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étant donné que

A2 noun 11분 분량

étant donné que

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설명 étant donné que in your Level:

At the A1 level, you are just starting to learn how to connect your ideas. You probably already know 'parce que' (because). 'Étant donné que' is a more advanced way to say 'because' or 'given that'. At this level, you can use it for very simple facts. For example, if you see it is raining, you can say 'Étant donné qu'il pleut, je ne sors pas' (Given that it is raining, I am not going out). The most important thing for an A1 student is to remember that 'que' becomes 'qu'' before a word starting with 'a, e, i, o, u'. You don't need to use this phrase all the time, but recognizing it when you read or hear it will help you understand more complex French. It always follows a simple rule: [Étant donné que] + [Fact] + [Action]. It is a very stable phrase, so you don't have to worry about changing the ending of the words. Just memorize it as one single block of meaning. This will make your French sound much more organized and clear to native speakers, even if your vocabulary is still small. Practice using it to explain why you are doing something based on the weather or the time of day. For instance, 'Étant donné qu'il est huit heures, je mange' (Given that it is eight o'clock, I am eating). This structure helps you build longer sentences and move beyond two-word phrases.

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At the A2 level, you are becoming more comfortable with daily routines and expressing simple opinions. 'Étant donné que' is a great tool for this stage because it helps you justify your plans. Instead of just saying 'I am tired because I worked a lot,' you can say 'Étant donné que j'ai beaucoup travaillé, je suis fatigué.' This shows that you are thinking about the situation before you state the result. You will often see this phrase in simple news articles or in instructions. For example, 'Étant donné que le magasin est fermé le lundi, nous irons mardi.' (Given that the store is closed on Monday, we will go on Tuesday). At A2, you should start noticing the difference between 'étant donné' (followed by a noun) and 'étant donné que' (followed by a verb). This is a common point of confusion. Remember: 'Étant donné la pluie' vs 'Étant donné qu'il pleut'. Using this phrase correctly makes you sound more polite and logical in professional or semi-formal situations, such as writing an email to a teacher or a boss to explain an absence. It is also helpful for talking about travel plans or schedules. By using 'étant donné que', you provide a clear reason for your decisions, which is a key skill for reaching the B1 level. Try to replace 'parce que' with 'étant donné que' at least once in your next writing exercise to see how it changes the tone of your work.

As a B1 learner, you are expected to handle more complex social and professional interactions. 'Étant donné que' becomes a vital part of your 'argumentation' toolkit. At this level, you should use it to explain logical consequences in a structured way. For example, in a meeting, you might say, 'Étant donné que le budget est limité, nous devons choisir un projet.' (Given that the budget is limited, we must choose one project). This phrase helps you sound objective and professional. You should also be aware of its synonyms like 'vu que' (more informal) and 'puisque' (used when the reason is obvious). A B1 student should be careful not to use the subjunctive after 'étant donné que'. Even if you are talking about something that feels like a possibility, if you are presenting it as a 'given' fact, you must use the indicative mood. This is a common test point in B1 exams like the DELF. Furthermore, you can start using 'étant donné que' to introduce more abstract ideas, not just physical facts like the weather. Use it to discuss social trends, work projects, or historical events. For instance, 'Étant donné que les habitudes de consommation changent, l'entreprise doit s'adapter.' (Given that consumer habits are changing, the company must adapt). This shows a high level of linguistic control and the ability to link complex ideas together smoothly.

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At the B2 level, your command of French connectors must be precise. 'Étant donné que' is used here to create nuanced and persuasive arguments. You are no longer just stating facts; you are building a case. At this level, you should be able to use 'étant donné que' in the middle of long, complex sentences without losing the grammatical thread. You should also understand its stylistic value compared to 'du fait que' or 'en raison du fait que'. For a B2 student, the challenge is to use this phrase to balance different parts of an argument. For example, 'Étant donné que la technologie progresse rapidement, il est essentiel de se former continuellement, bien que cela demande un investissement en temps considérable.' This sentence combines a logical premise with a concession, showing sophisticated thought. You should also be very comfortable with the elision ('qu'') and ensure that your subject-verb agreement in the following clause is perfect. In writing, 'étant donné que' helps avoid the repetitive use of 'car' or 'parce que', which can make an essay feel elementary. It provides a formal 'cadre' (frame) for your reasoning. You might also encounter it in more formal literature or administrative documents, where it is used to justify laws or regulations. At B2, you should also be able to identify when 'étant donné que' is a better choice than 'puisque'—specifically when you are introducing a fact that the listener might not have immediately considered as the primary cause.

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For C1 learners, 'étant donné que' is a tool for rhetorical precision. At this level, you are expected to write and speak with a high degree of formal structure. You should use 'étant donné que' to establish the 'données' (data) of your argument before proceeding to a complex analysis. It is frequently used in 'synthèse de documents' or 'exposés' to link various pieces of information together. For example, 'Étant donné que les statistiques démontrent une corrélation entre éducation et santé, on peut supposer que...' (Given that statistics demonstrate a correlation between education and health, one can suppose that...). At C1, you should also be aware of the rhythmic qualities of the phrase. Placing it at the beginning of a sentence can create a formal, authoritative tone, while placing it in the middle can provide a more explanatory, pedagogical feel. You should also be able to contrast it with even more formal locutions like 'attendu que' or 'considérant que', which are typical of legal or highly official discourse. Your usage should be flawless, with a clear understanding that it never takes the subjunctive, even in the most complex hypothetical contexts. You might also use it in a 'contre-argument' (counter-argument) to acknowledge a fact before refuting its usual conclusion. Mastery of this phrase at C1 signifies that you can navigate the highest levels of French logical structure, essential for academic success or professional integration in a French-speaking environment.

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At the C2 level, 'étant donné que' is used with total ease and stylistic awareness. You understand not just the meaning, but the 'poids' (weight) the phrase carries in a sentence. You can use it to create complex, multi-layered arguments where several 'givens' are presented before a final, definitive conclusion is reached. At this level, you might use it in legal writing, high-level political analysis, or literary criticism. For example, 'Étant donné que l'auteur s'inscrit dans une tradition romantique, tout en subvertissant les codes du genre, son œuvre nécessite une lecture attentive.' (Given that the author belongs to a romantic tradition, while subverting the codes of the genre, his work requires a careful reading). You are also aware of the historical and etymological roots of the phrase and how it functions as a 'calque' of logical reasoning. In a C2 context, you might also use 'étant donné que' to subtly manipulate the focus of a discussion by framing certain information as an indisputable 'given'. You have a perfect sense of when to use this versus 'vu que' (to sound more accessible) or 'en vertu du fait que' (to sound more institutional). Your speech and writing flow naturally, and 'étant donné que' serves as a seamless bridge in your discourse, allowing for the expression of complex causality without ever sounding forced or unnatural. It is part of your 'maîtrise' of the French language's ability to express the finest shades of logic and reason.

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étant donné que 30초 만에

A formal logical connector meaning 'given that' or 'considering that'.
Used to introduce a fact that justifies a result or decision.
Always followed by the indicative mood, never the subjunctive.
Common in professional, academic, and administrative French contexts.

The French expression étant donné que is a sophisticated and highly versatile logical connector that functions as a subordinating conjunction phrase. In English, it is most accurately translated as 'given that', 'considering that', or 'in view of the fact that'. Unlike the more common and somewhat informal parce que (because), étant donné que is used to establish a premise or a known fact that serves as the basis for a subsequent conclusion or action. It suggests that the reason being provided is already accepted as true by both the speaker and the listener, making it an essential tool for logical argumentation, professional correspondence, and formal explanations.

Grammatical Category: Locution conjonctive (Conjunction phrase)
Core Function: Introduces a cause or a factual premise that justifies the main clause of a sentence.

Historically, this phrase is derived from the past participle of the verb donner (to give). In a logical context, a 'given' is a piece of information provided at the start of a proof. When you use étant donné que, you are essentially saying, 'With this specific fact having been given to us, the following must be true.' This makes it particularly popular in administrative, legal, and academic French.

L'entreprise a décidé de recruter de nouveaux employés, étant donné que le chiffre d'affaires a augmenté de vingt pour cent cette année.

In everyday life, you might hear this phrase when someone is explaining a decision that was forced by external circumstances. For example, if a train is canceled, a passenger might say, 'Étant donné que le train est annulé, je vais prendre le bus.' Here, the cancellation is the 'given' fact. It is important to note that this expression is almost always followed by the indicative mood, not the subjunctive, because it deals with established facts rather than hypothetical situations or desires. The phrase is also invariable; you do not change 'donné' to 'donnée' or 'donnés' when it is part of this specific conjunction phrase, regardless of the gender or number of the noun that follows. This stability makes it easier to use once you have memorized the full string of words.

Register: Formal to Neutral. It is rarely used in very casual slang but is standard in news and business.

Étant donné que vous avez déjà payé les frais, vous pouvez entrer immédiatement.

In summary, use this phrase when you want to emphasize the logical link between a known circumstance and a result. It elevates the level of your French and provides clarity in complex sentences.

Mastering étant donné que requires understanding its placement and the grammatical structures that follow it. Unlike some other conjunctions that are restricted to the middle of a sentence, étant donné que can comfortably sit at the very beginning of a sentence or in the middle to join two clauses. When it starts a sentence, it sets the stage by presenting the context first. This is a common rhetorical strategy in French to ensure the listener understands the 'why' before hearing the 'what'.

Sentence Structure A: [Étant donné que] + [Fact/Clause 1], + [Main Clause 2]. Example: Étant donné qu'il pleut, nous resterons à la maison.
Sentence Structure B: [Main Clause 1] + [étant donné que] + [Fact/Clause 2]. Example: Nous resterons à la maison étant donné qu'il pleut.

Notice that when étant donné que is followed by a word starting with a vowel (like il, elle, or on), the 'que' undergoes elision and becomes qu'. This is a mandatory rule in French phonetics and writing.

Étant donné qu'elle est en retard, nous allons commencer la réunion sans elle.

Another important aspect is its relationship with the phrase étant donné (without the que). While étant donné que introduces a full clause with a subject and a verb, étant donné is used followed directly by a noun. For instance, 'Étant donné la situation' (Given the situation) vs 'Étant donné que la situation est grave' (Given that the situation is serious). Learners often confuse these two, but the presence of 'que' is the signal that a full sentence is coming next. In complex writing, you can use this phrase to justify a series of logical steps. It is often paired with other connectors like donc or par conséquent in the main clause to reinforce the result, although this is sometimes redundant.

Le projet sera retardé étant donné que les ressources nécessaires ne sont pas encore arrivées sur le site de construction.

For students at the A2 and B1 levels, practicing the transition from 'parce que' to 'étant donné que' is a key milestone in achieving a more natural and professional-sounding French. It demonstrates an ability to organize thoughts logically and recognize the difference between a simple reason and a foundational premise.

Common Pairing: Often used with verbs of state like 'être', 'avoir', or 'devoir' to describe the underlying conditions.

Finally, remember that étant donné que is slightly more formal than vu que. While they are often interchangeable, vu que is more common in spoken, casual French, whereas étant donné que is the preferred choice for essays, reports, and formal speeches.

You will encounter étant donné que in a variety of real-world contexts, ranging from the evening news to corporate boardrooms. Its primary habitat is anywhere that requires clear, logical justification. On French television news (like TF1 or France 2), journalists use it to link current events to their causes. For example, 'Étant donné que les températures vont chuter, le gouvernement a activé le plan grand froid.' This usage highlights the phrase's role in providing context for public policy decisions.

La grève se poursuit, étant donné que les négociations entre les syndicats et la direction n'ont pas encore abouti.

In the workplace, this expression is a staple of professional emails and reports. When a manager needs to explain why a deadline has moved or why a specific strategy is being adopted, étant donné que provides a tone of objective necessity. It moves the conversation away from personal opinion and toward factual reality. You might see it in a memo: 'Étant donné que nous avons atteint nos objectifs, une prime sera versée.' In academic settings, from high school 'dissertations' to university lectures, this phrase is used to build arguments. Professors use it to connect historical facts to their consequences or to introduce the parameters of a scientific experiment. For a student, using this phrase correctly in an essay is a sign of linguistic maturity.

Daily Life: Used when explaining plans to friends in a slightly more serious or planned tone, such as discussing travel logistics.
Legal Context: Found in contracts and court rulings to state the conditions under which a law or clause applies.

Even in literature and high-quality cinema, characters who are articulate or who are trying to persuade others will frequently employ this phrase. It adds a layer of gravitas to their dialogue.

« Étant donné que vous êtes le seul témoin, votre témoignage est crucial pour l'enquête », dit l'inspecteur.

While you might not hear it in a fast-paced conversation between teenagers at a café, you will certainly hear it in any environment where ideas are being explained, debated, or documented. It is the language of the 'explication'—a fundamental part of French social and professional life.

Even though étant donné que is a standard phrase, it is prone to several common errors by English speakers and even some native learners. The first and most frequent mistake is using the subjunctive mood after the phrase. Because 'que' often triggers the subjunctive in French (as in il faut que or bien que), learners instinctively want to change the verb mood. However, étant donné que introduces a fact, and facts in French require the indicative.

Incorrect: Étant donné qu'il *soit* tard... (Subjunctive)
Correct: Étant donné qu'il *est* tard... (Indicative)

Another common error involves the confusion between étant donné que and étant donné. As mentioned previously, the former requires a full clause (subject + verb), while the latter requires a noun phrase. Saying 'Étant donné que la pluie' is incorrect; it must be 'Étant donné la pluie' or 'Étant donné qu'il pleut'.

Faux: Étant donné que son absence. (Correct: Étant donné son absence.)

A third mistake is trying to pluralize or feminize 'donné'. In this specific locution, 'donné' is part of a fixed compound conjunction and does not agree with anything. It remains 'donné' regardless of whether the subject is masculine, feminine, singular, or plural. English speakers also often over-translate 'given that' by using donné que without the 'étant'. In French, the étant is mandatory to maintain the correct grammatical structure. Without it, the sentence sounds truncated and non-native.

Faux: Donné que nous sommes là... (Correct: Étant donné que nous sommes là...)

Finally, avoid using étant donné que for very personal or emotional reasons where parce que or car would be more appropriate. For example, 'Je t'aime étant donné que tu es gentil' sounds cold and overly logical, like a scientific observation. Use it for objective facts, not for the movements of the heart.

Agreement Error: Avoid 'étant donnés que' or 'étant donnée que'. The spelling is fixed.

By being mindful of these five common pitfalls—mood choice, phrase structure, agreement, missing 'étant', and appropriate register—you will use this expression with the precision of a native speaker.

French has a rich selection of causal connectors, and choosing the right one depends on the nuance you wish to convey. Étant donné que is just one tool in the kit. The most direct alternative is vu que. While they mean the same thing, vu que is slightly more informal and is extremely common in spoken conversation. If you are talking to a friend about the weather, vu que is perfect; if you are writing a cover letter, étant donné que is better.

Puisque: Often translated as 'since'. It is used when the reason is obvious to everyone involved. 'Puisqu'il pleut, prends un parapluie !' (Since it's raining—obviously—take an umbrella!)
Parce que: The standard 'because'. It usually follows the main clause and provides the primary reason for an action.

Another formal alternative is du fait que. This is very close to 'due to the fact that'. It is slightly more heavy-handed than étant donné que and is often used in legal or technical documents.

Comparaison:
1. Étant donné que c'est férié, les magasins sont fermés. (Logical premise)
2. Puisque c'est férié, dormons ! (Obvious reason, suggestion)

In very formal or literary French, you might encounter attendu que. This is almost exclusively used in legal judgments ('Whereas...'). It is the most formal way to state a premise. On the other end of the spectrum, comme can be used at the beginning of a sentence to mean 'as' or 'since', but it lacks the 'given' nuance of our target phrase. For those looking to vary their vocabulary, considérant que is another excellent option, particularly in professional contexts where you are weighing different factors before making a decision.

Summary of Alternatives: - Informal: Vu que
- Obvious: Puisque
- General: Parce que / Car
- Technical: Du fait que
- Legal: Attendu que

Using étant donné que correctly identifies you as an advanced learner who understands the subtle hierarchies of French logical connectors. It bridges the gap between simple communication and persuasive, structured discourse.

How Formal Is It?

재미있는 사실

The English word 'data' comes from the same Latin root 'datum', which also means 'a given'. So 'étant donné que' and 'database' are linguistic cousins!

발음 가이드

UK /e.tɑ̃ dɔ.ne kə/

US /e.tɑ̃ dɔ.ne kə/

The stress in French is usually on the last syllable of the rhythmic group, so 'que' is very light while 'donné' gets slightly more weight.

라임이 맞는 단어

passionné (passionate) abandonné (abandoned) ordonné (ordered) raisonné (reasoned) pardonné (forgiven) fredonné (hummed) moissonné (harvested) fractionné (split)

자주 하는 실수

Pronouncing the 't' in 'étant' (it is silent unless in liaison, but usually silent here).
Pronouncing the 'n' in 'étant' as a hard English 'n'.
Making the 'o' in 'donné' too long like 'oh'.
Adding an 's' sound to the end of 'donné'.
Pronouncing 'que' like 'key'.

난이도

독해 2/5

Easy to recognize in a text as a marker of cause.

쓰기 4/5

Requires remembering the multi-word structure and the indicative mood.

말하기 5/5

Hard to spontaneously use in conversation without sounding too formal.

듣기 3/5

Can be missed if spoken quickly, especially the 'qu'' elision.

다음에 무엇을 배울까

선수 학습

parce que car donner être que

다음에 배울 것

puisque du fait que en revanche néanmoins par conséquent

고급

attendu que considérant que nonobstant d'autant plus que pour autant que

알아야 할 문법

L'indicatif après les locutions de cause

Étant donné qu'il *est* (not soit) là.

L'élision de 'que'

Étant donné qu'elle arrive.

Invariabilité de 'étant donné'

Étant donné les raisons (no 's' on donné).

Place de la subordonnée de cause

Peut être au début ou au milieu.

Différence entre 'étant donné' et 'étant donné que'

Étant donné le bruit / Étant donné qu'il y a du bruit.

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Étant donné qu'il fait beau, je vais au parc.

Given that the weather is nice, I am going to the park.

Note the elision: 'que' becomes 'qu'' before 'il'.

Je mange une pomme étant donné que j'ai faim.

I am eating an apple given that I am hungry.

The phrase can be placed in the middle of the sentence.

Étant donné qu'il est tard, je vais dormir.

Given that it is late, I am going to sleep.

Uses the indicative 'est'.

Nous restons ici étant donné qu'il pleut.

We are staying here given that it is raining.

Direct cause-effect relationship.

Étant donné que tu es là, nous pouvons partir.

Given that you are here, we can leave.

The 'given' is the presence of the other person.

Je bois de l'eau étant donné qu'il fait chaud.

I am drinking water given that it is hot.

Simple logical connection.

Étant donné que le bus est là, monte vite !

Given that the bus is here, get on quickly!

Used to justify an imperative command.

Elle étudie étant donné qu'elle a un examen.

She is studying given that she has an exam.

Standard indicative usage.

Étant donné que le magasin est fermé, nous irons ailleurs.

Given that the store is closed, we will go elsewhere.

Used for planning and logistics.

Je ne peux pas venir étant donné que je travaille demain.

I cannot come given that I am working tomorrow.

Explaining an inability to do something.

Étant donné que vous avez faim, voici le menu.

Given that you are hungry, here is the menu.

Polite logical transition.

Il a réussi étant donné qu'il a beaucoup révisé.

He succeeded given that he revised a lot.

Connecting effort to result.

Étant donné qu'il n'y a plus de pain, je vais à la boulangerie.

Given that there is no more bread, I am going to the bakery.

Action based on a missing resource.

Nous prenons le train étant donné que c'est plus rapide.

We are taking the train given that it is faster.

Comparing options logically.

Étant donné que c'est son anniversaire, j'ai acheté un cadeau.

Given that it is his birthday, I bought a gift.

Social justification.

Elle est fatiguée étant donné qu'elle a mal dormi.

She is tired given that she slept badly.

Linking physical state to a cause.

Étant donné que le projet est urgent, nous devons finir ce soir.

Given that the project is urgent, we must finish tonight.

Professional tone using 'devoir'.

L'entreprise recrute étant donné qu'elle se développe à l'étranger.

The company is recruiting given that it is expanding abroad.

Business context for expansion.

Étant donné que vous connaissez la ville, vous pouvez nous guider.

Given that you know the city, you can guide us.

Justifying a request for help.

Le match est annulé étant donné que le terrain est inondé.

The match is canceled given that the field is flooded.

External circumstance forcing a change.

Étant donné qu'il y a des travaux, la rue est barrée.

Given that there is construction, the street is blocked.

Public information context.

Nous avons choisi cet hôtel étant donné qu'il est proche du centre.

We chose this hotel given that it is close to the center.

Explaining a decision-making process.

Étant donné que la loi a changé, nous devons mettre à jour nos dossiers.

Given that the law has changed, we must update our files.

Administrative requirement.

Il ne peut pas conduire étant donné qu'il a oublié ses lunettes.

He cannot drive given that he forgot his glasses.

Specific factual limitation.

Étant donné que les ressources s'épuisent, il faut agir maintenant.

Given that resources are being depleted, we must act now.

Environmental/Social argument.

Le rapport est incomplet étant donné que certaines données manquent.

The report is incomplete given that some data is missing.

Formal critique of a work.

Étant donné qu'elle parle couramment trois langues, elle a été engagée.

Given that she speaks three languages fluently, she was hired.

Justifying a professional outcome.

Le vol a du retard étant donné que les conditions météo sont mauvaises.

The flight is delayed given that the weather conditions are bad.

Formal travel announcement.

Étant donné que vous refusez de coopérer, nous allons appeler la police.

Given that you refuse to cooperate, we are going to call the police.

Serious logical consequence in a conflict.

Les prix augmentent étant donné que l'inflation est très élevée.

Prices are rising given that inflation is very high.

Economic cause and effect.

Étant donné que le suspect a un alibi, il a été relâché.

Given that the suspect has an alibi, he was released.

Legal/Investigative logic.

Le spectacle continue étant donné que le public est enthousiaste.

The show continues given that the audience is enthusiastic.

Positive logical link.

Étant donné que le paradigme actuel évolue, nous devons repenser nos méthodes.

Given that the current paradigm is evolving, we must rethink our methods.

Academic/Philosophical register.

La validité du contrat est remise en cause étant donné que les clauses sont floues.

The validity of the contract is being questioned given that the clauses are vague.

Formal legal discourse.

Étant donné que l'œuvre est posthume, l'interprétation reste ouverte.

Given that the work is posthumous, the interpretation remains open.

Literary analysis.

Le gouvernement hésite étant donné que l'opinion publique est divisée.

The government is hesitating given that public opinion is divided.

Political analysis.

Étant donné que la structure moléculaire est instable, l'expérience a échoué.

Given that the molecular structure is unstable, the experiment failed.

Scientific reporting.

La paix est fragile étant donné que les tensions frontalières persistent.

Peace is fragile given that border tensions persist.

Geopolitical commentary.

Étant donné que le narrateur est peu fiable, le lecteur doit être vigilant.

Given that the narrator is unreliable, the reader must be vigilant.

Narratological terminology.

Le projet a été abandonné étant donné que les coûts dépassaient les prévisions.

The project was abandoned given that the costs exceeded the forecasts.

High-level financial justification.

Étant donné que la souveraineté est un concept protéiforme, sa définition varie selon les époques.

Given that sovereignty is a protean concept, its definition varies according to the era.

Complex abstract reasoning.

La décision fut prise sans délai étant donné que l'urgence primait sur la procédure.

The decision was made without delay given that urgency took precedence over procedure.

Formal administrative/legal balance.

Étant donné que l'entropie croît inéluctablement, l'ordre n'est qu'une illusion passagère.

Given that entropy grows inevitably, order is but a fleeting illusion.

Scientific/Philosophical synthesis.

L'herméneutique du texte s'avère ardue étant donné que les références sont cryptiques.

The hermeneutics of the text proves arduous given that the references are cryptic.

Advanced linguistic/literary terminology.

Étant donné que la dialectique hégélienne postule une synthèse, nous pouvons conclure que...

Given that Hegelian dialectics postulates a synthesis, we can conclude that...

Philosophical argumentation.

La pérennité de l'institution est assurée étant donné que ses fondements sont solides.

The longevity of the institution is assured given that its foundations are solid.

Formal institutional rhetoric.

Étant donné que le droit d'ingérence est controversé, l'intervention fut critiquée.

Given that the right of interference is controversial, the intervention was criticized.

International law discourse.

Le dénouement est tragique étant donné que la fatalité l'emporte sur la volonté.

The ending is tragic given that fate triumphs over will.

Classical literary criticism.

자주 쓰는 조합

Étant donné que la situation...

Étant donné qu'il est impossible de...

Étant donné que nous avons...

Étant donné que vous êtes...

Étant donné que le prix est...

Étant donné qu'on ne peut pas...

Étant donné que tout le monde...

Étant donné que le temps presse...

Étant donné que les résultats sont...

Étant donné que la loi prévoit...

자주 쓰는 구문

Étant donné que c'est comme ça

— Given that this is how things are. Used when accepting a difficult situation.

Étant donné que c'est comme ça, je m'en vais.

Étant donné que tout va bien

— Given that everything is going well. Used to express relief or continuation.

Étant donné que tout va bien, pas besoin de s'inquiéter.

Étant donné que c'est gratuit

— Given that it's free. A common justification for taking something.

Étant donné que c'est gratuit, j'en prends deux.

Étant donné que vous le dites

— Given that you say so. Used to express skeptical acceptance.

Étant donné que vous le dites, je vous crois.

Étant donné que c'est obligatoire

— Given that it is mandatory. Used when following rules.

Étant donné que c'est obligatoire, je vais le faire.

Étant donné que rien ne change

— Given that nothing is changing. Used to express frustration or stagnation.

Étant donné que rien ne change, je vais démissionner.

Étant donné que nous sommes seuls

— Given that we are alone. Used to start a private conversation.

Étant donné que nous sommes seuls, je peux te dire la vérité.

Étant donné que le délai est court

— Given that the deadline is short. Used in professional project management.

Étant donné que le délai est court, nous devons travailler vite.

Étant donné que c'est la règle

— Given that it's the rule. Used to justify a strict decision.

Étant donné que c'est la règle, je ne peux pas faire d'exception.

Étant donné que l'occasion se présente

— Given that the opportunity arises. Used when seizing a chance.

Étant donné que l'occasion se présente, j'en profite.

자주 혼동되는 단어

étant donné que vs puisque

'Puisque' implies the reason is obvious; 'étant donné que' focuses on the logical premise.

étant donné que vs parce que

'Parce que' answers 'why?'; 'étant donné que' explains 'based on what fact?'.

étant donné que vs bien que

'Bien que' means 'although' and takes the subjunctive; 'étant donné que' means 'given that' and takes the indicative.

관용어 및 표현

"Étant donné que les carottes sont cuites"

— Given that 'the carrots are cooked' (it's over/too late).

Étant donné que les carottes sont cuites, on ne peut plus rien faire.

informal

"Étant donné que le vin est tiré, il faut le boire"

— Given that the wine is poured, one must drink it (once started, must finish).

Étant donné que le vin est tiré, il faut le boire, finissons ce projet.

literary/proverbial

"Étant donné que l'habit ne fait pas le moine"

— Given that the clothes don't make the monk (don't judge by appearances).

Étant donné que l'habit ne fait pas le moine, méfions-nous de lui.

neutral

"Étant donné que Rome ne s'est pas faite en un jour"

— Given that Rome wasn't built in a day (be patient).

Étant donné que Rome ne s'est pas faite en un jour, sois patient.

neutral

"Étant donné que qui ne dit mot consent"

— Given that he who says nothing consents (silence equals agreement).

Étant donné que qui ne dit mot consent, je suppose que tu es d'accord.

neutral

"Étant donné que l'argent n'a pas d'odeur"

— Given that money has no smell (it doesn't matter where money comes from).

Étant donné que l'argent n'a pas d'odeur, il a accepté le pot-de-vin.

cynical

"Étant donné que la nuit porte conseil"

— Given that the night brings counsel (sleep on it).

Étant donné que la nuit porte conseil, on verra ça demain.

neutral

"Étant donné que les murs ont des oreilles"

— Given that the walls have ears (be careful what you say).

Étant donné que les murs ont des oreilles, parlons plus bas.

neutral

"Étant donné que l'exception confirme la règle"

— Given that the exception proves the rule.

Étant donné que l'exception confirme la règle, ce cas est unique.

neutral

"Étant donné que le client est roi"

— Given that the customer is king.

Étant donné que le client est roi, nous allons le rembourser.

business

혼동하기 쉬운

étant donné que vs étant donné

Looks almost identical.

Used before a noun. 'Étant donné que' is used before a verb clause.

Étant donné son âge (noun) vs Étant donné qu'il est jeune (verb).

étant donné que vs vu que

Same meaning.

Vu que t'es là... vs Étant donné que vous êtes présent...

étant donné que vs du fait de

Causal meaning.

'Du fait de' is followed by a noun; 'étant donné que' is followed by a clause.

Du fait de la pluie vs Étant donné qu'il pleut.

étant donné que vs car

Both mean because.

'Car' is a coordinating conjunction (never starts a sentence); 'étant donné que' is subordinating (often starts a sentence).

Il est là, car il pleut. (Correct) vs Car il pleut, il est là. (Incorrect).

étant donné que vs comme

Both can start a sentence.

'Comme' is more general; 'étant donné que' emphasizes the 'given data' aspect.

Comme il pleut... vs Étant donné qu'il pleut...

문장 패턴

Étant donné qu'il [verbe], [sujet] [verbe].

Étant donné qu'il pleut, je reste.

[Sujet] [verbe] étant donné que [sujet] [verbe].

Nous partons étant donné que le train arrive.

Étant donné que [nom] est [adjectif], il faut [verbe].

Étant donné que le dossier est prêt, il faut l'envoyer.

Étant donné que [proposition], [sujet] ne peut pas [verbe].

Étant donné que vous n'avez pas de visa, vous ne pouvez pas entrer.

Étant donné que [concept] [verbe], on observe que...

Étant donné que le marché sature, on observe une baisse des prix.

Étant donné que [prémisse complexe], il en découle que...

Étant donné que l'histoire est cyclique, il en découle que les crises reviendront.

All

Étant donné qu'on...

Étant donné qu'on a fini, on peut manger.

All

Étant donné que c'est...

Étant donné que c'est gratuit, profites-en.

어휘 가족

명사

donnée (data/fact)

don (gift/talent)

donateur (donor)

donation (donation)

동사

donner (to give)

redonner (to give back)

s'adonner (to devote oneself to)

형용사

donnant (giving)

ordonné (ordered)

donné (given/cheap)

사용법

frequency

Highly frequent in formal writing and professional speech; moderately frequent in everyday speech.

자주 하는 실수

Using the subjunctive mood. → Étant donné qu'il *est* là.
The phrase introduces a fact, which requires the indicative mood in French.
Adding agreement to 'donné'. → Étant donné que les filles sont là.
In this specific locution, 'donné' is invariable and does not change for gender or number.
Using it without 'étant'. → Étant donné que c'est fini.
You cannot just say 'Donné que'; the 'étant' is a required part of the conjunction phrase.
Confusing it with 'étant donné' (preposition). → Étant donné la pluie (noun) / Étant donné qu'il pleut (verb).
If you use 'que', you must have a full clause with a subject and a verb afterward.
Using it for emotional/personal reasons. → Je t'aime parce que tu es drôle.
Using 'étant donné que' for personal feelings sounds overly robotic or clinical.

팁

Indicative Only

Never use the subjunctive after 'étant donné que'. Even if you are expressing a reason that feels subjective, the phrase itself treats the reason as a factual 'given'. Use 'est', 'a', 'va', etc.

Professional Tone

In professional emails, use 'étant donné que' instead of 'parce que' to justify your decisions. It makes you sound more objective and less like you are just giving a personal opinion.

Sentence Variety

Start some sentences with 'étant donné que' and place it in the middle of others. This variety makes your French writing flow better and keeps the reader engaged.

Natural Flow

When speaking, remember the elision. 'Étant donné qu'il' should sound like one smooth word 'ay-tan-don-nay-keel'. Don't pause between 'que' and 'il'.

Don't Overuse

While it's a great phrase, using it in every sentence can sound repetitive. Mix it up with 'puisque' or 'comme' to show off your range of vocabulary.

Establish the Premise

Use this phrase when the reason you are giving is the foundation of your argument. It tells the listener, 'Let's agree on this fact first, then move to the conclusion'.

No Agreement

Remember that 'donné' is invariable here. Don't add an 'e' or 's' to it. It stays 'donné' 100% of the time in this conjunction phrase.

Formal vs Informal

If you are texting a close friend, 'étant donné que' might be too heavy. Use 'vu que' or just 'comme' to keep the conversation light and natural.

Hear the 'Que'

In fast speech, the 'que' can be very short. Focus on the 'donné' sound; if you hear 'donné' followed by a subject, it's almost certainly this phrase.

The 'Given' Connection

Associate 'étant donné que' with the English 'Given that'. Since both use the verb 'to give' (donner), it's one of the easiest logical connectors to remember.

암기하기

기억법

Think of 'ET-AN DON-AY QUE'. Imagine an Alien (ET) on a (AN) airplane DONating (DON-AY) a QUEstion. 'ET-AN DON-AY QUE'.

시각적 연상

Imagine a judge handing a piece of paper (a fact) to a lawyer. The paper says 'THE TRUTH'. The judge says, 'Étant donné que...' as he starts his ruling.

Word Web

Cause Logic Fact Premise Because Formal Indicative Reason

챌린지

Try to write three sentences about your day using 'étant donné que'. One about the weather, one about your work, and one about what you will eat for dinner.

어원

The phrase is a combination of 'étant' (the present participle of 'être', to be), 'donné' (the past participle of 'donner', to give), and the conjunction 'que'. It literally translates to 'being given that'.

원래 의미: In logical and mathematical proofs of the Middle Ages, a 'donnée' was a known quantity or a given fact. The phrase emerged as a way to introduce these premises.

Romance (Latin: 'stans' + 'donatus' + 'quod').

문화적 맥락

There are no specific sensitivities, but using it in a very casual setting (like a party) might make you sound a bit stiff or overly serious.

English speakers often use 'since' or 'because', which are less formal. 'Given that' is the closest equivalent in weight and tone.

Used frequently in the 'Code Civil' (French Civil Code) to establish legal conditions. Commonly heard in 'Le Journal de 20h' (the main evening news in France). Found in the philosophical works of Jean-Paul Sartre when discussing existential premises.

실생활에서 연습하기

실제 사용 상황

Professional Emails

Étant donné que nous avons un retard...
Étant donné que le budget est validé...
Étant donné que vous êtes responsable...
Étant donné que la réunion est annulée...

Academic Essays

Étant donné que l'auteur suggère...
Étant donné que les preuves indiquent...
Étant donné que ce phénomène est rare...
Étant donné que la théorie postule...

Daily Planning

Étant donné qu'il est tard...
Étant donné qu'il n'y a plus de lait...
Étant donné que tu es fatigué...
Étant donné qu'il va pleuvoir...

Legal/Official

Étant donné que la loi stipule...
Étant donné que le contrat prévoit...
Étant donné que les faits sont avérés...
Étant donné que le délai est expiré...

News/Media

Étant donné que la crise persiste...
Étant donné que les élections approchent...
Étant donné que le prix de l'essence monte...
Étant donné que la grève continue...

대화 시작하기

"Étant donné que nous sommes en France, quel est votre fromage préféré ?"

"Étant donné que vous apprenez le français, quelle est la partie la plus difficile ?"

"Étant donné qu'il fait beau aujourd'hui, que voulez-vous faire ?"

"Étant donné que le week-end approche, avez-vous des projets ?"

"Étant donné que vous travaillez ici, pouvez-vous me conseiller un restaurant ?"

일기 주제

Étant donné que j'ai décidé d'apprendre le français, mes objectifs pour ce mois sont...

Étant donné que le monde change rapidement, je pense que la compétence la plus importante est...

Étant donné que j'ai passé une journée difficile, je vais me détendre en...

Étant donné que je voyage bientôt, je dois préparer...

Étant donné que ma famille est importante pour moi, je vais appeler...

자주 묻는 질문

10 질문

No, you must always use the indicative mood. This is because 'étant donné que' introduces a fact or a reality, and in French, facts are expressed with the indicative. For example: 'Étant donné qu'il est là' (Given that he is here) is correct, while 'Étant donné qu'il soit là' is grammatically wrong.

'Étant donné' is a preposition used before a noun (e.g., 'Étant donné la pluie'). 'Étant donné que' is a conjunction used before a full clause with a subject and a verb (e.g., 'Étant donné qu'il pleut'). Think of it like 'Given' vs 'Given that' in English.

Yes, absolutely! In fact, it is very common to start a sentence with it to set the context before delivering the main point. For example: 'Étant donné que nous avons fini, nous pouvons partir.' (Given that we have finished, we can leave.)

Yes, it is considered formal to neutral. It is perfect for professional emails, essays, and serious discussions. In very casual speech with friends, you might prefer 'vu que' or simply 'parce que'.

No, when it is part of the phrase 'étant donné que', the word 'donné' is invariable. It never changes its ending, regardless of the gender or number of the nouns that follow it in the sentence.

The best translations are 'given that', 'considering that', 'since', or 'in view of the fact that'. Choose the one that best fits the level of formality of your English sentence.

No, 'parce que' is the most common way to say 'because'. However, 'étant donné que' is very common in specific contexts like business, law, and journalism where logical reasoning is emphasized.

It is rare but possible. For example: 'Étant donné que tu as faim, que veux-tu manger ?' (Given that you are hungry, what do you want to eat?) It sounds a bit formal but is grammatically correct.

The 'que' becomes 'qu'' whenever the next word starts with a vowel (a, e, i, o, u) or a silent 'h'. Example: 'Étant donné qu'il...' or 'Étant donné qu'on...'. This is mandatory in both writing and speaking.

Yes, several! 'Vu que' is a more informal synonym. 'Puisque' is used when the reason is obvious. 'Du fait que' is a very formal alternative often used in technical writing.

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