm, rational exchange of differing ideas.
The definition explicitly states that 'argument' can also refer to a 'verbal disagreement or a heated exchange of diverging opinions,' which is not necessarily calm or rational.
Presenting a strong 'argument' for a proposal means you are necessarily engaged in a dispute.
While an argument can be part of a dispute, it can also simply be a presentation of reasons to persuade, not necessarily implying a conflict.
You are a legal scholar drafting an op-ed for a prestigious law journal. Your task is to construct a nuanced argument for or against the complete overhaul of current intellectual property laws in the digital age. Focus on addressing potential counter-arguments and proposing innovative solutions.
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
The rapid evolution of the digital landscape necessitates a comprehensive reevaluation of existing intellectual property frameworks. While proponents of the status quo often champion the protection of creator rights, a compelling argument can be made for a radical overhaul that fosters innovation rather than stifling it. Consider, for instance, the contentious issue of fair use in an era of ubiquitous content sharing. A reformed system might introduce dynamic licensing models or decentralized authorship registries, thereby addressing concerns about attribution and remuneration without imposing archaic restrictions. Furthermore, the inherent complexities of global digital dissemination demand a unified international jurisprudence that transcends national boundaries, a stark contrast to the current patchwork of disparate regulations. Such a paradigm shift, while undoubtedly challenging, is crucial to ensuring intellectual property laws remain relevant and equitable in the 21st century, facilitating rather than impeding the free flow of ideas and artistic expression.
Draft an internal memo to the executive board of a multinational corporation. The memo should present a persuasive argument for significantly increasing investment in ethical AI development, even if it entails a short-term reduction in profit margins. Justify your stance by referencing long-term reputational benefits, regulatory compliance, and consumer trust.
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
MEMORANDUM TO: Executive Board FROM: [Your Name/Department] DATE: [Current Date] SUBJECT: Strategic Investment in Ethical AI Development This memo serves to present a compelling argument for a substantial increase in our investment in ethical AI development, even acknowledging the potential for a short-term impact on profit margins. While immediate financial gains are always a priority, the long-term strategic advantages of prioritizing ethical AI are undeniable and critical to our sustained success. Firstly, proactive engagement with ethical AI principles will significantly bolster our corporate reputation. In an increasingly scrutinizing global market, companies perceived as leaders in responsible technology development will command greater consumer trust and loyalty. This positive brand perception translates into invaluable competitive advantage and resilience against negative public sentiment. Secondly, the rapidly evolving regulatory landscape surrounding AI mandates a proactive approach. Investing in robust ethical frameworks now will ensure future compliance, mitigating potential legal and financial risks associated with non-compliance. Finally, fostering consumer trust in our AI-powered products and services is paramount. By transparently demonstrating our commitment to fairness, privacy, and accountability in AI, we can cultivate a deeper connection with our user base, fostering loyalty and driving long-term market penetration. The initial investment, while potentially impacting short-term profitability, is a necessary and strategic imperative for securing our future as a responsible and innovative leader in the tech industry.
You are a political analyst writing an essay on the efficacy of various forms of political protest in achieving systemic change. Construct an argument for why a particular form of protest (e.g., civil disobedience, lobbying, digital activism) is most effective, acknowledging and rebutting criticisms of your chosen method.
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
In the ongoing discourse surrounding systemic change, the efficacy of various forms of political protest remains a central, often contentious, point of debate. While lobbying and digital activism offer avenues for engagement, I would argue that sustained, non-violent civil disobedience stands as the most potent catalyst for achieving profound systemic shifts. Critics often dismiss civil disobedience as disruptive and even counterproductive, citing instances of public inconvenience or even violence. However, this perspective often overlooks the strategic intent behind such actions. By intentionally breaking unjust laws and accepting the consequences, participants in civil disobedience force societal reckoning and expose the moral bankruptcy of oppressive systems. This moral high ground, coupled with the disruption of 'business as usual,' compels public attention and, crucially, legislative action in ways that less confrontational methods often fail to achieve. While lobbying works within established power structures and digital activism, despite its reach, can often devolve into ephemeral outrage, civil disobedience directly challenges the legitimacy of those structures, sparking the kind of public dialogue and sustained pressure necessary for genuine, transformative change.
Which of the following best encapsulates the core disagreement between the opposition and the government?
Read this passage:
In a recent parliamentary debate, the opposition leader put forward a compelling argument for increased funding for public education, citing declining literacy rates and the long-term economic benefits of a highly educated populace. The government, however, countered with an equally robust argument, emphasizing the immediate fiscal constraints and the need for targeted investment in vocational training programs to address current labor market demands. The ensuing exchange highlighted the perennial tension between short-term economic realities and long-term societal aspirations, with both sides presenting meticulously researched data to buttress their respective positions.
Which of the following best encapsulates the core disagreement between the opposition and the government?
The passage clearly states that the opposition argued for long-term benefits (public education) and the government emphasized immediate fiscal constraints and current labor market demands (vocational training). This highlights the core tension between immediate and long-term investments.
The passage clearly states that the opposition argued for long-term benefits (public education) and the government emphasized immediate fiscal constraints and current labor market demands (vocational training). This highlights the core tension between immediate and long-term investments.
According to the passage, what is a central tenet of the determinist argument?
Read this passage:
The philosophical argument for free will often hinges on the subjective experience of making choices and the moral responsibility attributed to individuals for their actions. Determinists, conversely, present a formidable argument that all events, including human decisions, are ultimately predetermined by antecedent causes, rendering free will an illusion. This debate, spanning centuries, continues to engage thinkers who grapple with the implications for ethics, law, and the very nature of human agency.
According to the passage, what is a central tenet of the determinist argument?
The passage states that determinists argue 'all events, including human decisions, are ultimately predetermined by antecedent causes.'
The passage states that determinists argue 'all events, including human decisions, are ultimately predetermined by antecedent causes.'
What characteristic is crucial for a scientific argument, beyond internal consistency?
Read this passage:
In the realm of scientific discourse, a robust argument must not only be internally consistent but also empirically verifiable. The scientific method, with its emphasis on hypothesis testing and data collection, provides a structured framework for constructing such arguments. However, even the most meticulously crafted scientific argument can be subject to revision or refutation in light of new evidence, underscoring the provisional nature of scientific knowledge.
What characteristic is crucial for a scientific argument, beyond internal consistency?
The passage states that a robust scientific argument must be 'empirically verifiable,' and mentions 'hypothesis testing and data collection' as part of the scientific method.
The passage states that a robust scientific argument must be 'empirically verifiable,' and mentions 'hypothesis testing and data collection' as part of the scientific method.
This sentence describes the act of building a reasoned case or presentation of evidence.
This sentence refers to a verbal disagreement or a heated exchange of opinions.
This sentence uses 'argument' in the sense of a persuasive set of reasons or evidence.
/ 144 correct
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Understand the Nuances
The verb 'argument' has two main senses: to persuade with reasons and to disagree verbally. Context is key to understanding which meaning is intended.
Practice with Both Meanings
Try forming sentences using 'argument' in both contexts. For example: 'She argued her case effectively' and 'They argued about the best route.'
Identify Related Nouns
The noun form is also 'argument'. Understanding this connection can help reinforce your learning. 'Their argument was persuasive' or 'They had a heated argument.'
Look for Synonyms
For 'to persuade', consider words like 'contend' or 'assert'. For 'to disagree', think 'dispute' or 'quarrel'. This expands your vocabulary around the concept of 'argument'.
例文
We had a long argument about where to go on vacation this summer.
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Communicationの関連語
aah
A1ほっとしたり、満足したり、喜んだりした時に出す声です。痛い時や驚いた時に使うこともあります。
accentuate
C1To make a particular feature of something more noticeable or prominent. It is frequently used to describe how one thing emphasizes the beauty, importance, or intensity of another.
acknowledgment
B2An acknowledgment is the act of accepting or admitting that something is true, or a formal statement confirming that something has been received. It can also refer to a public expression of thanks for someone's help or contribution.
actually
B1Actually is used to emphasize that something is a real fact or the truth, often contrasting with what was thought or said. It can also be used to introduce a surprising piece of information or to gently correct someone.
address
A2誰かに直接話しかけることや、問題に対処すること。スピーチをする時や、手紙に宛先を書く時にも使うよ。
addressee
B2The person or organization to whom a letter, package, or message is addressed. It refers to the intended recipient of a piece of communication.
adlocment
C1Describes a style of communication or behavior that is formal, directed, and oratorical in nature, specifically pertaining to a public address or a declamatory speech. It is used to characterize language that is intentionally designed to be heard by an audience for the purpose of instruction or inspiration.
adloctude
C1フォーマルで直接的な話し方のこと。親しみやすさを保ちつつも、威厳を感じさせるような態度を指すよ。
admonish
C1To firmly warn or reprimand someone for their behavior, or to advise someone earnestly to do or avoid something. It often implies a sense of moral guidance or authoritative concern rather than just anger.
adpassant
C1To mention or address a secondary topic briefly and incidentally while focused on a primary task or discussion. It describes an action that occurs seamlessly 'in passing' without disrupting the main narrative or workflow.
