Using 'gegen': Against & Around (gegen)
gegen with the Accusative case to express opposition, physical contact, or approximate time.
Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
The preposition 'gegen' always takes the Accusative case and means 'against' or 'around' (time/place).
- Use 'gegen' to show opposition: Ich bin gegen {den|m} Plan (I am against the plan).
- Use 'gegen' for approximate time: Wir treffen uns gegen 8 Uhr (We meet around 8 o'clock).
- Use 'gegen' for physical impact: Er läuft gegen {die|f} Wand (He runs into/against the wall).
Overview
The German preposition gegen is fundamental for expressing notions of opposition, directionality, and approximation. At its core, gegen signifies 'against' or 'towards a confrontation,' applicable in both literal and figurative senses. This includes physical contact, competition, disagreement, and even the efficacy of remedies.
Crucially, gegen belongs to a specific category of prepositions that always govern the Accusative case. Understanding this immutable grammatical requirement is your first and most vital step toward mastering its usage. While its primary meaning is 'against,' you will also encounter gegen conveying 'around' or 'approximately' when referring to time, adding a layer of nuance essential for natural communication.
From a linguistic perspective, gegen originates from Old High German gagan, meaning 'opposite' or 'towards.' Its consistent Accusative usage reflects its inherent association with direction or purpose toward an object, a characteristic often linked to Accusative prepositions. This consistent behavior simplifies its application, removing the ambiguity associated with two-way prepositions that can take either Dative or Accusative depending on context. For A1 learners, gegen provides a clear, rule-bound entry point into German prepositional grammar, offering a robust foundation for more complex constructions later.
How This Grammar Works
gegen act as case-assigners. This means they dictate the grammatical case of the noun phrase that follows them. For gegen, the rule is absolute: it always requires the Accusative case.gegen easier to master than some other prepositions. The Accusative case primarily marks the direct object of a verb or, in this context, the object of a preposition that denotes direction, motion towards something, or an abstract opposition. It represents the entity directly affected by the action or the preposition's relation.gegen, its articles, adjectives, and pronouns must inflect according to the Accusative case. For instance, masculine nouns exhibit a visible change in their definite article from der (Nominative) to den (Accusative). Feminine, neuter, and plural definite articles remain unchanged from their Nominative forms, but they are nonetheless grammatically in the Accusative.ein becomes einen, eine remains eine, and ein stays ein. For plurals with indefinite meaning (e.g., 'some books'), no indefinite article is used.der Tisch | die Tür | das Haus | die Leute |den Tisch | die Tür | das Haus | die Leute |der to den is a key indicator for gegen and other Accusative-only prepositions. For example, you would say gegen den Baum (against the tree, masculine) but gegen die Wand (against the wall, feminine), even though die appears in both Nominative and Accusative forms for feminine nouns.gegen dictates this usage, irrespective of whether the article visibly changes.Formation Pattern
gegen is straightforward once you internalize its Accusative requirement. The basic structure involves placing gegen immediately before the noun or pronoun that is its object, ensuring that object is in the Accusative case. This pattern applies uniformly across all its meanings.
Subject + Verb + gegen + Accusative Object
der changes to den. If the object is a personal pronoun, er changes to ihn.
Das Kind rennt gegen den Zaun. (The child runs against the fence.)
Wir spielen heute Abend gegen ihn. (We are playing against him tonight.)
die remains die. If the object is a personal pronoun, sie remains sie (accusative form).
Sie lehnt das Fahrrad gegen die Mauer. (She leans the bicycle against the wall.)
Ich habe nichts gegen sie. (I have nothing against her.)
das remains das. If the object is a personal pronoun, es remains es.
Der Ball fliegt gegen das Fenster. (The ball flies against the window.)
Was hast du gegen es? (What do you have against it? - referring to a neuter object/concept)
die remains die. If the object is a personal pronoun, sie remains sie.
Die Demonstranten protestieren gegen die Regierung. (The demonstrators protest against the government.)
Man kann nichts gegen sie tun. (One can do nothing against them.)
gegen correctly across various contexts, solidifying your understanding of Accusative usage. The key is always to identify the object of gegen and ensure its article or pronoun is inflected for the Accusative case, even if the change isn't always visually obvious.
When To Use It
Gegen serves several distinct functions in German, each revolving around the core concepts of opposition, contact, or approximation. Mastering these applications is crucial for comprehensive understanding.- 1Physical Contact or Collision (Against):
- Use
gegenwhen describing physical impact, leaning, or motion directed into or against something. This implies a forceful or purposeful interaction with an object, often an obstacle or support. It signifies touching an external surface with some degree of pressure or momentum. - Example:
Das Auto fuhr gegen den Baum.(The car drove against the tree.) Here,gegendenotes the impact with the tree. - Example:
Er stellte die Leiter gegen die Wand.(He placed the ladder against the wall.) This shows the ladder leaning with support from the wall.
- 1Opposition, Antagonism, or Competition (Against/Versus):
- This is a very common usage, expressing disagreement, conflict, or rivalry. It can be literal, such as in sports, or figurative, in arguments or political stances.
- Example:
Deutschland spielt heute Abend gegen Spanien.(Germany plays against Spain tonight.) — A clear instance of competition. - Example:
Ich bin absolut gegen diesen Vorschlag.(I am absolutely against this proposal.) — Expressing strong disagreement.
- 1Remedies or Protection (Against/For):
- When discussing medication or protective measures,
gegenindicates what the item is intended to combat or prevent. While translated as 'for' in English, the German implies fighting 'against' an ailment or problem. - Example:
Hast du etwas gegen Kopfschmerzen?(Do you have something for headaches? Literally: against headaches.) — Seeking a remedy. - Example:
Dieses Spray schützt gegen Mücken.(This spray protects against mosquitoes.) — Indicating a preventative measure.
- 1Approximate Time or Quantity (Around/Approximately):
- When you are not precise about a time or quantity,
gegenoffers a convenient way to express approximation. This is less formal than stating an exact time withum. - Example:
Wir treffen uns gegen acht Uhr.(We'll meet around eight o'clock.) — Indicates a flexible timeframe. - Example:
Es waren wohl gegen hundert Leute da.(There were probably around a hundred people there.) — Estimating a quantity.
- 1Exchange or Countervalue (In Exchange For):
- Less frequent but present,
gegencan also express an exchange. This usage implies that one thing is given in opposition or in return for another. - Example:
Ich tausche mein Buch gegen dein Fahrrad.(I'll exchange my book for your bike.) — A trade-off.
gegen's versatility, all while consistently demanding the Accusative case for its object. Recognizing these contexts will help you apply gegen accurately in your German communication.When Not To Use It
gegen is inappropriate is as important as knowing when to use it. Misusing gegen can lead to awkward or incorrect phrasing. Avoid gegen in the following scenarios:- 1Exact Time: Never use
gegenwhen you mean an exact point in time. For precise times, the prepositionumis mandatory.
- Incorrect:
Der Zug fährt gegen 10:00 Uhr ab. - Correct:
Der Zug fährt um 10:00 Uhr ab.(The train departs at 10:00 AM.) - If you say
gegen 10:00 Uhr, a native speaker will understand you mean approximately 10 AM, which might cause confusion if punctuality is expected.
- 1Spatial Location (At, On, In):
Gegendenotes movement towards or into something with impact or opposition, not static location. For descriptions of where something is located, other prepositions, often Dative, are used.
- Incorrect:
Das Bild hängt gegen die Wand.(Unless the picture is literally pushed against the wall, falling off.) - Correct:
Das Bild hängt an der Wand.(The picture hangs on the wall.) —anhere implies a fixed position.
- 1General Direction (Towards): While
gegencan imply direction with impact, for simple, non-confrontational direction, particularly when referring to people or places,zu(Dative) ornach(often with countries/cities) are more appropriate.
- Incorrect:
Ich gehe gegen den Bahnhof.(This would imply you're bumping into the station.) - Correct:
Ich gehe zum Bahnhof.(I am going to the train station.) orIch gehe nach Hause.(I am going home.)
- 1With certain verbs that already imply opposition: Some German verbs inherently carry a sense of 'against' or 'oppose' and therefore do not require
gegento be explicitly stated, or they take a different preposition entirely.
- The verb
widersprechen(to contradict, to object) already contains the 'against' meaning (wider). - Correct:
Er widerspricht mir.(He contradicts me.) - Incorrect:
Er widerspricht gegen mich.
gegen with greater precision.Common Mistakes
gegen. Being aware of these patterns can help you avoid them.- 1Dative After
gegen: This is by far the most prevalent error for A1 learners. Because many other common prepositions (e.g.,mit,aus,zu,von,bei) consistently take the Dative, there's a strong tendency to apply this pattern universally. However,gegenstrictly adheres to the Accusative.
- Incorrect:
Ich bin gegen dem Plan. - Correct:
Ich bin gegen den Plan.(I am against the plan.) - The temptation arises particularly with masculine nouns, where the Dative article
demsounds plausible but is grammatically incorrect aftergegen.
- 1Confusing
gegenwithumfor Time: While both deal with time, their meanings are distinct.umis for exact, precise times, whereasgegendenotes approximation.
- Mistake: Using
umfor approximate time.Wir treffen uns um sieben.(We meet at exactly seven.) when you mean 'around seven.' - Mistake: Using
gegenfor a fixed appointment.Der Arzttermin ist gegen zehn Uhr.(The doctor's appointment is around ten o'clock.) This could imply you might be late or early, which is usually not acceptable for appointments. Always useumfor fixed times.
- 1Overuse of
gegenfor 'Towards':Gegenimplies a degree of impact or opposition. For simply moving in a direction, especially without necessarily hitting something, other prepositions are more natural.
- Incorrect:
Ich fahre gegen die Stadt.(This would suggest you are about to collide with the city.) - Correct:
Ich fahre in die Stadt.(I am driving into the city.) orIch fahre nach Berlin.(I am driving to Berlin.)
- 1Literal Translation of English 'Against': Not all instances of 'against' in English translate directly to
gegen. For example, 'against the law' is oftenwider das Gesetz(formal) orillegal(more common), not typicallygegen das Gesetzin everyday speech, thoughgegen ein Gesetz verstoßen(to violate a law) usesgegen.
- While
gegen das Gesetzis understandable, more idiomatic expressions exist. The key is to learn the specific German phrasing rather than relying on direct translation.
Common Collocations
gegen with specific verbs, nouns, and adjectives, forming idiomatic expressions. Learning these collocations will significantly enhance your fluency and naturalness in spoken and written German. These phrases often don't have direct, word-for-word English equivalents but convey nuanced meanings.gegen:- Verbs with
gegen: kämpfen gegen(to fight against):Sie kämpfen gegen die Ungerechtigkeit.(They fight against injustice.)sich wehren gegen(to defend oneself against):Man muss sich gegen Mobbing wehren.(One must defend oneself against bullying.)protestieren gegen(to protest against):Die Studenten protestieren gegen die Studiengebühren.(The students are protesting against the tuition fees.)verstoßen gegen(to violate/act against):Er hat gegen das Gesetz verstoßen.(He has violated the law.)austauschen gegen(to exchange for):Ich möchte mein altes Handy gegen ein neues austauschen.(I want to exchange my old phone for a new one.)
- Nouns/Adjectives with
gegen: ein Mittel gegen(a remedy for/against):Gibt es ein Mittel gegen Erkältung?(Is there a remedy for a cold?)eine Impfung gegen(a vaccination against):Die Impfung gegen Grippe ist wichtig.(The vaccination against flu is important.)freundlich/nett/gemein gegen(friendly/nice/mean towards someone):Sei nicht so gemein gegen ihn.(Don't be so mean towards him.)allergisch gegen(allergic to):Ich bin allergisch gegen Nüsse.(I am allergic to nuts.)vorsichtig gegen(careful with/against):Sei vorsichtig gegen den Hund.(Be careful with the dog.)
gegen integrates into fixed expressions, often modifying the verb or adjective to specify the object of the action or state. Incorporating these into your vocabulary will make your German sound much more natural and sophisticated.Contrast With Similar Patterns
gegen, it is helpful to differentiate it from other prepositions or structures that might appear similar but carry distinct meanings or grammatical requirements. This comparative analysis clarifies its unique role.- 1
gegenvs.um(Time):
- As noted, this is a frequent point of distinction.
umspecifies an exact point in time, whilegegenindicates an approximation.
um | at (exact time) | Der Laden öffnet um neun Uhr. |gegen | around (approx.)| Der Laden öffnet gegen neun Uhr. |um for an approximate time is incorrect and will be perceived as stating a precise time. Conversely, using gegen for a fixed appointment can be seen as impolite or unclear.- 1
gegenvs.an(Physical Contact/Position):
anis a two-way preposition, meaning it can take either Dative (for location/position) or Accusative (for direction to a surface).gegen, however, is exclusively Accusative and implies a more forceful or direct opposition/contact.an(Dative - position):Das Bild hängt an der Wand.(The picture hangs on the wall – static location.)an(Accusative - direction):Ich hänge das Bild an die Wand.(I hang the picture onto the wall – motion to a surface.)gegen(Accusative - impact/leaning):Der Stuhl stößt gegen den Tisch.(The chair bumps against the table – impact/opposition.)
an describes contact on a surface (which can be static or involve motion to that surface), while gegen describes motion into or against a solid object, often with an implication of resistance or impact.- 1
gegenvs.für(Opinion/Purpose):
- Both
gegenandfür(for) are Accusative prepositions, but they express diametrically opposed ideas when it comes to opinions or support.
für | for, in favor of | Ich bin für deine Idee. |gegen | against, opposed to | Ich bin gegen deine Idee. |- 1
gegenvs.wider:
- While both translate to 'against,'
wideris significantly more formal, archaic, and less common in everyday German. It appears in fixed expressions, especially legal or literary contexts, and also takes the Accusative. For general use,gegenis always the preferred choice. wider Erwarten(contrary to expectations)wider besseres Wissen(against one's better judgment)
gegen is sufficient. You will rarely encounter wider in contemporary informal communication.Quick FAQ
gegen:- Q: Does
gegenever take the Dative case? - A: No, never.
Gegenis an Accusative-only preposition. If you see it with a Dative noun, it is grammatically incorrect in standard German.
- Q: Can I use
gegenfor people? - A: Yes, absolutely.
Gegencan refer to people when expressing opposition, competition, or an adverse relationship. For example:Er hat etwas gegen mich.(He has something against me.) orIch spiele gegen meinen Bruder.(I play against my brother.)
- Q: How do I say "against the" for neuter nouns with
gegen? - A: You use
gegen dasfor neuter singular nouns. For instance,gegen das Fenster(against the window). There are no common contractions likegegensin standard German, so always use the full formgegen das.
- Q: Is
gegenused for abstract concepts or only physical objects? - A:
Gegenis used for both. You can begegen das System(against the system),gegen den Krieg(against the war), or haveein Argument gegen eine Idee(an argument against an idea). Its versatility extends beyond the physical realm to encompass abstract opposition and disagreement.
- Q: If I'm unsure whether to use
umorgegenfor time, what's a safe bet? - A: If the exact time is important (e.g., appointments, train schedules, precise deadlines), always use
um. If you are providing a casual estimate and flexibility is acceptable,gegenis appropriate. When in doubt, prioritize clarity withumif precision matters.
- Q: Are there regional differences in
gegenusage? - A: While the core grammatical rule (Accusative only) remains constant, some regional dialects might use
gegenin slightly different idiomatic ways or might have their own preferred expressions. However, for standard A1 German, the rules outlined here are universally applicable and understood across German-speaking regions. Stick to these guidelines for clear and correct communication.
gegen will enable you to use this vital German preposition accurately and confidently in diverse contexts, from everyday conversation to more formal expressions.Gegen + Accusative Case
| Article Type | Nominative | Accusative (after gegen) |
|---|---|---|
|
Masculine
|
{der|m}
|
{den|m}
|
|
Feminine
|
{die|f}
|
{die|f}
|
|
Neuter
|
{das|n}
|
{das|n}
|
|
Plural
|
die
|
die
|
Common Contractions
| Preposition | Article | Contraction |
|---|---|---|
|
gegen
|
das
|
gegens (rare/informal)
|
Meanings
A preposition indicating physical contact, opposition, or approximate time.
Opposition
Being against an idea or person.
“Ich bin gegen {den|m} Vorschlag.”
“Sie kämpfen gegen {die|f} Ungerechtigkeit.”
Approximation (Time)
Around a specific time.
“Wir kommen gegen {den|m} Abend.”
“Das Konzert beginnt gegen 20 Uhr.”
Physical Contact
Moving into or hitting something.
“Er stößt gegen {die|f} Tür.”
“Der Ball fliegt gegen {das|n} Fenster.”
Reference Table
| Form | Structure | Example |
|---|---|---|
|
Affirmative
|
Subj + gegen + Acc
|
Ich bin gegen {den|m} Plan.
|
|
Negative
|
Subj + nicht + gegen + Acc
|
Ich bin nicht gegen {die|f} Idee.
|
|
Question
|
Gegen + Acc + Subj + Verb?
|
Gegen {den|m} Plan bist du?
|
|
Time
|
Gegen + Time
|
Wir treffen uns gegen 8.
|
|
Collision
|
Subj + Verb + gegen + Acc
|
Er läuft gegen {die|f} Wand.
|
|
Posture
|
Subj + lehnt + gegen + Acc
|
Ich lehne gegen {den|m} Tisch.
|
Formality Spectrum
Ich lehne den Plan ab. (Opinion)
Ich bin gegen {den|m} Plan. (Opinion)
Ich bin voll gegen {den|m} Plan. (Opinion)
Der Plan? Bin ich voll dagegen! (Opinion)
Uses of Gegen
Opposition
- gegen {den|m} Plan against the plan
Time
- gegen 8 Uhr around 8 o'clock
Collision
- gegen {die|f} Wand against the wall
Examples by Level
Ich bin gegen {den|m} Plan.
I am against the plan.
Wir treffen uns gegen 8 Uhr.
We meet around 8 o'clock.
Der Ball fliegt gegen {die|f} Tür.
The ball flies against the door.
Er läuft gegen {das|n} Auto.
He runs into the car.
Bist du gegen {den|m} Vorschlag?
Are you against the proposal?
Das Konzert endet gegen Mitternacht.
The concert ends around midnight.
Sie lehnt sich gegen {den|m} Stuhl.
She leans against the chair.
Wir kämpfen gegen {die|f} Kälte.
We fight against the cold.
Es gibt viele Argumente gegen {den|m} Bau.
There are many arguments against the construction.
Wir sollten gegen {das|n} Ende des Tages fertig sein.
We should be finished towards the end of the day.
Er ist gegen {die|f} neue Regelung.
He is against the new regulation.
Das Auto ist gegen {den|m} Baum geprallt.
The car crashed into the tree.
Die Stimmung im Team ist gegen {den|m} Chef gerichtet.
The mood in the team is directed against the boss.
Gegen {die|f} Erwartungen hat er gewonnen.
Contrary to expectations, he won.
Wir müssen gegen {das|n} Vergessen arbeiten.
We must work against forgetting.
Gegen {den|m} Abend wird es kühler.
Towards the evening, it gets cooler.
Gegen {den|m} Strom zu schwimmen ist oft schwierig.
Swimming against the current is often difficult.
Die Maßnahmen richten sich gegen {die|f} Inflation.
The measures are directed against inflation.
Er hat gegen {das|n} Gesetz verstoßen.
He violated the law.
Gegen {den|m} Willen der Eltern reiste sie ab.
Against the parents' will, she left.
Gegen {den|m} Lauf der Zeit ist kein Kraut gewachsen.
There is no remedy against the passage of time.
Die Klage richtet sich gegen {die|f} Entscheidung.
The lawsuit is directed against the decision.
Gegen {das|n} Ende des Jahrhunderts änderte sich alles.
Towards the end of the century, everything changed.
Er stemmt sich gegen {den|m} Widerstand.
He braces himself against the resistance.
Easily Confused
Both relate to time.
Both express stance.
Both mean against.
Common Mistakes
Ich bin gegen der Plan.
Ich bin gegen {den|m} Plan.
Wir treffen uns gegen 8 Uhr genau.
Wir treffen uns gegen 8 Uhr.
Er läuft gegen das Wand.
Er läuft gegen {die|f} Wand.
Ich bin gegen für den Plan.
Ich bin gegen {den|m} Plan.
Gegen der Abend ist es kalt.
Gegen {den|m} Abend ist es kalt.
Ich bin gegen an dem Plan.
Ich bin gegen {den|m} Plan.
Wir treffen uns gegen die 8.
Wir treffen uns gegen 8.
Er hat gegen das Gesetz gehandelt.
Er hat gegen {das|n} Gesetz gehandelt.
Gegen die Erwartung habe ich gewonnen.
Gegen {die|f} Erwartungen habe ich gewonnen.
Ich bin gegen den Vorschlag nicht.
Ich bin nicht gegen {den|m} Vorschlag.
Gegen den Willen des Vaters.
Gegen {den|m} Willen des Vaters.
Er stemmt sich gegen der Widerstand.
Er stemmt sich gegen {den|m} Widerstand.
Sentence Patterns
Ich bin gegen ___.
Wir treffen uns gegen ___ Uhr.
Er ist gegen ___ gelaufen.
Gegen ___ ist kein Kraut gewachsen.
Real World Usage
Ich bin gegen {die|f} neue App-Änderung!
Treffen wir uns gegen 7?
Ich bin nicht gegen {den|m} Vorschlag.
Wir kommen gegen {den|m} Abend an.
Die Lieferung kommt gegen 20 Uhr.
Gegen {die|f} Argumente habe ich nichts.
Check the Gender
Don't use Dative
Time Approximation
Be Direct
Smart Tips
Always change 'der' to 'den' after 'gegen'.
If you aren't sure of the exact time, use 'gegen'.
Use 'gegen' to show the direction of impact.
Use 'gegen' to be clear and direct.
Pronunciation
Gegen
The 'g' sounds are hard, like in 'go'. The 'en' at the end is a schwa sound.
Statement
Ich bin gegen {den|m} Plan. ↘
Falling intonation for a firm opinion.
Memorize It
Mnemonic
Gegen is a 'G' word for 'Going against' or 'Getting close to' (time).
Visual Association
Imagine a person walking into a wall (collision) while looking at their watch (time) and shaking their head 'no' (opposition).
Rhyme
Gegen is the case we use, for the Accusative we choose!
Story
Hans was against the new rule. He walked against the wind to the meeting. He arrived around 5 o'clock and accidentally bumped against the door.
Word Web
Challenge
Write 3 sentences using 'gegen' about your day: one for time, one for an opinion, one for a physical object.
Cultural Notes
Germans value directness. Using 'gegen' to express disagreement is common and not necessarily rude.
Austrians might use 'gegen' similarly, but often prefer 'wider' in very formal legal contexts.
In spoken Swiss German, 'gegen' is often replaced by 'gäge'.
Derived from Old High German 'gagan', meaning 'towards' or 'against'.
Conversation Starters
Bist du gegen {den|m} neuen Plan?
Wann treffen wir uns? Gegen 8?
Was hältst du von dem Projekt?
Wie stehst du zu den neuen Regeln?
Journal Prompts
Common Mistakes
Test Yourself
Ich bin gegen ___ (der) Plan.
Wir treffen uns ___ 8 Uhr.
Find and fix the mistake:
Er läuft gegen der Wand.
gegen / bin / ich / den / Plan
I am against the idea.
Answer starts with: Ich...
Match each item on the left with its pair on the right:
Er stößt gegen ___ (das) Fenster.
Wir kämpfen gegen ___ (die) Ungerechtigkeit.
Score: /8
Practice Exercises
8 exercisesIch bin gegen ___ (der) Plan.
Wir treffen uns ___ 8 Uhr.
Find and fix the mistake:
Er läuft gegen der Wand.
gegen / bin / ich / den / Plan
I am against the idea.
Gegen 8 Uhr
Er stößt gegen ___ (das) Fenster.
Wir kämpfen gegen ___ (die) Ungerechtigkeit.
Score: /8
Practice Bank
10 exercisesBist du ___ diesen Vorschlag?
Er ist gegen mir.
gegen / wir / spielen / Profis / die
Around 10 o'clock.
Match the following:
Ich brauche ein Mittel ___.
Das Kind drückt gegen ___ Fenster. (neuter)
Lehn dich nicht gegen den Tür.
Germany plays against France.
Alle sind für den Plan, nur du bist gegen ___.
Score: /10
FAQ (8)
Yes, it is strictly an Accusative preposition.
No, use 'um' for exact time.
Because it is in the Accusative case.
No, it is just a direct way to express opposition.
Yes, 'Ich bin gegen ihn' (I am against him).
Yes, to express disagreement with proposals.
'Wider' is archaic or very formal.
Think of 'G' for 'Going against'.
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
contra
No article declension in Spanish.
contre
French uses different words for time and opposition.
gegen
N/A
ni taishite
Postposition vs. Preposition.
didda
No temporal usage.
duì
No case declension.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
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