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The Slovak Alphabet (Abeceda)

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Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

Slovak uses the Latin alphabet with special diacritics (háčik and dĺžeň) to represent unique sounds.

  • The 'dĺžeň' (´) lengthens a vowel: a -> á.
  • The 'háčik' (ˇ) softens a consonant: c -> č.
  • The 'mäkčeň' (ˇ) on 'd', 't', 'n', 'l' changes them to 'ď', 'ť', 'ň', 'ľ'.
Letter + Diacritic = New Sound

Common Diacritic Patterns

Base Letter With Háčik With Dĺžeň Sound Change
c
č
-
ts -> ch
s
š
-
s -> sh
z
ž
-
z -> zh
a
-
á
short -> long
o
-
ó
short -> long
n
ň
-
n -> ny

Meanings

The Slovak alphabet consists of 46 letters, including unique characters created by diacritics.

1

Vowel Length

Using the dĺžeň to make a vowel sound last longer.

“mama”

“mám”

2

Consonant Softening

Using the háčik to create palatalized sounds.

“cesta”

“často”

Reference Table

Reference table for The Slovak Alphabet (Abeceda)
Form Structure Example
Standard
Letter
a
Long
Letter + dĺžeň
á
Soft
Letter + háčik
č
Combined
Letter + both
ď
Question
Sentence + ?
Čo?
Negative
Nie + Verb
Nie je.

フォーマル度スペクトル

フォーマル
Čaj je horúci.

Čaj je horúci. (Daily life)

ニュートラル
Čaj je horúci.

Čaj je horúci. (Daily life)

カジュアル
Čaj je horúci.

Čaj je horúci. (Daily life)

スラング
Čaj je vriaci.

Čaj je vriaci. (Daily life)

Slovak Alphabet Structure

Slovak Alphabet

Vowels

  • a, e, i, o, u short

Diacritics

  • á, é, í, ó, ú long
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レベル別の例文

1

Mama má auto.

Mom has a car.

2

Čo je to?

What is that?

3

Pijem čaj.

I am drinking tea.

4

To je pes.

That is a dog.

1

Cesta je dlhá.

The road is long.

2

Mám rád žabu.

I like the frog.

3

Kúpim si chlieb.

I will buy bread.

4

Dnes je krásne.

It is beautiful today.

1

Študenti píšu úlohu.

Students are writing a task.

2

Ľúbim ťa veľmi.

I love you very much.

3

Nájdem tú knihu.

I will find that book.

4

Ťažká práca.

Hard work.

1

Väčšina ľudí vie pravdu.

Most people know the truth.

2

Dôležité rozhodnutie.

Important decision.

3

Päťdesiat rokov.

Fifty years.

4

Námestie je plné.

The square is full.

1

Vzťahy sú zložité.

Relationships are complex.

2

Päťstoročná tradícia.

Five-hundred-year tradition.

3

Zákonnosť je prioritou.

Legality is a priority.

4

Väzba je pevná.

The bond is strong.

1

Nádherná architektúra mesta.

The city's magnificent architecture.

2

Väčšinový názor.

Majority opinion.

3

Ťažisko problému.

The core of the problem.

4

Ľahkovážnosť sa nevypláca.

Frivolity does not pay off.

間違えやすい

The Slovak Alphabet (Abeceda) 対 c vs č

They look similar.

よくある間違い

✗

caj

✓

čaj

Missing the háčik changes the sound.
✗

mama (long a)

✓

máma

Incorrect length.
✗

saba

✓

žaba

Wrong consonant.
✗

n

✓

ň

Missing soft sign.
✗

pijem caj

✓

pijem čaj

Still missing diacritics.
✗

dlha

✓

dlhá

Missing length.
✗

cesta (wrong sound)

✓

česta

Phonetic confusion.
✗

studenty

✓

študenti

Missing háčik.
✗

lubim

✓

ľúbim

Missing soft sign.
✗

tazka

✓

ťažká

Missing diacritics.
✗

vazba

✓

väzba

Missing umlaut-like mark.
✗

tazisko

✓

ťažisko

Missing diacritics.
✗

vacinovy

✓

väčšinový

Missing multiple marks.

文型パターン

To je ___.

Real World Usage

Texting constant

Ahoj!

Job Interview very common

Dobrý deň.

Social Media common

Super!

Travel common

Kde je stanica?

Food Delivery common

Prosím si pizzu.

Official Documents constant

Meno a priezvisko.

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💡

Practice Daily

Read aloud every day.
⚠️

Don't skip diacritics

They change meaning.
🎯

Use a Slovak keyboard

It helps with muscle memory.
💬

Respect the script

It is part of the culture.

Smart Tips

Always check for diacritics.

caj → čaj

Look for the marks.

mama → máma

Use the right layout.

caj → čaj

Lengthen the vowels.

mama → máma

発音

č = ch in chair

Háčik

Softens the consonant.

á = a in father

Dĺžeň

Lengthens the vowel.

Falling

Slovak is nice. ↓

Declarative statement

暗記しよう

記憶術

Remember: 'Háčik' is a little hook that catches the sound, 'Dĺžeň' is a long line that stretches the sound.

視覚的連想

Imagine a letter 'c' wearing a small hat (háčik) to become 'č'. Imagine a letter 'a' being pulled by a long rope (dĺžeň) to become 'á'.

Rhyme

With a hook it's soft and light, with a line it's long and bright.

Story

A frog (žaba) sat on a path (cesta). He wore a hat (háčik) and stretched his legs (dĺžeň). He was a very special Slovak frog.

Word Web

abecedapísmenohláskadĺžeňmäkčeňháčik

チャレンジ

Write your name using Slovak diacritics if possible, or write 5 words you know and add the correct marks.

文化メモ

Diacritics are a point of national pride.

Derived from Latin script, adapted by Ľudovít Štúr.

会話のきっかけ

“

Ako sa píše tvoje meno?

日記のテーマ

Write 5 words with diacritics.

よくある間違い

Incorrect

正解

Incorrect

正解

Incorrect

正解

Incorrect

正解

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Test Yourself

Fill in the missing diacritic.

c_j

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: č
The word is čaj.
Choose the correct word. 選択問題

Which is correct?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: čaj
Correct spelling.
Fix the word. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

mama

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: máma
Length matters.
Build a sentence. Sentence Building

má / auto / mama

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Mama má auto.
Correct order.
Match the letter. Match Pairs

Match each item on the left with its pair on the right:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: č
Softening.
Fill in the blank.

Dnes je ___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: krásne
Correct spelling.
Choose the correct word. 選択問題

Which is correct?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: žaba
Correct spelling.
Fix the word. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

cesta

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: cesta
Correct spelling.

Score: /8

練習問題

8 exercises
Fill in the missing diacritic.

c_j

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: č
The word is čaj.
Choose the correct word. 選択問題

Which is correct?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: čaj
Correct spelling.
Fix the word. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

mama

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: máma
Length matters.
Build a sentence. Sentence Building

má / auto / mama

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Mama má auto.
Correct order.
Match the letter. Match Pairs

c -> ?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: č
Softening.
Fill in the blank.

Dnes je ___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: krásne
Correct spelling.
Choose the correct word. 選択問題

Which is correct?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: žaba
Correct spelling.
Fix the word. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

cesta

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: cesta
Correct spelling.

Score: /8

よくある質問 (8)

Slovak needs them for precise sounds.

No, they are mandatory.

Use a Slovak keyboard layout.

No, it is very phonetic.

It is a length mark.

It is a softening mark.

Only with close friends.

Only where needed.

Scaffolded Practice

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

4

Mastery Progress

Needs Practice

Improving

Strong

Mastered

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In Other Languages

Czech high

Česká abeceda

Minor differences in specific letters.

German moderate

Lateinisches Alphabet

Slovak is more phonetic.

French moderate

Alphabet latin

French spelling is complex.

Spanish moderate

Alfabeto latino

Spanish is very phonetic.

Japanese low

ローマ字

Slovak is alphabetic.

Arabic none

الأبجدية اللاتينية

Arabic is abjad.

Learning Path

Prerequisites

Connected Grammar

Rhythm Law

Builds On

Explains vowel length.

Next
Long Vowels and the Accent Mark (Dĺžeň)
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