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κύριος

A1 noun 7 min read

κύριος

Practice it Examples Notes & Tips κύριος in 30 Seconds

Explanation κύριος in your Level:

At the A1 level, 'κύριος' is primarily taught as a basic title equivalent to 'Mr.' in English. Students learn to use it when introducing themselves or others in formal contexts. For example, 'Ο κύριος Παπαδόπουλος' (Mr. Papadopoulos). The focus is on the nominative case and the basic meaning of 'gentleman.' Learners are introduced to the polite way of addressing a teacher or a stranger. At this stage, the most important thing is to remember that 'κύριος' is used with the last name and requires the masculine definite article 'ο' when you are talking about someone. You will also learn the vocative form 'κύριε' as a polite way to say 'sir' or to get someone's attention. It is one of the first nouns students encounter that shows how Greek uses different endings for different social roles.

At the A2 level, learners expand their use of 'κύριος' to include more social interactions, such as in shops, restaurants, and hotels. You will practice using the accusative case 'τον κύριο' when the gentleman is the object of a sentence (e.g., 'I know that gentleman'). You will also start to see the word in the plural form 'κύριοι' (gentlemen). A2 students should be comfortable using 'κύριε' in direct address without a surname, which is the standard polite form in Greece. You will also learn that 'κύριος' can be used to describe someone's behavior—if someone is 'κύριος,' they are polite and well-mannered. This level focuses on the practical application of the word in everyday Greek life and the beginning of understanding the Greek case system's effect on titles.

At the B1 level, the word 'κύριος' begins to take on more nuanced meanings. Learners study the word's use as an adjective meaning 'main' or 'primary' (e.g., 'η κύρια ιδέα' - the main idea). You will also explore the word in a religious context, where 'Ο Κύριος' refers to the Lord. B1 students are expected to use the genitive case 'του κυρίου' correctly (e.g., 'the gentleman's hat'). You will also learn common phrases and idioms involving the word, such as 'είμαι κύριος του εαυτού μου' (I am my own master). This level bridges the gap between simple titles and the broader conceptual uses of the word in Greek culture and language.

At the B2 level, students encounter 'κύριος' in more complex legal and formal texts. You will see it used to mean 'owner' or 'proprietor' in a legal sense (e.g., 'ο κύριος του ακινήτου' - the owner of the property). The word's historical roots in the concept of authority (κῦρος) are explored. Learners are expected to handle all cases (nominative, genitive, accusative, vocative) in both singular and plural flawlessly. You will also study the use of 'κύριος' in formal speeches and public announcements, where 'Κυρίες και κύριοι' is the standard address. At this stage, your understanding of the word should include its various registers, from the highly formal to the idiomatic.

At the C1 level, the focus shifts to the subtle connotations and stylistic uses of 'κύριος.' You will analyze its use in literature and high-level journalism, where it can be used ironically or to emphasize a specific social status. You will study the word's etymology in depth, linking it to other words in the same family like 'κυριαρχία' (dominance) and 'κύρος' (prestige). C1 students should be able to distinguish between the various shades of meaning in philosophical or theological texts, where 'Kyrios' has significant weight. You will also learn to use the word in sophisticated debate and formal correspondence, adhering to the highest standards of Greek etiquette and linguistic precision.

At the C2 level, 'κύριος' is understood as a fundamental pillar of the Greek language's history and structure. You will explore its evolution from Homeric Greek through the Koine of the New Testament to the modern vernacular. C2 learners can engage with complex theological and philosophical discussions regarding the nature of 'lordship' and 'authority' as expressed through this word. You will have a native-like command of all idiomatic expressions and will be able to use the word with perfect rhetorical effect in any context. The word becomes a tool for expressing deep cultural and historical insights, and you will be able to explain its significance to others, including its role in the development of Western concepts of authority.

Practice it Examples Notes & Tips

κύριος in 30 Seconds

κύριος means 'Mister' or 'Gentleman' and is the standard polite address for men.
It changes to 'κύριε' when speaking directly to someone (vocative case).
It can also mean 'Lord' in a religious sense or 'Main/Primary' as an adjective.
Always use the definite article 'ο' when talking about a man (e.g., ο κύριος Παπαδόπουλος).

The Greek word κύριος (pronounced KEE-ree-os) is one of the most fundamental and versatile nouns in the Greek language. At its most basic level, it serves as the equivalent of the English title 'Mister' or the noun 'gentleman.' However, its usage spans a vast spectrum of social, religious, and historical contexts that reflect the evolution of Greek culture from antiquity to the modern day. In contemporary Greece, you will encounter this word daily—from formal greetings in a business setting to polite references to a man you do not know personally. It is the standard way to address an adult male with respect, regardless of his profession or social standing. When used as a title before a surname, such as 'κύριος Παπαδόπουλος,' it functions exactly like 'Mr. Papadopoulos.' Without a name, it can simply mean 'a man' or 'a gentleman,' often used to describe someone in a polite or formal manner.

Formal Address: Used as a prefix to a last name to show respect in professional or social environments.
Description of a Man: Used to refer to an unidentified male in a polite way, such as 'the gentleman over there.'
Theological Context: When capitalized as 'Κύριος', it refers to God or Jesus Christ, translating to 'The Lord.'

Ο κύριος Νικολάου είναι ο δάσκαλός μας.

Translation: Mr. Nikolaou is our teacher.

Είναι ένας πολύ ευγενικός κύριος.

Translation: He is a very polite gentleman.

Historically, the word derives from the Ancient Greek 'κῦρος' (kyros), meaning 'might' or 'authority.' This lineage explains why the word also signifies 'master' or 'owner.' For example, 'ο κύριος του σπιτιού' refers to the master of the house. In a modern legal context, it can denote the owner of property. Despite these heavy historical connotations, the word has softened over time to become the standard polite term for any man. It is important for learners to realize that avoiding 'κύριος' in formal settings can come across as overly familiar or even rude. Whether you are ordering at a restaurant, checking into a hotel, or meeting a colleague's father, 'κύριος' is your safest and most effective tool for showing proper Hellenic etiquette. Understanding the nuances of this word is a key step in moving beyond basic vocabulary into cultural fluency.

Using κύριος correctly requires attention to the Greek case system. As a masculine noun ending in -ος, it follows the second declension pattern. In the nominative case, it is 'ο κύριος.' When it is the object of a sentence (accusative), it becomes 'τον κύριο.' If you are speaking directly to someone, you must use the vocative 'κύριε.' This is perhaps the most common mistake for English speakers, who are used to the unchanging word 'Mister.' In Greek, saying 'Γεια σου, κύριος' is grammatically incorrect; you must say 'Γεια σας, κύριε.' Note also the use of the plural 'γεια σας' to match the formal tone of 'κύριε.'

Nominative (Subject): Ο κύριος Παπαδόπουλος μένει εδώ. (Mr. Papadopoulos lives here.)
Accusative (Object): Είδα τον κύριο Γεωργίου στην αγορά. (I saw Mr. Georgiou at the market.)
Vocative (Direct Address): Καλημέρα, κύριε! (Good morning, sir!)

Ποιος είναι αυτός ο κύριος;

Translation: Who is this gentleman?

When referring to a group of men, the plural form is 'κύριοι.' In a formal speech, you might hear 'Κυρίες και κύριοι,' which means 'Ladies and gentlemen.' This is the standard opening for presentations, television broadcasts, and official ceremonies. It is also worth noting that 'κύριος' can act as an adjective in some specific contexts, meaning 'main' or 'principal.' For instance, 'η κύρια είσοδος' means 'the main entrance.' While this is a different grammatical role, the root remains the same, emphasizing authority or primacy. As a learner, focus first on the noun usage as a title and a polite identifier for men, as this covers 90% of daily interactions.

Ο κύριος διευθυντής θα σας δει τώρα.

Translation: The (Mr.) Director will see you now.

In Greece, you will hear κύριος in almost every public interaction. When you enter a bank, the teller might say, 'Ο επόμενος κύριος, παρακαλώ' (The next gentleman, please). In a classroom, students address their male teachers simply as 'κύριε,' without necessarily adding the surname. This is a sign of respect and is the standard way to address male authority figures in schools. On television, news anchors use it to introduce guests, and in politics, it is used to refer to members of parliament. It is a word that bridges the gap between total strangers and formal acquaintances.

Παρακαλώ, κύριε, περάστε μέσα.

Translation: Please, sir, come inside.

Beyond the secular world, 'Κύριος' is the central figure in Greek Orthodox liturgy. Every Sunday, churches across the country echo with the phrase 'Κύριε ελέησον' (Lord have mercy). This religious dimension adds a layer of solemnity to the word. Even for non-religious Greeks, the word carries an inherent weight of tradition. In a more casual but still polite setting, you might hear 'ένας κύριος' used to describe a man who behaved exceptionally well—'Είναι κύριος' can be translated as 'He is a class act' or 'He is a true gentleman.' This idiomatic use moves beyond a mere title into a character description, suggesting honor, reliability, and good manners.

Ο κύριος στο βάθος ζήτησε τον λογαριασμό.

Translation: The gentleman in the back asked for the bill.

The most frequent mistake English speakers make with κύριος is failing to use the vocative case 'κύριε' when speaking directly to a man. Because English 'Mister' or 'Sir' doesn't change form, learners often say 'Καλημέρα κύριος,' which sounds jarring to a native Greek ear. Another common error is omitting the definite article. In English, we say 'Mr. Smith is here.' In Greek, you must say 'Ο κύριος Σμιθ είναι εδώ.' Omitting the 'ο' makes the sentence sound incomplete or overly telegrammatic. Learners also sometimes confuse 'κύριος' (mister) with 'κύριος' (main/principal), leading to confusion in complex sentences. While they are the same word, the context usually clarifies the meaning.

Λάθος: Καλημέρα κύριος! Σωστό: Καλημέρα κύριε!

Additionally, some learners use 'κύριος' for young boys. In Greek culture, 'κύριος' is reserved for adult men. Addressing a ten-year-old as 'κύριε' might be done jokingly, but the appropriate term for a boy is 'αγόρι' or 'νεαρός.' Using 'κύριος' implies a level of maturity and social standing. Finally, be careful with the genitive case. If you are talking about 'Mr. Brown's car,' you must say 'το αυτοκίνητο του κυρίου Μπράουν.' Forgetting to change 'κύριος' to 'κυρίου' is a hallmark of beginner-level speech. Mastering these small declension changes will significantly improve the perceived quality of your Greek.

While κύριος is the most common term, there are several alternatives depending on the level of formality and the specific relationship. For a more informal but still respectful reference to a man, one might use 'άνδρας' (man) or 'τύπος' (guy/fellow). However, 'τύπος' is very slangy and should never be used in professional contexts. In very formal or old-fashioned settings, you might encounter 'αφέντης,' which means 'master' or 'lord,' but this is rarely used in modern daily life except in specific historical or regional dialects.

κύριος vs. άνδρας: 'κύριος' is a title or a polite term for a gentleman; 'άνδρας' is the biological and general term for a male human.
κύριος vs. αφέντης: 'κύριος' is the modern standard; 'αφέντης' is historical/archaic, implying a master-servant relationship.
κύριος vs. κύριος (adj): The noun means 'mister'; the adjective means 'main' or 'primary.'

Αυτός ο άνδρας είναι ο κύριος που ψάχνατε.

Translation: This man is the gentleman you were looking for.

In the workplace, you might use specific titles like 'διευθυντής' (director) or 'πρόεδρος' (president). However, even these are often preceded by 'κύριος' to add an extra layer of politeness (e.g., 'Κύριε Πρόεδρε'). When referring to a husband, a woman might say 'ο κύριός μου' in a very formal or slightly humorous, old-fashioned way, though 'ο άντρας μου' is the modern standard. Understanding these distinctions helps you navigate Greek social hierarchies with confidence.

How Formal Is It?

Formal

"Ο κύριος Πρόεδρος θα εκφωνήσει λόγο."

Neutral

"Ο κύριος Παπαδόπουλος είναι ο γείτονάς μου."

Informal

"Έγινε κύριος με τα λεφτά που κέρδισε."

Child friendly

"Πες 'γεια σας' στον κύριο, παιδί μου."

Slang

"Το παίζει κύριος, αλλά δεν είναι."

Fun Fact

The word 'κύριος' is the root of the English name 'Cyril' and is also related to the word 'church' (via the Greek 'κυριακόν', meaning 'belonging to the Lord').

Pronunciation Guide

UK /ˈci.ri.os/

US /ˈki.ri.oʊs/

The stress is on the first syllable: ΚΥ-ρι-ος.

Rhymes With

κρύος (cold) ήλιος (sun) τίμιος (honest) άγιος (holy) όμοιος (similar) άξιος (worthy) πλούσιος (rich) αρχαίος (ancient)

Common Errors

Pronouncing 'υ' as 'u' instead of 'i'.
Stress on the wrong syllable (e.g., κυ-ΡΙ-ος).
Failing to pronounce the final 'ς' clearly.
Treating 'κ' as a hard 'k' in English instead of the softer Greek 'κ' before 'i' sounds.
Mumbling the 'ρι' syllable.

Difficulty Rating

Reading 1/5

Very easy to recognize as it appears frequently in all texts.

Writing 2/5

Requires knowledge of masculine noun declensions (-ος, -ου, -ο).

Speaking 2/5

The vocative change to 'κύριε' is a common hurdle for beginners.

Listening 1/5

Clear pronunciation makes it easy to identify in speech.

What to Learn Next

Prerequisites

άνδρας ο (article) ναι όχι γεια

Learn Next

κυρία δάσκαλος όνομα επίθετο ποιος

Advanced

κυριαρχία κυριότητα επικυρώνω κύρος κυριολεκτικά

Grammar to Know

Masculine Nouns in -ος

Ο κύριος (nom), του κυρίου (gen), τον κύριο (acc), κύριε (voc).

Definite Article with Titles

Always use 'ο' before 'κύριος' when talking about someone: 'Ο κύριος Σμιθ'.

Vocative Case for Direct Address

Change 'κύριος' to 'κύριε' when speaking directly to a man.

Adjectival Agreement

The adjective 'κύριος' must agree in gender, case, and number with the noun: 'η κύρια είσοδος'.

Plural Formation

The plural of 'κύριος' is 'κύριοι' (nominative and vocative).

Examples by Level

Ο κύριος Παπαδόπουλος είναι εδώ.

Mr. Papadopoulos is here.

Uses the nominative case with the definite article 'ο'.

Καλημέρα, κύριε!

Good morning, sir!

Uses the vocative case for direct address.

Ποιος είναι αυτός ο κύριος;

Who is this gentleman?

The word 'κύριος' functions as a noun meaning gentleman.

Ο κύριος Νίκος είναι δάσκαλος.

Mr. Nikos is a teacher.

Using 'κύριος' with a first name is slightly more informal.

Αυτός ο κύριος μένει στην Αθήνα.

This gentleman lives in Athens.

Subject of the sentence in the nominative.

Γεια σας, κύριε καθηγητά.

Hello, Mr. Professor.

Vocative case used for respect.

Ο κύριος είναι στο γραφείο του.

The gentleman is in his office.

Nominative singular.

Είναι ένας καλός κύριος.

He is a good gentleman.

Used with an adjective.

Είδα τον κύριο Γεωργίου στο σούπερ μάρκετ.

I saw Mr. Georgiou at the supermarket.

Accusative case 'τον κύριο'.

Οι κύριοι περιμένουν στην είσοδο.

The gentlemen are waiting at the entrance.

Nominative plural 'οι κύριοι'.

Μπορώ να μιλήσω στον κύριο διευθυντή;

Can I speak to the (Mr.) Director?

Accusative case after the preposition 'σε'.

Ο κύριος με το μπλε κοστούμι είναι ο θείος μου.

The gentleman in the blue suit is my uncle.

Identifying someone using the noun.

Περάστε, κύριοι, παρακαλώ.

Please come in, gentlemen.

Vocative plural.

Αυτός ο κύριος είναι πολύ ευγενικός.

This gentleman is very polite.

Adjective 'ευγενικός' describing 'κύριος'.

Δεν γνωρίζω αυτόν τον κύριο.

I don't know this gentleman.

Accusative case with demonstrative pronoun.

Ο κύριος στο τηλέφωνο είναι ο πατέρας μου.

The gentleman on the phone is my father.

Nominative singular.

Το αυτοκίνητο του κυρίου είναι έξω.

The gentleman's car is outside.

Genitive case 'του κυρίου'.

Η κύρια είσοδος είναι κλειστή.

The main entrance is closed.

Usage of 'κύριος' as an adjective meaning 'main'.

Ο Κύριος είναι ο ποιμήν μου.

The Lord is my shepherd.

Capitalized 'Κύριος' referring to God.

Είμαι κύριος του εαυτού μου.

I am my own master.

Idiomatic expression meaning self-control/independence.

Ποιο είναι το κύριο θέμα της συζήτησης;

What is the main topic of the discussion?

Adjectival use in the neuter form 'κύριο'.

Ο κύριος του σπιτιού λείπει.

The master of the house is away.

Noun meaning 'master' or 'owner'.

Χρειαζόμαστε την υπογραφή του κυρίου Παπαδάκη.

We need Mr. Papadakis's signature.

Genitive case with a surname.

Η κύρια πηγή εσόδων είναι ο τουρισμός.

The main source of income is tourism.

Adjectival use in the feminine form 'κύρια'.

Κυρίες και κύριοι, καλησπέρα σας.

Ladies and gentlemen, good evening.

Standard formal plural address.

Ο κύριος του ακινήτου έχει την ευθύνη.

The owner of the property has the responsibility.

Legal use meaning 'owner'.

Δεν είναι κύριος των πράξεών του.

He is not master of his actions.

Metaphorical use of 'master'.

Το κύριο χαρακτηριστικό του είναι η υπομονή.

His main characteristic is patience.

Adjectival use meaning 'primary'.

Ο κύριος σκοπός μας είναι η πρόοδος.

Our main goal is progress.

Adjectival use in the masculine.

Απευθυνθείτε στον αρμόδιο κύριο.

Address the gentleman in charge.

Accusative case with an adjective.

Οι κύριοι μέτοχοι θα αποφασίσουν.

The main shareholders will decide.

Adjectival use in the plural.

Η κύρια οδός είναι κλειστή λόγω έργων.

The main road is closed due to works.

Adjectival use in the feminine.

Η κυριαρχία του κυρίου επί της γης είναι απόλυτη.

The master's dominance over the land is absolute.

Formal use of 'κύριος' as 'master/ruler'.

Πρέπει να βρούμε την κύρια αιτία του προβλήματος.

We must find the root cause of the problem.

Adjectival use meaning 'principal' or 'root'.

Ο κύριος αυτός λόγος με οδήγησε στην παραίτηση.

This primary reason led me to resignation.

Emphatic adjectival use.

Συμπεριφέρθηκε σαν σωστός κύριος στην κηδεία.

He behaved like a proper gentleman at the funeral.

Use of 'κύριος' to denote moral character.

Το κύριο σώμα του κειμένου είναι δυσνόητο.

The main body of the text is difficult to understand.

Technical use in linguistics/writing.

Ο Κύριος Παντοκράτωρ εικονίζεται στον τρούλο.

The Lord Almighty is depicted on the dome.

Specific theological title.

Έγινε κύριος της κατάστασης πολύ γρήγορα.

He became master of the situation very quickly.

Idiomatic expression for taking control.

Η κύρια ευθύνη βαραίνει την κυβέρνηση.

The primary responsibility lies with the government.

Formal political usage.

Η έννοια του 'κυρίου' στην αρχαία γραμματεία είναι πολυδιάστατη.

The concept of 'kyrios' in ancient literature is multidimensional.

Academic discussion of the word's meaning.

Ο κύριος γνώμονας των πράξεών μας πρέπει να είναι η ηθική.

The primary criterion of our actions must be ethics.

High-level philosophical usage.

Παρέμεινε κύριος παρά τις προκλήσεις.

He remained a gentleman despite the provocations.

Nuanced use regarding character and dignity.

Η κύρια πρόταση στο λόγο του ήταν η ειρήνη.

The main proposition in his speech was peace.

Formal rhetorical analysis.

Είναι ο κύριος μέτοχος και οραματιστής της εταιρείας.

He is the majority shareholder and visionary of the company.

Business terminology.

Η κύρια πηγή της δυστυχίας είναι η άγνοια.

The primary source of misery is ignorance.

Philosophical aphorism.

Ο κύριος εκφραστής αυτής της θεωρίας πέθανε πέρυσι.

The main proponent of this theory died last year.

Academic/biographical usage.

Δεν μπορείς να είσαι κύριος δύο αφεντάδων.

You cannot be the master of two masters (servant of two lords).

Proverbial usage referencing Biblical themes.

Common Collocations

ο κύριος σκοπός

η κύρια είσοδος

κύριοι και κυρίες

ο Κύριος ημών

κύριο πιάτο

κύριο άρθρο

κύριος μέτοχος

κύρια οδός

κύριο όνομα

κύριο χαρακτηριστικό

Common Phrases

Είναι κύριος

— He is a true gentleman or a very polite man. Used to praise someone's character.

Ο γείτονάς μου είναι πραγματικός κύριος.

Ο κύριος του σπιτιού

— The master or head of the household. Often used in traditional contexts.

Πού είναι ο κύριος του σπιτιού;

Κύριε ελέησον

— Lord have mercy. A common religious phrase used in prayer and liturgy.

Η γιαγιά μου λέει συνέχεια 'Κύριε ελέησον'.

Ένας άγνωστος κύριος

— An unknown gentleman. Used when referring to a man you don't know.

Σας ζήτησε ένας άγνωστος κύριος στο τηλέφωνο.

Κύριος των δυνάμεων

— Lord of hosts. A religious title for God emphasizing power.

Ψάλλουν στον Κύριο των δυνάμεων.

Ο επόμενος κύριος

— The next gentleman. Used in queues or service points.

Ο επόμενος κύριος στο ταμείο δύο, παρακαλώ.

Κύριε διευθυντά

— Mr. Director. A formal way to address a male director.

Κύριε διευθυντά, έχετε ένα λεπτό;

Ο κύριος τάδε

— Mr. So-and-so. Used when you don't want to or can't mention a specific name.

Ήρθε ο κύριος τάδε και ρώτησε για εσάς.

Κύριος με τα όλα του

— A gentleman through and through. Emphasizes perfect manners.

Σου λέω, ο άνθρωπος είναι κύριος με τα όλα του.

Κύριε καθηγητά

— Mr. Professor. The standard way students address male professors.

Κύριε καθηγητά, έχω μια ερώτηση.

Often Confused With

κύριος vs κυρία

This is the feminine form (Mrs./Lady). Learners sometimes mix up the genders when first starting.

κύριος vs κύρος

This is a related noun meaning 'prestige' or 'authority.' It is not used as a title.

κύριος vs κυρίως

This is the adverb meaning 'mainly.' It sounds similar but has a different grammatical function.

Idioms & Expressions

"Είμαι κύριος του εαυτού μου"

— To be independent and in control of one's own life and decisions.

Τώρα που μεγάλωσα, είμαι κύριος του εαυτού μου.

neutral

"Έγινε κύριος"

— To become wealthy or to gain a high social standing suddenly.

Κέρδισε το λαχείο και έγινε κύριος.

informal

"Κύριος είδε"

— God only knows. Used to express uncertainty or mystery.

Πού πήγαν τα κλειδιά μου; Κύριος είδε!

neutral

"Σαν κύριος"

— In a very dignified or easy manner, often without effort.

Πέρασε τις εξετάσεις σαν κύριος.

informal

"Ο Κύριος έδωκεν, ο Κύριος αφείλατο"

— The Lord gave, and the Lord hath taken away. Used during times of loss.

Τι να κάνουμε; Ο Κύριος έδωκεν...

religious

"Κύριος της κατάστασης"

— To be in total control of a situation.

Ο στρατηγός ήταν κύριος της κατάστασης.

formal

"Δεν είναι κύριος του λόγου του"

— Someone who doesn't keep their promises or is inconsistent.

Μην τον εμπιστεύεσαι, δεν είναι κύριος του λόγου του.

neutral

"Κύριος οίδε"

— God knows. A more formal/archaic version of 'Κύριος είδε'.

Πότε θα τελειώσει αυτό; Κύριος οίδε.

formal

"Ένας κύριος με 'Κ' κεφαλαίο"

— A gentleman with a capital 'G'. A man of exceptional character.

Ο παππούς μου ήταν ένας κύριος με 'Κ' κεφαλαίο.

emphatic

"Κύριος και αφέντης"

— To be the absolute ruler or master of something.

Νιώθει κύριος και αφέντης στο γραφείο του.

literary

Easily Confused

κύριος vs κύριος (noun)

Same spelling as the adjective.

The noun refers to a man/mister; the adjective refers to something being 'main' or 'primary.'

Ο κύριος (noun) μπήκε από την κύρια (adj) είσοδο.

κύριος vs άνδρας

Both refer to a male.

Άνδρας is the general word for man; κύριος is a polite title or term for a gentleman.

Αυτός ο άνδρας είναι ένας ευγενικός κύριος.

κύριος vs αφέντης

Both can mean 'master.'

Κύριος is modern and standard; αφέντης is old-fashioned and implies a stronger servant-master bond.

Ο κύριος του σπιτιού vs. Ο αφέντης του δούλου.

κύριος vs Κύριος (capitalized)

Same word, different context.

Capitalized, it almost always refers to God or Jesus Christ.

Πιστεύω στον Κύριο.

κύριος vs κυριούλης

Diminutive form.

Often used ironically or to describe a small/unimportant man, whereas κύριος is respectful.

Ένας περίεργος κυριούλης με κοίταζε.

Sentence Patterns

Ο κύριος [Surname] είναι [Profession].

Ο κύριος Παππάς είναι γιατρός.

Καλημέρα, κύριε [Surname]!

Καλημέρα, κύριε Αντωνίου!

Ποιος είναι ο κύριος με το [Clothing]?

Ποιος είναι ο κύριος με το καπέλο;

Το [Noun] του κυρίου [Surname] είναι [Adjective].

Το σπίτι του κυρίου Μπράουν είναι μεγάλο.

Η κύρια [Noun] είναι [Adjective].

Η κύρια ιδέα είναι απλή.

Είναι κύριος του [Noun].

Είναι κύριος του εαυτού του.

Συμπεριφέρθηκε ως [Adjective] κύριος.

Συμπεριφέρθηκε ως άψογος κύριος.

Ο κύριος [Noun] των πράξεών μας.

Ο κύριος γνώμονας των πράξεών μας.

Word Family

Nouns

Verbs

Adjectives

How to Use It

frequency

Extremely high; among the top 500 words in modern Greek.

Common Mistakes

Saying 'Γεια σου κύριος' to a man. → Γεια σας κύριε.
You must use the vocative case 'κύριε' for direct address and the formal 'σας' to match the respectful tone.
Omitting the article: 'Κύριος Παπαδάκης είναι εδώ.' → Ο κύριος Παπαδάκης είναι εδώ.
In Greek, titles used in the third person require the definite article.
Using 'κύριος' for a small boy. → Το αγόρι or Ο νεαρός.
Κύριος implies an adult male of some social standing.
Forgetting the genitive: 'Το σπίτι ο κύριος.' → Το σπίτι του κυρίου.
To show possession, you must use the genitive case 'του κυρίου'.
Confusing 'κύριος' (mister) with 'κυρίως' (mainly). → Depends on context.
κυρίως is an adverb; κύριος is a noun or adjective. They are not interchangeable.

Tips

Vocative Case

Always drop the 'ς' and change the 'ο' to 'ε' when talking TO a man. It's 'κύριε', not 'κύριος'.

Politeness

When in doubt, use 'κύριε'. It is never offensive and always shows you are a well-mannered learner.

Teachers

If you are a student, always call your male teacher 'κύριε'. It's the standard mark of respect in Greek education.

Authority

Remember the word 'κύρος' (authority) to help you understand why this word also means 'master' or 'main'.

Stress

The stress is on the first syllable. Say 'KEE-rios'. Putting it anywhere else will sound wrong to Greeks.

Definite Article

When writing about a man, always put 'ο' in front of 'κύριος'. It's 'ο κύριος Παπαδόπουλος', not just 'κύριος Παπαδόπουλος'.

Adjective Use

Notice when it's used with feminine nouns like 'είσοδος'. It becomes 'κύρια' then!

Capitalization

Capitalize the 'Κ' only when you are referring to God or the Lord in a religious context.

The Final S

Listen carefully for the 'ς' sound. If you hear it, the man is the subject. If not, he's likely the object (accusative).

Character

To say someone is a 'class act,' use the phrase 'Είναι κύριος.' It's a high compliment for a man's behavior.

Memorize It

Mnemonic

Think of the name 'Cyril' or 'Kyrie Irving.' They both share the root 'Kyrios.' Associate the 'KEE' sound with the 'KEY' to being polite to a gentleman.

Visual Association

Imagine a man wearing a top hat and a tuxedo holding a 'key' (KEE-rios) to a fancy manor.

Word Web

Mister Gentleman Lord Master Owner Main Primary Authority

Challenge

Try to address three different men today using 'Κύριε' followed by their surname, or just 'Κύριε' if you don't know their name.

Word Origin

Derived from the Ancient Greek word 'κῦρος' (kûros), which means supreme power, authority, or validity. The suffix '-ιος' was added to create a noun/adjective meaning 'one having authority.'

Original meaning: A master, lord, or someone with the power of disposal over property or persons.

Indo-European > Hellenic > Greek.

Cultural Context

Always use the plural 'κύριοι' when addressing a group, even if you are being somewhat casual, to avoid sounding dismissive.

Unlike 'Mister' which is rarely used without a name in English, 'Κύριε' is frequently used alone in Greek as a polite way to say 'Sir.'

Kyrie Eleison (common liturgical chant) Kyrie Irving (famous basketball player with the name root) The Lord's Prayer (Πάτερ Ημών)

Practice in Real Life

Real-World Contexts

At a Restaurant

Ο κύριος θα παραγγείλει;
Κύριε, τον λογαριασμό παρακαλώ.
Τι έχετε για κύριο πιάτο;
Ο κύριος δίπλα πήρε το ίδιο.

At School

Κύριε, μπορώ να βγω έξω;
Ο κύριος καθηγητής άργησε.
Καλημέρα κύριε!
Ο κύριος μας έβαλε πολλή δουλειά.

At the Office

Ο κύριος Διευθυντής σας περιμένει.
Ζητήστε τον κύριο Γεωργίου.
Είναι ο κύριος μέτοχος.
Καλησπέρα, κύριε συνάδελφε.

In the Street

Συγγνώμη, κύριε, πού είναι η τράπεζα;
Ένας κύριος μου έδωσε οδηγίες.
Προσέξτε, κύριε!
Ευχαριστώ πολύ, κύριε.

Church

Δόξα τω Θεώ και τω Κυρίω.
Κύριε ελέησον.
Ο Κύριος είναι μαζί μας.
Προσευχόμαστε στον Κύριο.

Conversation Starters

"Πώς λένε τον κύριο που μόλις έφυγε από το γραφείο σας;"

"Γνωρίζετε τον κύριο Παπαδόπουλο που μένει στον πρώτο όροφο;"

"Κύριε, θα θέλατε να καθίσετε εδώ που έχει σκιά;"

"Ποιος κύριος είναι υπεύθυνος για τις προσλήψεις στην εταιρεία;"

"Είναι αυτός ο κύριος ο νέος σας προπονητής στο τένις;"

Journal Prompts

Περιγράψτε έναν κύριο που θαυμάζετε για τους τρόπους του και τη συμπεριφορά του.

Γράψτε για μια φορά που address-άρατε κάποιον ως 'κύριε' και σας βοήθησε.

Ποια είναι τα κύρια χαρακτηριστικά ενός ανθρώπου που θεωρείτε 'κύριο' με τα όλα του;

Πώς αλλάζει η σημασία της λέξης 'κύριος' όταν αναφερόμαστε στον Θεό;

Σκεφτείτε τον 'κύριο σκοπό' της ζωής σας και γράψτε γι' αυτόν χρησιμοποιώντας τη λέξη.

Frequently Asked Questions

10 questions

Generally, 'κύριος' is used for adult men. For a teenager or a young man in his early twenties, people might use 'νεαρός' (young man). However, in a formal service setting (like a bank), even a young man will be addressed as 'κύριος' to show professional respect.

Yes, but it is less formal than using the surname. For example, 'Ο κύριος Νίκος' is common among neighbors or in a relaxed office. In very formal situations, always use the surname: 'Ο κύριος Παπαδόπουλος.'

The most polite way is to simply say 'Κύριε.' For example, 'Συγγνώμη, κύριε' (Excuse me, sir). This is standard and very polite in all parts of Greece.

The plural is 'κύριοι' in the nominative and vocative cases. For example, 'Οι κύριοι είναι έτοιμοι' (The gentlemen are ready) or 'Γεια σας, κύριοι!' (Hello, gentlemen!).

No, 'κύριος' is strictly masculine. The feminine equivalent is 'κυρία' (ky-REE-a). Even when 'κύριος' is used as an adjective, it changes to 'κύρια' for feminine nouns (e.g., 'η κύρια είσοδος').

In the Greek New Testament, 'Κύριος' is the standard translation for 'Lord' and is used to refer to both God the Father and Jesus Christ. This historical usage is why the word carries such weight today.

In older or very formal Greek, a woman might refer to her husband as 'ο κύριός μου.' However, in modern Greek, this is rare and usually sounds either very traditional or slightly ironic. 'Ο άντρας μου' is the normal way to say 'my husband.'

Think of the difference between 'mister/gentleman' and 'man.' 'Άνδρας' describes the person's sex/gender, while 'κύριος' describes their social role, title, or polite status.

The genitive singular is 'του κυρίου' and the plural is 'των κυρίων.' You use this to show possession, like 'το καπέλο του κυρίου' (the gentleman's hat).

Yes, a formal email to a man you don't know well should start with 'Αξιότιμε κύριε [Surname]' or simply 'Κύριε [Surname].' If you don't know the name, 'Αξιότιμε κύριε' is appropriate.