قسمة
قسمة in 30 Seconds
- Qismah means division in math and sharing in life.
- It is a feminine noun from the root Q-S-M.
- Culturally, it refers to fate and one's destiny (Qisma wa Naseeb).
- It is used in legal contexts for inheritance and property distribution.
The Arabic word قسمة (Qismah) is a multifaceted noun that primarily denotes the act or result of dividing something into parts. At its most fundamental level, it is the mathematical term for 'division,' the process of determining how many times one number is contained within another. However, in the rich tapestry of the Arabic language, Qismah extends far beyond the classroom chalkboard. It embodies the concept of distribution, sharing, and the philosophical notion of one's 'lot' or 'portion' in life. When you split a loaf of bread with a friend, you are performing a qismah. When a judge oversees the distribution of an estate among heirs, the legal process is referred to as qismah. Perhaps most poignantly, in everyday conversation, the word is often paired with naseeb (destiny) to form the phrase Qisma wa Naseeb, which reflects the cultural belief that many of life's outcomes—especially marriage and major life events—are divinely apportioned portions of fate that one must accept with grace.
- Mathematical Context
- In arithmetic, it refers to the operation of division. For example, 'The division of ten by two equals five' uses this word as the central action.
- Legal and Formal Context
- Used in inheritance law (Ilm al-Fara'id) to describe the specific allocation of shares to various family members according to religious or civil codes.
- Social and Philosophical Context
- Refers to one's destiny or 'share' of luck, health, or wealth in the world, often used to console someone when things don't go as planned.
هذه قسمة عادلة للجميع.
— 'This is a fair division for everyone.'
تعلمنا القسمة في المدرسة اليوم.
— 'We learned division in school today.'
- Etymological Nuance
- Derived from the root Q-S-M (ق-س-م), which implies cutting, partitioning, or swearing an oath (in a different form). The core idea is the intentional separation of a whole into distinct units.
Using قسمة correctly requires understanding the context—whether you are dealing with numbers, physical objects, or abstract concepts like fate. In a mathematical setting, it acts as a subject or object of the verb. In a social setting, it often appears in the construct state (Idafa) to describe the 'division of' something. For example, Qismat al-ghanima means 'the division of the spoils.' When discussing fate, it is almost always linked to the person it affects, as in qismati (my lot in life).
كانت قسمة الميراث معقدة جداً.
— 'The division of the inheritance was very complicated.'
In this example, the word describes a formal, legal process. The complexity lies in the distribution of assets. Contrast this with a simple daily interaction: 'Let's make a division of the work.' Here, qismah is used for organizational purposes. It is important to note that while Taqseem (تقسيم) is also a word for division, Qismah often carries a more finalized or 'result-oriented' connotation, especially when referring to the mathematical operation itself.
- Sentence Pattern: Math
- [Number] [Qismah] [Number] [Yusawi] [Result]. This is the standard way to express an equation verbally.
الزواج قسمة ونصيب.
— 'Marriage is destiny and lot (fate).'
This famous proverb highlights the abstract use. It suggests that finding a partner is not just about effort but about what has been 'portioned' out for you by a higher power. It is one of the most common phrases you will hear in social gatherings across the Arab world.
If you are a student in an Arabic-speaking country, you will hear قسمة every single day in math class. Teachers will shout, 'Focus on the division!' or 'Who can solve this division problem?' It is the bread and butter of primary education. However, if you step out of the classroom and into a coffee shop, the word takes on a more soulful tone. You might hear an elderly man sighing over a cup of tea, saying, 'It is just qismah,' referring to a missed opportunity or a sudden stroke of luck. This dual life of the word—from the clinical precision of math to the emotional depth of destiny—makes it unique.
هل تعرف عملية القسمة المطولة؟
— 'Do you know the long division process?'
In news broadcasts, especially those covering economics or political borders, you might hear about the qismah of land or resources. For example, 'The division of water rights between the two nations' would use this term to signify a formal partitioning. In literature and soap operas (Musalsalat), the word is a staple for dramatic moments where characters discuss their 'share' of suffering or happiness. It is a word that bridges the gap between the head (logic/math) and the heart (fate/emotion).
One of the most frequent errors for English speakers learning Arabic is confusing قسمة (Qismah) with قسم (Qism). While they share the same root, Qism usually means a 'department,' 'section,' or a single 'part' (like a department in a company), whereas Qismah is the *act* of dividing or the *abstract concept* of a lot/fate. If you say, 'I work in the division of marketing,' using Qismah would be incorrect; you should use Qism.
- Qismah vs. Taqseem
- Taqseem is the active verbal noun (gerund) for the process of dividing. Qismah is often the result or the mathematical operation itself. Use Taqseem when focusing on the 'action' of cutting or distributing.
Another mistake is forgetting the gender. Since Qismah ends with a Taa Marbuta (ة), it is feminine. Students often use masculine adjectives with it. For example, saying 'Qismah Adil' instead of 'Qismah Adilah' (Fair division) is a common grammatical slip. Lastly, learners sometimes use the word to mean 'addition' or 'multiplication' by mistake; remember that Qismah is specifically for 'sharing' or 'splitting' (Division).
خطأ: أنا أعمل في قسمة المحاسبة.
— 'Wrong: I work in the division (qismah) of accounting.'
To truly master قسمة, you should know its neighbors in the Arabic lexicon. Depending on whether you mean a physical part, a share of money, or a mathematical split, there might be a more precise word available.
- حصة (Hissah)
- Often used for a 'share' or 'portion,' like a share in a company or a portion of food. It is more common for physical shares than Qismah.
- نصيب (Naseeb)
- Specifically refers to 'luck' or 'destiny.' While Qismah can mean fate, Naseeb is the dedicated word for what is destined for you.
- توزيع (Tawzee')
- Means 'distribution.' Use this for distributing flyers, mail, or wealth among a large group.
In a mathematical context, you might also encounter the verb Yaqsim (to divide). If you are looking for an alternative to describe a 'split' in a relationship or a group, Inshiqaq (schism/split) might be more appropriate than Qismah, which implies a structured or allotted division.
How Formal Is It?
Fun Fact
The same root is used for 'Qassam' (distributor), which is also a common name, and 'Istiqsam,' an ancient practice of seeking omens by dividing arrows.
Pronunciation Guide
- Pronouncing 'Q' as a regular 'K'.
- Making the 's' sound too soft like a 'z'.
- Forgetting the short 'i' sound (Kasra) and saying 'Qasmah' instead of 'Qismah'.
Difficulty Rating
Easy to recognize due to the distinct Q-S-M root.
Requires remembering the Taa Marbuta at the end.
The 'Q' sound can be tricky for beginners.
Clear pronunciation in most dialects.
What to Learn Next
Prerequisites
Learn Next
Advanced
Grammar to Know
Taa Marbuta Pronunciation
In 'Qismat al-ghanima', the 'ah' becomes a 'at' sound.
Feminine Agreement
Qismah Jameelah (Beautiful division) - adjective matches gender.
Idafa Construction
Qismat al-mal (Division of money) - no 'al' on the first word.
Root System
Q-S-M is the root for Qismah, Qism, and Qasama.
Preposition usage
Using 'ala' (on/by) for dividing: 10 qismah ala 2.
Examples by Level
القسمة سهلة.
The division is easy.
Simple subject-predicate sentence.
هذه قسمة التفاحة.
This is the division of the apple.
Idafa structure (noun + noun).
تعلمت القسمة اليوم.
I learned division today.
Verb + Object.
أريد قسمة عادلة.
I want a fair division.
Adjective following a feminine noun.
ما هي القسمة؟
What is division?
Interrogative sentence.
القسمة هي العطاء.
Division is giving.
Abstract definition.
واحد قسمة واحد يساوي واحد.
One divided by one equals one.
Mathematical expression.
هذه قسمتي.
This is my share.
Noun with possessive suffix.
الزواج قسمة ونصيب.
Marriage is fate and lot.
Common cultural proverb.
قمنا بقسمة الفاتورة.
We divided the bill.
Using a preposition (bi-) with the noun.
القسمة في الرياضيات مهمة.
Division in mathematics is important.
Noun as a subject in a prepositional phrase.
كانت قسمة الطعام جيدة.
The food division was good.
Past tense 'كانت' agreeing with feminine noun.
هذه قسمة غير متساوية.
This is an unequal division.
Use of 'ghayr' for negation.
هل تحب القسمة؟
Do you like division?
Simple question.
القسمة تحتاج إلى تركيز.
Division needs concentration.
Verb following the noun.
نحن ننتظر قسمة الأرباح.
We are waiting for the division of profits.
Present continuous context.
تعتمد قسمة العمل على المهارة.
The division of labor depends on skill.
Abstract Idafa construction.
كانت قسمة الميراث تحت إشراف القاضي.
The division of inheritance was under the judge's supervision.
Formal/Legal context.
القسمة العادلة أساس الاستقرار.
Fair division is the basis of stability.
Philosophical statement.
يجب علينا مراجعة قسمة المهام.
We must review the division of tasks.
Organizational context.
هذه قسمة ضيزى (غير عادلة).
This is an unfair division.
Using a Quranic/Classical adjective 'Diza'.
القسمة المطولة صعبة على الأطفال.
Long division is difficult for children.
Specific technical term 'al-qismah al-mutawalah'.
كل إنسان يرضى بقسمته.
Every human is satisfied with their lot.
Use of 'qismah' as fate.
القسمة والضرب عمليتان متعاكستان.
Division and multiplication are opposite operations.
Dual form 'amaliyyatan'.
أدت قسمة البلاد إلى صراعات طويلة.
The division of the country led to long conflicts.
Political context.
تخضع قسمة التركة للقوانين المحلية.
The division of the estate is subject to local laws.
Legal terminology 'al-taraka'.
القسمة الاجتماعية للعمل تطورت عبر الزمن.
The social division of labor has evolved over time.
Sociological context.
أرفض هذه القسمة لأنها تظلم الفقراء.
I reject this division because it oppresses the poor.
Complex sentence with causation.
القسمة الإلهية لا يدركها العقل البشري.
Divine apportionment is not grasped by the human mind.
Theological context.
تمت قسمة الغنائم بعد المعركة.
The spoils were divided after the battle.
Historical/Classical context.
القسمة هنا ليست مجرد أرقام.
Division here is not just numbers.
Metaphorical usage.
علينا فهم منطق القسمة في هذا العقد.
We must understand the logic of division in this contract.
Business/Legal logic.
تتجلى حكمة الخالق في قسمة الأرزاق.
The Creator's wisdom is manifest in the distribution of sustenance.
Highly formal/Theological.
إن قسمة النفس بين الرغبة والواجب مؤلمة.
The division of the soul between desire and duty is painful.
Literary/Psychological metaphor.
ناقش الفلاسفة قسمة الوجود إلى مادة وروح.
Philosophers discussed the division of existence into matter and spirit.
Academic/Philosophical.
كانت قسمة ضيزى لا يقبلها منطق ولا دين.
It was an unfair division accepted by neither logic nor religion.
Rhetorical emphasis.
القسمة الاستعمارية للحدود خلقت أزمات مستمرة.
The colonial division of borders created ongoing crises.
Historical/Political analysis.
تعتبر قسمة الدائرة إلى درجات أساساً لعلم الفلك.
The division of a circle into degrees is considered a basis for astronomy.
Scientific history.
في النحو، هناك قسمة للكلمة إلى اسم وفعل وحرف.
In grammar, there is a division of the word into noun, verb, and particle.
Linguistic categorization.
لا مفر من قسمة القدر المحتوم.
There is no escape from the portion of inevitable fate.
Fatalistic literary expression.
تستند النظرية إلى قسمة ثنائية حادة بين الذات والآخر.
The theory is based on a sharp binary division between the self and the other.
Advanced critical theory.
إن إشكالية قسمة السلطات تظل هاجساً دستورياً.
The problematic nature of the division of powers remains a constitutional obsession.
Political science/Legal jargon.
تجاوز الشاعر في قصيدته قسمة الزمان والمكان.
The poet transcended the division of time and space in his poem.
High literary criticism.
القسمة التواترية في الموسيقى تعطيها إيقاعاً فريداً.
The rhythmic division in music gives it a unique beat.
Technical musicology.
يحلل الكتاب قسمة الثروة في العصر العباسي.
The book analyzes the division of wealth in the Abbasid era.
Historical economic analysis.
لا يمكن اختزال الوعي في قسمة بيولوجية صرفة.
Consciousness cannot be reduced to a purely biological division.
Neuro-philosophical discourse.
تتجذر قسمة الأراضي في النزاعات القبلية الغابرة.
The division of lands is rooted in ancient tribal conflicts.
Sociopolitical history.
القسمة الجوهرية بين العقل والنقل شغلت بال المتكلمين.
The fundamental division between reason and revelation occupied the minds of theologians.
Islamic scholasticism (Kalam).
Common Collocations
Common Phrases
— An unfair division where one person takes more out of love/greed.
هذه ليست عدلاً، هذه قسمة محبين.
Often Confused With
Qism means a department or a specific part, not the act of dividing.
Taqseem is the process/gerund, Qismah is the concept/operation.
Qaseemah means a voucher or a coupon, often confused due to the same root.
Idioms & Expressions
— A totally unfair or biased division.
أعطيتني القليل وأخذت الكثير، هذه قسمة ضيزى.
Literary/Quranic— Dividing the spoils (often used metaphorically for success).
بدأ السياسيون في قسمة الغنائم.
Political— The way wealth and luck are distributed by God.
قسمة الأرزاق بيد الله وحده.
ReligiousEasily Confused
Both mean 'share' or 'fate'.
Naseeb is exclusively for fate/luck; Qismah is also for math and legal division.
هذا نصيبي (My luck). هذه قسمة المال (The division of money).
Both mean 'portion'.
Hissah is a physical portion or a school lesson; Qismah is the mathematical operation or the act of dividing.
أخذت حصتي من البيتزا.
Both involve splitting things.
Tawzee' is about giving things out to many people; Qismah is about the logic of the split.
توزيع البريد.
Both mean 'part'.
Juz' is a static piece of a whole; Qismah is the dynamic act of creating those pieces.
هذا جزء من الكتاب.
Both mean 'division'.
Fasl is about separating or a chapter/season; Qismah is about sharing or math.
فصل الشتاء.
Sentence Patterns
القسمة [adjective].
القسمة سهلة.
هذه قسمة [noun].
هذه قسمة الكعكة.
يجب [verb] قسمة [noun].
يجب تنظيم قسمة العمل.
تعتبر القسمة [noun]...
تعتبر القسمة العادلة أساساً للسلام.
إن في قسمة [noun] لحكمة...
إن في قسمة الأرزاق لحكمة بالغة.
لا تستقيم [noun] إلا بـ [noun]...
لا تستقيم قسمة السلطات إلا بالدستور.
[Number] قسمة [Number] يساوي [Number].
عشرة قسمة اثنين يساوي خمسة.
[Something] هو قسمة ونصيب.
النجاح قسمة ونصيب.
Word Family
Nouns
Verbs
Adjectives
Related
How to Use It
Extremely common in both educational and social settings.
-
Using Qismah for 'Department'
→
Qism
Qismah is the act/concept; Qism is the physical section.
-
Qismah Adil
→
Qismah Adilah
Adjectives must be feminine to match Qismah.
-
Pronouncing it as 'Kismah'
→
Qismah (with a deep Q)
The 'Qaf' is distinct from 'Kaf'.
-
Using it for multiplication
→
Darb
Qismah is only for division.
-
Qismat al-bill
→
Qismat al-faturah
Use the correct Arabic word for bill in formal/neutral settings.
Tips
The 'Q' Rule
Remember that Qismah starts with Q, just like 'Quotient' in English math.
Acceptance
Use 'Qismah' to show empathy when someone is going through a hard time.
Gender Check
Always pair it with feminine adjectives like 'Adilah' or 'Sahlah'.
Deep Q
Don't say 'Kismah'; make sure the 'Q' comes from deep in your throat.
Math Terms
Learn 'Maqsoom' (dividend) along with Qismah to complete your math vocabulary.
Inheritance
In legal contexts, Qismah is the most formal word for splitting assets.
Sharing
Use it when splitting a bill to sound polite and organized.
The Big Phrase
Memorize 'Qisma wa Naseeb'; it's the most useful idiom with this word.
Taa Marbuta
In handwriting, ensure the two dots on the ة are clear.
Idafa Sound
Train your ear to hear the 't' sound in 'Qismat' during fast speech.
Memorize It
Mnemonic
Think of 'Qis-mah' as 'Kiss-math'. You 'kiss' your 'math' book when you finally understand 'division'!
Visual Association
Imagine a large cake being cut into perfectly equal slices with a golden knife labeled with the letter 'Q'.
Word Web
Challenge
Try to use 'Qismah' in a sentence today when you are sharing food with someone.
Word Origin
From the Proto-Semitic root Q-S-M, which relates to cutting, apportioning, or distributing shares.
Original meaning: To cut something into pieces for distribution.
Afroasiatic -> Semitic -> Central Semitic -> Arabic.Cultural Context
Be careful when using 'Qismah' to explain someone's poverty or misfortune; while it is a common cultural view, some may find it dismissive of systemic issues.
English speakers often view 'division' as purely logical/mathematical. In Arabic, remember to add the 'emotional' layer of destiny.
Practice in Real Life
Real-World Contexts
Math Class
- ما هو خارج القسمة؟
- القسمة المطولة
- جدول القسمة
- أخطأت في القسمة
Legal/Inheritance
- قسمة شرعية
- قسمة التركة
- محضر قسمة
- اتفاقية قسمة
Social/Fate
- كل شيء قسمة ونصيب
- هذه قسمتي
- ليس لنا فيها قسمة
- الحمد لله على قسمته
Business
- قسمة الأرباح
- قسمة العمل
- قسمة الشركاء
- إعادة القسمة
Daily Life
- قسمة الفاتورة
- قسمة الكعكة
- قسمة عادلة
- ممكن القسمة؟
Conversation Starters
"هل تجد القسمة في الرياضيات صعبة أم سهلة؟"
"هل تؤمن أن كل شيء في الحياة 'قسمة ونصيب'؟"
"كيف تكون قسمة المهام في منزلك؟"
"هل سبق لك أن واجهت 'قسمة ضيزى' (غير عادلة)؟"
"ما هي أهمية قسمة الوقت في حياتك اليومية؟"
Journal Prompts
اكتب عن موقف شعرت فيه أن 'القسمة' كانت عادلة جداً.
تحدث عن تجربة تعلمت فيها القسمة المطولة في المدرسة.
هل تعتقد أن الزواج 'قسمة ونصيب'؟ اشرح وجهة نظرك.
صف شعورك عندما تضطر لقسمة شيء تحبه مع الآخرين.
كيف يمكن لقسمة العمل أن تحسن من إنتاجيتك؟
Frequently Asked Questions
10 questionsNo, it also means fate, destiny, and the legal distribution of shares.
It is a feminine noun because it ends with a Taa Marbuta (ة).
Taqseem is the action (dividing), while Qismah is the operation or the result.
It is called 'Al-Qismah al-Mutawalah'.
It means 'Fate and Destiny,' used to explain life's outcomes.
No, use 'Qism' for department.
Ashara qismah ithnayn.
Yes, both come from Q-S-M.
Yes, it appears in several verses regarding inheritance and fate.
Yes, it is a basic A1-level word for math and a C2-level word for philosophy.
Test Yourself 180 questions
Write a sentence in Arabic using 'Qismah' to mean math division.
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Write a sentence about fate using the idiom 'Qisma wa Naseeb'.
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Translate: 'The fair division of work is important.'
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Use 'Qismat al-Mairath' in a formal sentence.
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Explain the concept of 'Qismah' in three Arabic words.
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Write an Arabic sentence about long division.
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Translate: 'I am satisfied with my lot.'
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Write a sentence using 'Qismah' and 'Adilah'.
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Describe the division of a cake in Arabic.
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Translate: 'Division of powers is a constitutional principle.'
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Use the word 'Maqsoom' in a sentence.
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Translate: 'There is no division by zero.'
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Write a sentence about the division of profits.
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Translate: 'Colonial division of the world.'
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Use 'Qismah' in a sentence about time management.
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Write a sentence using the plural 'Qismat' (features).
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Translate: 'The judge decided the division.'
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Use 'Qismah' in a sentence about a restaurant bill.
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Translate: 'Life is a fair division.'
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Write a sentence using 'Qismah Diza'.
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Say 'Division is easy' in Arabic.
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Explain 'Qisma wa Naseeb' to a friend in Arabic.
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Ask a teacher about long division in Arabic.
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Say 'I want a fair share' in Arabic.
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Tell someone 'Be satisfied with your lot' in Arabic.
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Say '12 divided by 3 is 4' in Arabic.
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Discuss the division of chores in your house in Arabic.
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Say 'This is my share' in Arabic.
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Ask 'What is the remainder?' in Arabic.
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Say 'Everything is destiny' in Arabic.
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Say 'The division of profits was fair' in Arabic.
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Explain why division by zero is impossible in Arabic.
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Use 'Qismah' in a sentence about history.
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Say 'I don't like this division' in Arabic.
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Ask for the division sign in Arabic.
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Say 'The inheritance division is finished' in Arabic.
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Say 'We share the same fate' in Arabic.
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Talk about the division of labor in Arabic.
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Say 'What a strange fate!' in Arabic.
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Say 'God's division is always fair' in Arabic.
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Listen and identify the word: 'Qis-mah'.
Distinguish between 'Qism' and 'Qismah' in a sentence.
Identify the number being divided in 'Ashara qismah ithnayn'.
Listen for the Taa Marbuta sound in 'Qismat al-mal'.
Identify the adjective in 'Qismah adilah'.
Identify the idiom in a conversation about marriage.
Identify the context: 'Qismat al-faturah'.
Identify the word for 'Remainder' in a math context.
Identify the speaker's feeling: 'Hadihi qismah diza!'.
Listen for the verb root in 'Yaqsim'.
Identify the word for 'Spoils' in 'Qismat al-ghanima'.
Identify the word for 'Quotient' in a lecture.
Distinguish between 'Qismah' and 'Basmah'.
Identify the word for 'Labor' in 'Qismat al-amal'.
Identify the word for 'Inheritance' in 'Qismat al-mairath'.
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Summary
Qismah is more than just math; it is a bridge between logic and fate. Whether you are dividing 10 by 2 or accepting a life event, you are dealing with 'Qismah'—the portion allotted to you.
- Qismah means division in math and sharing in life.
- It is a feminine noun from the root Q-S-M.
- Culturally, it refers to fate and one's destiny (Qisma wa Naseeb).
- It is used in legal contexts for inheritance and property distribution.
The 'Q' Rule
Remember that Qismah starts with Q, just like 'Quotient' in English math.
Acceptance
Use 'Qismah' to show empathy when someone is going through a hard time.
Gender Check
Always pair it with feminine adjectives like 'Adilah' or 'Sahlah'.
Deep Q
Don't say 'Kismah'; make sure the 'Q' comes from deep in your throat.
Related Content
More numbers words
عدّ
A1To count objects or numbers.
عد
A1Counting or enumeration.
عددي
A1Numerical, expressed in numbers.
عشري
A1Decimal, relating to a base-ten number system.
إجمال
B1The total or overall sum of something.
أحصى
B1To count or enumerate items.
احتسب
B2To calculate or reckon a sum.
أخيرا
A1After a long time; at last, finally.
أكمل
A2To complete a sequence or task.
أولا
A1Before anything else in time, order, or importance.