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A1 noun #2,931 most common 6 min read

改良

kairyō
Practice it Examples Notes & Tips 改良 in 30 Seconds
Explanation 改良 in your Level:
At the A1 level, you can think of 改良 (kairyō) as a special word for 'making a thing better.' While you might usually use 'ii' (good) or 'naosu' (to fix), 改良 is used when you talk about making a tool or a toy work better than before. Imagine you have a bicycle that is hard to ride, and you change the seat to a better one. That is a small 改良. At this level, you don't need to use it in complex sentences. Just remember that it's for 'things' you can touch. For example, 'This car was improved' is 'Kono kuruma wa kairyō saremashita.' It's a formal way to say something was upgraded. You might see this word on posters for new products or in simple news stories about technology. Even if you don't use it yourself, recognizing the 'kai' (change) and 'ryō' (good) kanji will help you understand that something has been made better. It's like 'leveling up' an object.
At the A2 level, you should start to distinguish 改良 from other words like 'naosu' (to repair). While 'naosu' means fixing something that is broken, 改良 means taking something that works and making it work even better. You will often see this word in the context of 'products' (seihin). For example, if a company releases a new version of a vacuum cleaner that is quieter, they will use the word 改良. You can use the structure '[Object] o kairyō shimashita' to describe a project you worked on. It is a very useful word for describing simple technical changes. You might also hear it in cooking, such as 'resipi o kairyō suru' (improving a recipe). This shows that the word isn't just for heavy machinery, but for any 'method' or 'thing' that has a physical result. Try to use it when you talk about your hobbies, like improving a computer setup or a garden layout.
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At the B1 level, you are expected to understand the nuance between 改良 and 改善 (kaizen). This is a common point of confusion. Remember that 改良 is for physical objects, technology, and biological varieties (like plants). If you are talking about improving a machine's efficiency or a software's interface, 改良 is the correct choice. In business settings, you might hear about 'kairyō-ten' (points for improvement). This refers to specific technical features that need to be changed. You should be able to use the passive form 'kairyō sareru' comfortably, as many technical improvements are described this way in manuals and news. For instance, 'Kono gijutsu wa kairyō no yochi ga aru' (There is room for improvement in this technology). This level also introduces compound words like 'hinshu-kairyō' (breed improvement), which is essential for discussing topics like agriculture or environmental science.
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At the B2 level, 改良 becomes a key term for discussing industrial development, engineering, and scientific progress. You should be able to use it in formal writing, such as reports or essays. At this stage, you should understand that 改良 implies an iterative process—the 'kairyō o kasaneru' (repeatedly improving) concept. It's not just a one-time fix; it's a continuous effort to reach a higher technical standard. You will encounter this word in discussions about 'sustainable development' or 'technological innovation.' For example, you might discuss how 'kōkyō kōtsū no kairyō' (improvement of public transport) can lead to better urban environments. You should also be able to recognize the word in more abstract but still 'system-based' contexts, like 'shakai seido no kairyō' (improving a social system/mechanism), though 改善 is more common there. The distinction is that 改良 focuses on the 'mechanism' or 'structure' of the system.
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At the C1 level, your use of 改良 should reflect a deep understanding of technical and formal registers. You should be able to discuss the philosophy of design and engineering using this term. For instance, you might analyze how 'incremental improvements' (shōteki kairyō) differ from 'radical innovation' (kakushin). In academic or professional Japanese, 改良 is often paired with specific technical verbs like '施す' (hodo-kosu - to apply/administer). For example, 'Kono sekkei ni wa saishin no riron ni motozuku kairyō ga hodokosarete iru' (This design has been improved based on the latest theories). You should also be able to use the word in the context of intellectual property and patents, where 'kairyō hatsumei' (improved invention) is a specific legal term. Your ability to choose between 改良, 改善, 改革 (kaikaku - reform), and 向上 (kōjō) should be near-native, showing that you understand whether the focus is on the physical object, the process, the institution, or the level of quality.
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At the C2 level, 改良 is used with total precision in high-level discourse. You can use it to critique complex systems, from bio-engineering ethics (genetic modification as a form of 品種改良) to the evolution of architectural standards over centuries. You will understand the historical weight of the word in Japan's industrial history, particularly how the 'kairyō' of Western technology was a cornerstone of the Meiji Restoration and the post-war economic miracle. You should be able to handle complex sentences where 改良 is a noun modified by multiple clauses, such as 'Kore made no kairyō no kiseki o tadoru to...' (Tracing the trajectory of improvements made until now...). At this level, you are not just using the word; you are using it to convey a specific professional authority. You can discuss the 'limits of improvement' (kairyō no genkai) and how it relates to the necessity of 'paradigmatic shifts.' Your vocabulary will include rare compounds and you will be able to distinguish the subtle stylistic differences between 改良 and synonyms in classical or highly specialized literature.
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Practice it Examples Notes & Tips

改良 in 30 Seconds

  • Focuses on improving physical objects, machines, and technical systems.
  • Commonly used in engineering, agriculture (breeding), and software development.
  • Implies fixing defects or adding superior features to an existing design.
  • Distinct from 'kaizen' (process improvement) and 'kōjō' (rising standards).

The term 改良 (かいりょう - kairyō) is a precise Japanese noun and suru-verb that specifically targets the enhancement of physical objects, mechanical systems, or technical processes. Unlike broader terms for 'improvement,' 改良 is deeply rooted in the concept of fixing defects and augmenting the functional capabilities of tangible things. When you use 改良, you are describing a deliberate effort to make a machine more efficient, a tool more ergonomic, or a crop more resistant to disease. It is the language of engineers, designers, and scientists who look at a prototype and ask, 'How can we make this better?'

Core Nuance
Focuses on tangible 'things' (mono) rather than 'people' or 'abstract states'.
Etymology
改 (Change/Reform) + 良 (Good/Excellent). Literally 'changing to make good'.
Typical Objects
Machines, software, seeds (breeding), chemical formulas, infrastructure.

「このエンジンは燃費を良くするために改良されました。」 (This engine was improved to enhance fuel efficiency.)

— Engineering Context

To understand 改良, imagine a bridge that is too narrow for modern traffic. The act of widening it and strengthening the steel is 改良. It implies that the original version had shortcomings or that technology has advanced enough to allow for a superior version. In the realm of agriculture, 品種改良 (hinshu kairyō) is a ubiquitous term referring to selective breeding to create better crop varieties. This highlights the word's connection to physical, biological, or technical evolution.

「ユーザーの要望に応えて、アプリのUIを改良した。」 (We improved the app's UI in response to user requests.)

Visual Metaphor
Think of a blacksmith refining a blade. The metal is the same, but the form and sharpness are enhanced through specific action.

「古い住宅を現代の生活に合わせて改良する。」 (Improving old housing to fit modern lifestyles.)

Using 改良 correctly requires identifying the target of the improvement. Since it is a suru-verb, it most commonly appears as 改良する (to improve) or in its passive form 改良される (to be improved). Because it is a formal and technical word, it is frequently used in professional reports, news articles, and product manuals. You will rarely hear it in casual conversation about personal growth, but you will hear it constantly when discussing gadgets, recipes, or urban planning.

  • Step 1: Identify the Object. Is it a machine? A system? A physical product? If yes, 改良 is likely the right choice.
  • Step 2: Determine the Goal. Are you removing a defect or adding a better feature? 改良 implies a purposeful change toward a better state.
  • Step 3: Conjugate. Use 改良を重ねる (kairyō o kasaneru) to express 'repeated improvements' over time.

Common Pairings

  • 技術を改良する (Improve technology)
  • 品質を改良する (Improve quality)
  • 施設を改良する (Improve facilities)

Sentence Patterns

  • [Object] + を + 改良する
  • [Object] + に + 改良を加える

A key grammatical structure is 改良を加える (kairyō o kuwaeru), which literally means 'to add improvements.' This is used when you aren't rebuilding something from scratch but rather making specific modifications to an existing design. For example, if a chef changes a traditional recipe to make it healthier, they are applying 改良 to the recipe. If a programmer optimizes a piece of code to run faster, they are performing 改良 on the algorithm.

「この製品は、何度も改良が加えられて現在の形になりました。」 (This product took its current form after many improvements were added.)

You will encounter 改良 in environments where 'progress' and 'optimization' are the main topics. It is a staple of the Japanese business and industrial landscape. If you watch a Japanese news segment about a new high-speed train (Shinkansen), the reporter will inevitably mention how the nose of the train was 改良 to reduce noise and wind resistance. In the tech world, 'Version 2.0' of any software is usually described as a 改良版 (kairyō-ban - improved version).

1. The Tech & Manufacturing Sector

In factories and R&D labs, 改良 is the daily bread. Discussions about 'kaizen' (改善) often lead to specific 'kairyō' (改良) of the machinery. While 改善 refers to the process of improvement, 改良 refers to the actual physical change made to the equipment.

2. Agriculture and Food Science

Japan is famous for its high-quality fruits and rice. This is largely due to 品種改良 (selective breeding). When you visit a supermarket and see a new, sweeter type of strawberry, the description will often mention the years of 改良 that went into its development.

3. Urban Planning and Infrastructure

Announcements at train stations often use this word. If a platform is being widened or a new elevator is being installed, the sign will say 駅施設改良工事 (Station facility improvement works). It signals to the public that the physical environment is being upgraded for better accessibility or safety.

「道路の改良により、渋滞が緩和されました。」 (The improvement of the roads has eased traffic congestion.)

The most frequent mistake learners make is using 改良 when they should use 改善 (kaizen) or 向上 (kōjō). Because all three translate to 'improvement' in English, the distinction is often lost. However, in Japanese, using the wrong one can sound very unnatural or even confusing.

Mistake 1: Improving Habits

❌ 生活を改良する (Seikatsu o kairyō suru)
✅ 生活を改善する (Seikatsu o kaizen suru)

Reason: Lifestyle and habits are abstract concepts/processes. 改良 is for physical things.

Mistake 2: Improving Skills

❌ 日本語能力を改良する (Nihongo nōryoku o kairyō suru)
✅ 日本語能力を向上させる (Nihongo nōryoku o kōjō saseru)

Reason: Skills and abilities 'ascend' or 'rise' (向上), they aren't 're-engineered' (改良).

Mistake 3: Improving Relationships

❌ 人間関係を改良する (Ningen kankei o kairyō suru)
✅ 人間関係を改善する (Ningen kankei o kaizen suru)

Reason: Relationships are emotional and social, not mechanical.

Another mistake is forgetting that 改良 implies a physical change. If you simply use a tool more effectively without changing the tool itself, that is not 改良. If you sharpen the tool, change its handle, and make it lighter—that is 改良. Remember: 改良 = Material/System Change.

To master 改良, you must see how it sits within the family of 'improvement' words. Each has a specific territory.

改善 (Kaizen)
The most common word for 'improvement'. It is used for situations, systems, habits, and processes. It focuses on making a bad situation better or an efficient process even more efficient. Example: 待遇の改善 (Improvement of working conditions).
向上 (Kōjō)
Used for levels, standards, and abilities. It implies an upward movement or a rise in quality. Example: 生活水準の向上 (Rise in the standard of living).
修正 (Shūsei)
Used for correcting errors or making small adjustments to plans or documents. It's 'fixing' rather than 'improving the quality'. Example: 軌道修正 (Course correction).
進歩 (Shinpo)
Progress or advancement. Usually refers to technology or society as a whole moving forward. Example: 科学の進歩 (Progress of science).

In summary, use 改良 when you are the 'engineer' of a thing, 改善 when you are the 'manager' of a situation, and 向上 when you are the 'student' of a skill.

How Formal Is It?

Difficulty Rating

Grammar to Know

Passive voice (～される)

Purpose (～ために)

Compound nouns (Noun + Noun)

Nominalization (～すること)

Cause and effect (～によって)

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Examples by Level

1

このカメラは改良されました。

This camera was improved.

Passive form: 改良されました (was improved).

2

もっと改良しましょう。

Let's improve it more.

Volitional form: 改良しましょう (Let's improve).

3

古い機械を改良しました。

I improved the old machine.

Past tense: 改良しました (improved).

4

改良は大切です。

Improvement is important.

Noun usage: 改良 (improvement).

5

このアプリを改良してください。

Please improve this app.

Request form: 改良してください (Please improve).

6

改良して、使いやすくなりました。

By improving it, it became easier to use.

Te-form for cause/reason: 改良して (by improving).

7

新しい改良が必要です。

A new improvement is necessary.

Noun + particle: 改良が (improvement [subject]).

8

自転車を改良するのが好きです。

I like improving bicycles.

Nominalizing with の: 改良するのが (improving [object of like]).

1

エンジンの改良で、スピードが上がりました。

With the improvement of the engine, the speed increased.

Noun + で (indicating means/reason).

2

使いにくいところを改良しました。

I improved the parts that were hard to use.

Relative clause: 使いにくいところ (parts that are hard to use).

3

この製品は改良の余地があります。

This product has room for improvement.

Idiom: 改良の余地がある (room for improvement).

4

デザインを改良して、もっと売れるようにします。

We will improve the design so that it sells more.

～ようにする (to make sure that...).

5

農家の人たちは、野菜を改良しています。

Farmers are improving their vegetables.

Present continuous: 改良しています (are improving).

6

改良版のソフトをダウンロードしました。

I downloaded the improved version of the software.

Compound noun: 改良版 (improved version).

7

どうやって改良すればいいですか？

How should I improve it?

～ばいいですか (asking for advice).

8

少し改良するだけで、ずっと良くなります。

Just by improving it a little, it will get much better.

～だけで (just by doing...).

1

長年の研究の結果、品種改良に成功した。

As a result of years of research, they succeeded in breed improvement.

Compound: 品種改良 (selective breeding).

2

ユーザーの意見を取り入れて、操作性を改良した。

Incorporating user opinions, we improved the operability.

取り入れて (incorporating/taking in).

3

このシステムは、安全性を高めるために改良された。

This system was improved to increase safety.

～ために (in order to).

4

改良を重ねることで、品質が安定してきた。

By repeatedly making improvements, the quality has become stable.

改良を重ねる (to repeat improvements).

5

従来のモデルに改良を加え、新製品として発売する。

We will add improvements to the conventional model and release it as a new product.

改良を加える (to add improvements).

6

コストを抑えつつ、性能を改良するのは難しい。

It is difficult to improve performance while keeping costs down.

～つつ (while doing... [simultaneous/contrast]).

7

この部分は、もっと改良が必要だと思われます。

It is thought that this part needs more improvement.

～と思われます (it is thought/it seems - formal).

8

改良のおかげで、作業効率が大幅にアップした。

Thanks to the improvement, work efficiency has increased significantly.

～のおかげで (thanks to...).

1

環境負荷を低減するため、製造工程を大幅に改良した。

To reduce environmental impact, the manufacturing process was significantly improved.

環境負荷 (environmental load/impact).

2

その発明は、既存の技術を改良したものである。

That invention is an improvement upon existing technology.

～ものである (explanatory/definitive conclusion).

3

都市計画の改良により、市民の利便性が向上した。

Due to the improvement of urban planning, convenience for citizens improved.

利便性が向上した (convenience improved - note the word choice).

4

絶え間ない改良こそが、企業の競争力を支えている。

Constant improvement is exactly what supports a company's competitiveness.

～こそが (emphasizing the subject).

5

この論文では、アルゴリズムの改良手法について述べる。

In this paper, I will describe the method for improving the algorithm.

～について述べる (to describe/state regarding...).

6

素材の改良によって、製品の軽量化に成功した。

By improving the materials, we succeeded in making the product lighter.

～によって (by means of/due to).

7

改良のプロセスを透明化することが求められている。

Making the improvement process transparent is being required.

～が求められている (is being required/demanded).

8

初期の欠陥は、その後の改良でほぼ解消された。

Initial defects were almost entirely resolved by subsequent improvements.

解消された (was resolved/eliminated).

1

抜本的な改良を施さない限り、この問題は解決しない。

Unless drastic improvements are applied, this problem will not be solved.

～ない限り (unless...).

2

当該設備には、最新の耐震技術に基づく改良がなされている。

The equipment in question has undergone improvements based on the latest seismic technology.

～に基づく (based on...).

3

品種改良の倫理的側面について、活発な議論が行われた。

An active discussion took place regarding the ethical aspects of selective breeding.

倫理的側面 (ethical aspect).

4

技術の改良は、往々にして予期せぬ副作用を伴うものだ。

Improvements in technology often involve unexpected side effects.

往々にして (often/frequently - formal).

5

現行の制度を改良し、より柔軟な対応を可能にする。

We will improve the current system to enable more flexible responses.

可能にする (to make possible).

6

改良の余地を模索し続ける姿勢が、技術者には不可欠だ。

The attitude of continuing to seek room for improvement is essential for engineers.

模索する (to grope/seek/search).

7

この建築物は、数世紀にわたる改良の歴史を物語っている。

This building tells the story of a history of improvements spanning several centuries.

～にわたる (spanning over...).

8

微細な改良の積み重ねが、やがて巨大なイノベーションへと繋がる。

The accumulation of minute improvements eventually leads to massive innovation.

積み重ね (accumulation/stacking).

1

技術的改良の極致とも言えるこの製品は、業界の基準を塗り替えた。

This product, which could be called the pinnacle of technical improvement, rewrote industry standards.

～の極致 (the pinnacle/height of...).

2

既存の枠組みの中での改良に終始せず、パラダイムシフトを目指すべきだ。

We should not stop at improvements within the existing framework, but aim for a paradigm shift.

～に終始する (to do nothing but.../to end with...).

3

品種改良がもたらした生物多様性への影響は、看過できない課題である。

The impact on biodiversity brought about by selective breeding is an issue that cannot be overlooked.

看過できない (cannot be overlooked/ignored).

4

改良の系譜を紐解けば、当時の社会的要求が浮き彫りになる。

If one unravels the genealogy of improvements, the social demands of the time become clear.

系譜を紐解く (to unravel/examine the genealogy/history).

5

機能の改良と意匠の洗練を高度に融合させた、稀有な建築作品だ。

It is a rare architectural work that highly fuses functional improvement with the refinement of design.

意匠 (design/artistic design).

6

人為的な改良が自然の摂理に及ぼす影響を、我々は再考せねばならない。

We must reconsider the impact that artificial improvements have on the providence of nature.

～ねばならない (must - formal/literary).

7

改良のプロセス自体を自動化するAIの登場は、開発の在り方を根本から変えた。

The advent of AI that automates the improvement process itself has fundamentally changed the nature of development.

～の在り方 (the way something should be/the nature of...).

8

絶えざる改良の果てに到達したその境地は、もはや芸術の域に達している。

The state reached at the end of constant improvement has already reached the level of art.

～の果てに (at the end of...).

Antonyms

改悪 悪化

Common Collocations

品種改良 (Breed improvement)
技術改良 (Technical improvement)
大幅な改良 (Significant improvement)
改良を加える (To add improvements)
改良を重ねる (To repeat improvements)
改良の余地 (Room for improvement)
改良版 (Improved version)
施設改良 (Facility improvement)
根本的改良 (Fundamental improvement)
改良工事 (Improvement works)

Common Phrases

改良の余地がある (There is room for improvement)
改良を施す (To apply improvements)
さらに改良する (To improve further)
改良が進む (Improvements are progressing)
改良が待たれる (Improvements are awaited)
改良に成功する (Succeed in improving)
改良を求める (Request improvements)
改良の結果 (As a result of improvement)
改良の歴史 (History of improvement)
改良を試みる (Try to improve)

Often Confused With

改良 vs 改善 (Kaizen)

Kaizen is for situations/processes; Kairyō is for physical things/systems.

改良 vs 向上 (Kōjō)

Kōjō is for levels/skills (upward); Kairyō is for engineering (betterment).

改良 vs 改造 (Kaizō)

Kaizō is remodeling/customizing (neutral); Kairyō is specifically for making it 'better' (positive).

Idioms & Expressions

"改良の余地 (Room for improvement - used for things/plans)"
"改良を重ねる (To pile up improvements - implies hard work)"
"手を入れる (To put a hand in - to modify/improve something)"
"磨きをかける (To polish - to refine a skill or object)"
"一新する (To make completely new - a drastic improvement)"
"目覚ましい改良 (Remarkable improvement)"
"日進月歩 (Rapid progress - often involving 改良)"
"試行錯誤 (Trial and error - the process of 改良)"
"匠の技 (Master's skill - often results in 改良)"
"換骨奪胎 (Adapting/improving an old idea into something new)"

Easily Confused

改良 vs

改良 vs

改良 vs

改良 vs

改良 vs

Sentence Patterns

Word Family

Related

改善 (Kaizen - Improvement)
改革 (Kaikaku - Reform)
改正 (Kaisei - Revision of laws)
改造 (Kaizō - Remodeling/Modding)
良質 (Ryōshitsu - Good quality)
良好 (Ryōkō - Favorable/Good)
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How to Use It

nuance

改良 implies a goal-oriented technical change.

formality

High. Used in written and professional contexts.

frequency

Very high in industrial and tech sectors.

Common Mistakes
  • Using it for personal growth (Use 向上 instead).
  • Using it for fixing a broken window (Use 修理 instead).
  • Confusing it with 改造 (which can be neutral or negative).
  • Using it for social movements (Use 改革 instead).
  • Forgetting the long 'o' at the end (Kairyō, not Kairyo).

Tips

Think like an Engineer

Use 改良 when you are talking about fixing a bug or making a tool sharper. It's about the 'hardware' of life.

Kanji Breakdown

Remember 改 (Change) and 良 (Good). If the change makes the thing 'good', it's 改良.

Verb vs Noun

It works as both. 'Kairyō suru' (verb) and 'Kairyō ga hitsuyō' (noun). Both are equally common.

Avoid Abstract

Don't use it for love, friendship, or happiness. Those are not 'things' to be engineered.

Factory Settings

If you are in a factory or a tech office, this word will be your best friend.

Pair with 'Kasaneru'

Saying 'kairyō o kasaneru' shows that you have worked hard over a long time to improve something.

Learn 'Hinshu'

Always learn '品種改良' (hinshu kairyō) as a set. It's one of the most common uses of the word.

Passive Voice

In news, you'll hear 'kairyō sareta' (was improved). It sounds more objective and professional.

Accent Check

It's a flat accent (Heiban). Keep your voice steady across all four syllables: ka-i-ryo-u.

The 'K' Rule

Kairyō is for Kikai (Machines) and Kinō (Functions).

Memorize It

Word Origin

Cultural Context

The art of making things; 改良 is its core mechanism.

A symbol of constant 改良 in safety and speed.

The high price of Japanese fruit is justified by intense 品種改良.

Practice in Real Life

Real-World Contexts

Conversation Starters

"最近、改良されて便利になったものはありますか？ (Is there anything that has been improved and become convenient lately?)"

"このアプリ、どこを改良すればもっと良くなると思いますか？ (Where do you think this app should be improved to make it better?)"

"日本の品種改良された果物についてどう思いますか？ (What do you think about Japan's improved fruit varieties?)"

"仕事で何かを改良した経験はありますか？ (Do you have experience improving something at work?)"

"古い家を改良して住むのはどう思いますか？ (What do you think about improving and living in an old house?)"

Journal Prompts

今日使った道具で、改良したいものを一つ選んで書いてください。 (Choose one tool you used today that you want to improve and write about it.)

「改良」と「改善」の違いについて、自分の言葉で説明してみましょう。 (Try explaining the difference between 'kairyō' and 'kaizen' in your own words.)

もし自分が発明家なら、何を改良したいですか？ (If you were an inventor, what would you want to improve?)

最近のテクノロジーの改良で一番驚いたことは何ですか？ (What is the most surprising technological improvement you've seen recently?)

自分の部屋のレイアウトをどう改良できるか考えてください。 (Think about how you can improve your room's layout.)

Frequently Asked Questions

10 questions

No, that would sound strange. For skills, use '向上' (kōjō) or 'up' (appu). 改良 is for machines and systems.

Not quite. Kaizen is broader and often refers to the process of making things better (like a business strategy). Kairyō is the specific technical improvement made to a thing.

It means 'selective breeding' or 'cultivar improvement'. It's how Japan creates its famous square watermelons or high-quality rice.

Yes! Since a recipe is a 'system' or 'method' for creating a physical dish, 'resipi o kairyō suru' is very common.

Yes, it is formal. In casual speech, people might just say 'motto yoku suru' (make it better).

It means 'Improved Version'. You'll see this on software updates or new editions of products.

Absolutely. Improving code, UI, or performance is all 改良.

The direct opposite is '改悪' (kaiaku), which means changing something and making it worse.

Use the phrase '改良の余地がある' (kairyō no yochi ga aru).

Yes, constantly. It's used for improving experiments, materials, and theories.

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This Word in Other Languages

改良 Chinese

More Other words

事故

A1

An unexpected and usually unpleasant event that results in damage, injury, or loss. In Japanese, it is most frequently used to refer to traffic accidents or mechanical failures.

根拠

B2

Refers to the grounds, basis, or evidence upon which a judgment, statement, or action is established. It is used to describe the underlying justification or logical foundation that supports a claim or a theory.

変化

A1

A noun that refers to the process of becoming different or a transformation in state, appearance, or condition. It is a very common word used to describe everything from changes in the weather and seasons to shifts in social trends or scientific processes.

衝突

A1

A physical crash or collision between two moving objects like vehicles or particles. It is also commonly used metaphorically to describe a sharp disagreement or conflict between people's opinions, interests, or plans.

比較

B1

Comparison. The act of examining two or more things to identify similarities and differences, often to make a decision or evaluation. It is used as a noun or a suru-verb in both daily and professional contexts.

結論

B2

A final judgment, decision, or summary reached after a period of discussion, research, or logical reasoning. It represents the end result of an intellectual process rather than just a physical outcome.

考慮

A1

Koryo refers to the act of thinking deeply about something or taking various factors into account before making a decision. It is a formal way to express 'consideration' or 'thoughtfulness' regarding a specific situation or detail.

転換

A1

A significant change or conversion in direction, state, or mindset. It is commonly used to describe a shift in policy, a change of mood, or a fundamental turn in a situation.

危機

A1

A crisis or a critical situation where a dangerous outcome is possible if immediate action is not taken. It represents a turning point where things could become much worse or be resolved through careful management.

基準

A1

A standard, criterion, or benchmark used as a basis for measurement, judgment, or evaluation. It refers to the specific rules or requirements that something must meet to be accepted or classified in a certain way.

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