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B2 verb 10 Min. Lesezeit

به چالش کشیدن

be chalesh keshidan
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At the A1 level, you are just starting to learn Persian. The phrase 'به چالش کشیدن' (be chālesh keshidan) is quite advanced and you usually won't need it yet. However, it's good to know that 'chālesh' means 'challenge.' Think of it like a difficult game. At this stage, you would use simpler words like 'moshkel' (problem) or 'bazi' (game). If you want to say you are playing a hard game, you might say 'in bazi sakht ast' (this game is hard). You don't need to worry about the complex grammar of 'be chālesh keshidan' yet. Just remember that 'keshidan' means 'to pull' and 'be' means 'to.' So, you are 'pulling' something into a 'challenge.' This is a very common way to make verbs in Persian by combining two words. Even though this specific phrase is for adults and experts, seeing how it is built helps you understand how Persian works. Persian uses many compound verbs. For example, 'ghazā khordan' (to eat food) is 'food' + 'eating.' 'Be chālesh keshidan' is just a more difficult version of this pattern. As an A1 learner, just recognize 'chālesh' when you see it on the internet or in a video. It usually means something fun or a test of skill. Don't try to use the whole phrase in your daily speaking yet, as it might sound too formal for a beginner. Focus on simpler verbs first, but keep this one in the back of your mind as a 'big word' for later. Learning Persian is a challenge itself, so you are already living the word 'chālesh'! Keep practicing your basic verbs and soon you will be able to use these long phrases too. Remember, 'keshidan' is also used for 'drawing a picture' or 'smoking,' so it's a very useful verb to learn early on.
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As an A2 learner, you are building your vocabulary and starting to understand more complex sentences. 'به چالش کشیدن' (be chālesh keshidan) is a phrase you might see in news headlines or hear on TV. It means 'to challenge.' While you might not use it in every conversation, you should understand what it means when someone else says it. In Persian, we often combine a noun with a verb to make a new action. Here, 'chālesh' (challenge) is combined with 'keshidan' (to pull). At the A2 level, you can start to recognize the parts of this phrase. 'Be' is a preposition meaning 'to.' So the whole thing is 'to pull to a challenge.' You might use it in a simple way, like 'In ketāb fekr-e man rā be chālesh keshid' (This book challenged my thought). This is a great way to show you are moving beyond basic Persian. You can also start to notice the present tense: 'mikesham' (I pull), 'mikeshi' (you pull). So, 'man to rā be chālesh mikesham' means 'I challenge you.' But be careful! This is a very strong phrase. It's better for big ideas or serious debates. If you are just playing sports, you might say 'biā mosābeghe bedim' (let's compete). At A2, you are learning to distinguish between formal and informal situations. 'Be chālesh keshidan' is definitely more on the formal side. It shows that you are interested in deep topics like science, books, or news. Try to find this phrase in a Persian newspaper or a news website. You will see it used when one politician disagrees with another. This will help you see how the word fits into a real sentence. Don't be afraid of long phrases; they are just like puzzles made of smaller words you already know!
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At the B1 level, you are becoming an intermediate speaker. You can now start using 'به چالش کشیدن' (be chālesh keshidan) in your own writing and speaking, especially when discussing opinions or books. This phrase is perfect for expressing that something made you think deeply or that you disagree with an idea. Instead of just saying 'man movāfegh nistam' (I don't agree), you can say 'man in nazar rā be chālesh mikesham' (I challenge this opinion). This makes your Persian sound much more professional and nuanced. You should also pay attention to the grammar. 'Keshidan' is the part that changes. In the past, it's 'keshidam, keshidi, keshid...' In the present, it's 'mikesham, mikeshi, mikeshad...' You also need to use 'rā' after the object you are challenging. For example: 'U ghānoon rā be chālesh keshid' (He challenged the law). At B1, you are also learning about the subjunctive mood. You might say, 'mikhāham u rā be chālesh bekesham' (I want to challenge him). Notice how 'mikesham' becomes 'bekesham.' This is a key skill at this level. You will hear this phrase often in 'Goftegoo' (dialogues) and interviews. It's a very 'intellectual' verb. It suggests that you aren't just arguing, but you are performing a critical analysis. Iranians value someone who can speak eloquently, and using compound verbs like this correctly is a sign of a good student. Try to use it when you are writing an essay about a social issue or discussing a movie. It shows that you understand that 'challenging' something is a process of testing its truth. It's a very powerful tool in your vocabulary toolbox. Keep practicing the conjugation and don't forget the 'rā'!
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At the B2 level, you are expected to use 'به چالش کشیدن' (be chālesh keshidan) with confidence in both formal and semi-formal contexts. This is a hallmark phrase for this level because it deals with abstract concepts and critical thinking. You should understand that this isn't just a synonym for 'disagreeing'; it implies a systematic questioning of the validity or truth of a claim, theory, or authority. At this stage, you should be comfortable using it in various tenses and moods. For instance, you might use the present perfect to describe a lasting impact: 'In dāneshmand tamām-e farziyāt-e mā rā be chālesh keshide ast' (This scientist has challenged all our hypotheses). You should also be able to recognize and use the passive form: 'E'tebār-e in sanad be chālesh keshide shod' (The credibility of this document was challenged). This is very common in journalistic and academic Persian. Furthermore, you should understand the collocation of this verb with specific nouns. We challenge 'e'tebār' (credibility), 'ghodrat' (power), 'sonnat' (tradition), and 'nazar' (opinion). Using these collocations correctly will make you sound like a near-native speaker. At B2, you should also be aware of the register. While 'be chālesh keshidan' is formal, it's not archaic. It's modern and sharp. It's the language of the 'intellectual elite' and the 'active citizen.' If you are preparing for an advanced Persian exam like the SAMFA, this is exactly the kind of vocabulary they look for in the writing and speaking sections. It shows you can handle complex social and academic topics. Practice using it to describe a time when you had to question something you previously believed. This kind of self-reflection is a classic B2 task, and this verb is the perfect vehicle for it.
As a C1 learner, your mastery of 'به چالش کشیدن' (be chālesh keshidan) should be near-native. You should not only use the phrase correctly but also understand the subtle stylistic choices between this and its synonyms like 'zir-e so'āl bordan' or 'mobāreze talabidan.' At this level, you can use 'be chālesh keshidan' to construct complex, multi-clause sentences that reflect sophisticated thought. For example: 'Nevisande bā mahārat-e tamām, bonyādhā-ye akhlāghi-ye jāme'e rā be chālesh mikeshad va khānande rā be tafakkori amigh vā midārad' (The author, with total skill, challenges the moral foundations of society and compels the reader to deep reflection). You should also be able to use the noun form 'به چالش کشیده شدن' as a subject in a sentence, treating the entire process as a concept. At C1, you should be sensitive to the tone. Using this verb can sometimes be seen as provocative, so you should know when to use it to make a point and when to use a softer alternative like 'naghd kardan' (to critique) to maintain a more diplomatic tone. You should also be familiar with how this phrase appears in classical-style modern prose, where it might be used to describe the clash of civilizations or the meeting of tradition and modernity. Your ability to use it in spontaneous debate, responding to an opponent's point by 'challenging' their evidence, is a key indicator of C1 proficiency. You should also explore the use of this phrase in different domains: law, where a witness's testimony is challenged; science, where a paradigm is challenged; and art, where traditional forms are challenged. This breadth of application is what distinguishes a C1 user from a B2 user. You are no longer just using a word; you are wielding a conceptual tool.
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At the C2 level, 'به چالش کشیدن' (be chālesh keshidan) is a tool for precision and rhetorical power. You understand the historical evolution of the word 'chālesh' and how its pairing with 'keshidan' creates a specific imagery of 'drawing' an opponent into an arena of scrutiny. A C2 speaker uses this phrase to navigate the highest levels of Persian academic and literary discourse. You can use it to deconstruct complex philosophical arguments or to provide a scathing critique of a political strategy. At this level, you might use it in the context of 'Self-Challenging' (khishtan rā be chālesh keshidan) as a form of existential inquiry. Your usage should be flawless, incorporating sophisticated grammar like the future tense ('be chālesh khāhad keshid') or complex conditional structures. You should also be able to appreciate the irony or sarcasm if someone uses this high-register phrase in a low-register context. Furthermore, a C2 speaker can identify the 'weight' of this phrase in a text; they know that when an author chooses 'be chālesh keshidan' over 'enteghād kardan,' they are signaling a more fundamental and perhaps more aggressive level of disagreement. You should be able to translate this phrase into English or other languages while capturing its exact nuance—not just 'to challenge,' but 'to subject to rigorous and potentially transformative scrutiny.' You might even use it in creative writing to describe a character's internal struggle with their own conscience or destiny. At C2, the language is not just a means of communication but a medium for art and deep philosophical exploration, and 'be chālesh keshidan' is a vital part of that medium. You are a master of the 'tug-of-war' of ideas that this verb represents.
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به چالش کشیدن in 30 Sekunden

  • A formal Persian compound verb meaning 'to challenge' or 'to dispute' an idea or authority.
  • Commonly used in academic, journalistic, and political contexts to signal rigorous scrutiny.
  • Requires the auxiliary verb 'keshidan' and typically takes a direct object with the marker 'rā'.
  • Represents a modern shift in Persian discourse toward direct analytical debate and critical thinking.

The Persian phrase به چالش کشیدن (be chālesh keshidan) is a sophisticated compound verb that translates literally to "to pull into a challenge." In modern Persian discourse, it has evolved into a cornerstone of intellectual, social, and political dialogue. While the word chālesh itself is a relatively modern addition to the Persian lexicon, often associated with the English word 'challenge,' the phrase has taken on a life of its own, signifying much more than a simple dare. It represents the act of questioning established norms, disputing the validity of an argument, or forcing a person or institution to prove their worth or the truth of their claims. This verb is ubiquitous in Iranian media, academic journals, and high-level debates, marking a transition from traditional, perhaps more indirect forms of criticism to a more direct, analytical approach to disagreement.

Semantic Range
The term covers a spectrum from 'questioning a theory' in a scientific context to 'challenging an opponent' in a political arena. It implies a rigorous process of scrutiny rather than a superficial disagreement.
Modern Usage
In the age of social media, Iranians use this phrase to describe viral challenges, but in a formal setting, it remains a heavy-hitting verb for critical analysis.
Grammatical Structure
It is a compound verb consisting of the preposition 'be' (to), the noun 'chālesh' (challenge), and the auxiliary verb 'keshidan' (to pull/draw). It functions as a transitive verb requiring a direct object.

دانشمندان نظریات قدیمی را به چالش کشیدند تا به حقیقت دست یابند.

Translation: Scientists challenged old theories to reach the truth.

When you use به چالش کشیدن, you are signaling a level of intellectual rigor. It is not just about saying 'I disagree'; it is about demanding evidence and forcing the other party to defend their position. This makes it a B2-level phrase because it requires an understanding of nuance and the ability to engage in complex argumentation. In a professional environment, if you say you want to challenge a project's feasibility, you would use this phrase to show that you are looking for potential flaws to improve the final outcome. It is a constructive yet firm action.

منتقد، سیاست‌های اقتصادی دولت را به چالش کشید.

Translation: The critic challenged the government's economic policies.

این مستند، باورهای رایج جامعه را به چالش می‌کشد.

Translation: This documentary challenges the common beliefs of society.

قهرمان جدید، قدرت پادشاه را به چالش کشید.

Translation: The new hero challenged the king's power.

ما باید توانایی‌های خود را به چالش بکشیم تا رشد کنیم.

Translation: We must challenge our own abilities in order to grow.

Ultimately, به چالش کشیدن is about movement and friction. It suggests that by 'pulling' something into the arena of a 'challenge,' we expose its weaknesses and strengths alike. It is a verb of progress, often used in contexts where stagnant ideas are being revitalized through rigorous questioning.

Using به چالش کشیدن correctly requires understanding its position as a compound verb. In Persian, the main action is carried by the auxiliary verb keshidan, which conjugates according to tense, person, and number, while 'be chālesh' remains relatively static. This phrase typically takes a direct object, which is the thing or person being challenged. Because it is a B2-level verb, it often appears in complex sentences with subordinate clauses, formal registers, and passive constructions.

Transitive Usage
The most common way to use it is: [Subject] + [Object] + [rā] + [be chālesh keshidan]. For example: 'او عقاید من را به چالش کشید' (He challenged my beliefs).
Passive Construction
To say something 'was challenged,' you use 'به چالش کشیده شدن'. Example: 'نظریه او به چالش کشیده شد' (His theory was challenged).
Subjunctive Mood
Used for expressing desire or necessity: 'باید او را به چالش بکشیم' (We must challenge him).

اگر مدرکی نداری، نباید اعتبار او را به چالش بکشی.

Translation: If you don't have evidence, you shouldn't challenge his credibility.

In formal writing, you might see this verb paired with adverbs of intensity like به‌شدت (severely) or به‌طور جدی (seriously). This adds weight to the action. For instance, 'The results of the election were seriously challenged' would be 'نتایج انتخابات به‌طور جدی به چالش کشیده شد.' This structure is common in legal and journalistic Persian, where the validity of documents or procedures is under scrutiny.

نویسنده در این کتاب، مفهوم عدالت را به چالش می‌کشد.

Translation: The author challenges the concept of justice in this book.

وکیل مدافع، اظهارات شاهد را به چالش کشید.

Translation: The defense lawyer challenged the witness's statements.

When using this verb in a conversational setting, it often implies a friendly but competitive spirit. For example, in a game or a friendly debate: 'بیا مهارت‌های من را به چالش بکش' (Come and challenge my skills). However, the primary use remains intellectual and formal. It is essential to distinguish between 'challenging someone to a race' (which might use 'mosābeghe dādan') and 'challenging someone's authority' (which definitely uses 'be chālesh keshidan').

To hear به چالش کشیدن in its natural habitat, one should look toward Iranian news broadcasts, political talk shows, and university lecture halls. It is a favorite among journalists who want to sound objective yet critical. When a reporter interviews a public official, they might say, 'Today we are going to challenge the government's performance in the health sector.' In this context, the verb signals that the interview will not be a series of soft questions but rather a rigorous inquiry.

News Media
Headlines often use this verb to describe international relations, such as 'Iran challenges the UN resolution' or 'The new law was challenged by the Supreme Court.'
Academic Discourse
In theses and research papers, scholars use it to describe how their work disputes previous findings. 'این تحقیق، فرضیات قبلی را به چالش می‌کشد' (This research challenges previous hypotheses).
Social Media & Pop Culture
While 'chālesh' is used for 'Ice Bucket Challenge' style trends, 'be chālesh keshidan' is used when an influencer or activist questions a social norm or a celebrity's behavior.

مجری برنامه، مهمان را با سوالات سخت به چالش کشید.

Translation: The show host challenged the guest with tough questions.

If you attend a literary circle or a 'Goftegoo' (dialogue) session in Tehran, you will hear intellectuals using this phrase to deconstruct texts. It is part of the 'critical thinking' vocabulary that has become very popular among the younger, educated generation in Iran. They use it to express their desire to move beyond dogmatic interpretations of history and religion. Hearing this word often indicates that the speaker is engaged in a high-level, analytical thought process.

تکنولوژی‌های جدید، مدل‌های کسب‌وکار قدیمی را به چالش کشیده‌اند.

Translation: New technologies have challenged old business models.

In summary, while you might not hear this word in a casual grocery store transaction, you will hear it in any environment where ideas are being tested, debated, or redefined. It is the language of the 'Iranian Public Sphere,' used by those who wish to engage deeply with the world around them.

For English speakers learning Persian, the most common mistake with به چالش کشیدن is using it in contexts where a different type of 'challenge' is intended. In English, 'challenge' is a broad word. In Persian, you must be more specific. Using 'be chālesh keshidan' for a simple sports invitation or a physical dare can sound overly formal or even bizarre. Another common error involves the misuse of the preposition 'be' or the auxiliary verb 'keshidan'.

Mistaking 'Challenge' for 'Invite'
If you want to challenge someone to a game of chess, don't use 'be chālesh keshidan' unless it's a very high-stakes, intellectual match. Instead, use 'da'vat kardan' (to invite) or 'mosābeghe dādan' (to compete).
Incorrect Auxiliary Verb
Some learners might try to use 'kardan' instead of 'keshidan' (e.g., 'be chālesh kardan'). This is incorrect. The fixed idiom is always with 'keshidan'.
Confusion with 'Zir-e so'āl bordan'
While similar, 'zir-e so'āl bordan' (to call into question) is more about doubting the truth, whereas 'be chālesh keshidan' is about actively confronting or testing it.

❌ غلط: من او را به چالش کردم.
✅ درست: من او را به چالش کشیدم.

Note: Always use 'keshidan' as the auxiliary verb.

Another nuance is the use of the word chālesh alone. Iranians often say 'In yek chālesh ast' (This is a challenge/difficulty). However, 'be chālesh keshidan' is an action performed on something else. Learners often forget the object marker 'rā', which is crucial since this is a transitive verb phrase. Forgetting 'rā' makes the sentence grammatically incomplete and confusing to native speakers.

❌ غلط: او قدرت من به چالش کشید.
✅ درست: او قدرت من را به چالش کشید.

Note: The object marker 'rā' is mandatory here.

Finally, be careful with the register. Using 'be chālesh keshidan' in a very informal or slang-heavy conversation might make you sound like a news anchor. If you are among friends and want to challenge someone to do something silly, just use the English loanword 'chālesh' in a simpler structure, like 'biā in chālesh ro anjām bedim' (Let's do this challenge).

Persian is a language rich in synonyms, and depending on the level of formality and the specific nuance you want to convey, there are several alternatives to به چالش کشیدن. Understanding these differences is key to reaching a C1 or C2 level of proficiency. Some words focus on the aspect of 'doubt,' others on 'confrontation,' and others on 'competition.'

زیر سؤال بردن (Zir-e so'āl bordan)
Literally 'to take under question.' This is the closest synonym. Use this when you want to emphasize that something's validity or truth is being doubted. It is slightly more common in legal and bureaucratic contexts.
مبارزه طلبیدن (Mobāreze talabidan)
Literally 'to seek a fight/struggle.' This is much more aggressive and archaic. It is used in epic literature or when describing a literal call to battle. In modern contexts, it might be used metaphorically for a very fierce competition.
انتقاد کردن (Enteghād kardan)
'To criticize.' This is a more general term. While challenging someone often involves criticism, 'enteghād' is broader and doesn't necessarily imply a direct confrontation or a test of validity.

او صداقت من را زیر سؤال برد (He called my honesty into question).

Comparison: This focuses on the doubt, whereas 'be chālesh keshidan' would focus on the active process of testing that honesty.

Another interesting alternative is تردید کردن در (tardid kardan dar), which means 'to doubt.' This is less active than challenging. If you doubt a theory, you might just sit at home and think it's wrong. If you challenge it (be chālesh keshidan), you are writing a paper or conducting an experiment to prove it's wrong. The choice of verb defines your level of engagement with the subject matter.

پهلوان، رقیب خود را به مبارزه طلبید (The hero challenged his rival to a fight).

Comparison: This is more physical and traditional than the intellectual 'be chālesh keshidan'.

In academic writing, you might also see واکاوی کردن (vākāvi kardan - to analyze/dissect) or نقد کردن (naghd kardan - to critique). These are more neutral and less confrontational than 'be chālesh keshidan'. Choosing the right word depends on whether you want to appear as a neutral observer or an active challenger of the status quo.

How Formal Is It?

Wusstest du?

While 'chālesh' sounds modern, 'keshidan' is one of the most versatile verbs in Persian, used for everything from smoking a cigarette to drawing a mountain or weighing an object.

Aussprachehilfe

UK /be tʃɒːˈleʃ ceʃiˈdæn/
US /be tʃɑːˈleʃ keʃiˈdæn/
The primary stress in the compound verb falls on the last syllable of the auxiliary verb: keshidÁN. In the noun part, stress the 'lesh' in chāLESH.
Reimt sich auf
Davidan (to run) Porsidan (to ask) Khandidan (to laugh) Tarsidan (to fear) Rasidan (to arrive) Pushidan (to wear) Nooshidan (to drink) Kharidan (to buy)
Häufige Fehler
  • Pronouncing 'chālesh' as 'chalesh' with a short 'a'. It must be a long 'ā'.
  • Putting too much stress on the preposition 'be'.
  • Confusing the 'sh' in 'keshidan' with 's'.
  • Forgetting to pronounce the final 'n' in 'keshidan'.
  • Merging 'be' and 'chālesh' into one word too quickly.

Schwierigkeitsgrad

Lesen 7/5

Requires understanding of compound verbs and formal vocabulary.

Schreiben 8/5

Need to remember the correct auxiliary verb and object marker 'rā'.

Sprechen 7/5

The pronunciation is straightforward, but the register must be correct.

Hören 6/5

Common in news, so easy to find examples, but fast speech can blur the parts.

Was du als Nächstes lernen solltest

Voraussetzungen

کشیدن (to pull) سؤال (question) مخالفت (disagreement) قدرت (power) اعتبار (credibility)

Als Nächstes lernen

زیر سؤال بردن مبارزه طلبیدن واکاوی نقد و بررسی استدلال

Fortgeschritten

پارادایم معرفت‌شناسی مشروعیت هژمونی دیالکتیک

Wichtige Grammatik

Compound Verb Conjugation

In 'be chālesh keshidan', only 'keshidan' changes. Past: keshid, Present: mikeshad.

Object Marker 'rā'

The thing being challenged must take 'rā' if it is definite: 'نظریه را به چالش کشید'.

Subjunctive Mood

Used after verbs of wanting or necessity: 'باید او را به چالش بکشیم' (bekeshim).

Passive Voice

Formed with the past participle + shodan: 'به چالش کشیده شد'.

Prepositional Integrity

The 'be' is essential; removing it changes the meaning or makes it ungrammatical.

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Beispiele nach Niveau

1

این یک چالش است.

This is a challenge.

Simple subject + predicate with 'ast'.

2

او چالش را دوست دارد.

He likes challenges.

Direct object 'chālesh' + verb 'doost dārad'.

3

آیا این چالش سخت است؟

Is this challenge hard?

Question form using 'āyā'.

4

من چالش جدید می‌خواهم.

I want a new challenge.

Adjective 'jadid' follows the noun 'chālesh'.

5

ما در بازی چالش داریم.

We have a challenge in the game.

Prepositional phrase 'dar bāzi'.

6

چالش یعنی چه؟

What does challenge mean?

Common question for definitions.

7

این چالش برای من است.

This challenge is for me.

Preposition 'barāye' (for).

8

نام این چالش چیست؟

What is the name of this challenge?

Possessive construction 'nām-e in chālesh'.

1

من تو را به چالش می‌کشم.

I challenge you.

Present tense of 'keshidan'.

2

او مرا به چالش کشید.

He challenged me.

Past tense 'keshid'.

3

ما باید این ایده را به چالش بکشیم.

We must challenge this idea.

Subjunctive 'bekeshim' after 'bāyad'.

4

آن‌ها قدرت او را به چالش کشیدند.

They challenged his power.

Plural subject and verb.

5

آیا می‌خواهی مرا به چالش بکشی؟

Do you want to challenge me?

Infinitive structure with 'mikhāhi'.

6

او همیشه دیگران را به چالش می‌کشد.

He always challenges others.

Use of the adverb 'hamishe'.

7

این سوال ذهن مرا به چالش کشید.

This question challenged my mind.

Metaphorical use of 'mind'.

8

بیا با هم به چالش بکشیم.

Let's challenge together.

Imperative/Exhortative 'biā'.

1

منتقد، تمام نظریات نویسنده را به چالش کشید.

The critic challenged all of the author's theories.

Direct object with 'tamām-e' (all of).

2

اگر مدرک داری، او را به چالش بکش.

If you have proof, challenge him.

Conditional 'agar' clause.

3

او توانست سیستم قدیمی را به چالش بکشد.

He was able to challenge the old system.

Modal 'tavānest' + subjunctive.

4

چرا می‌خواهی اعتبار مرا به چالش بکشی؟

Why do you want to challenge my credibility?

Question word 'cherā'.

5

این مستند باورهای ما را به چالش می‌کشد.

This documentary challenges our beliefs.

Present tense describing a general truth.

6

او با مهارت خود، همه را به چالش کشید.

With his skill, he challenged everyone.

Prepositional phrase 'bā mahārat-e khod'.

7

ما نباید حقیقت را به چالش بکشیم.

We should not challenge the truth.

Negative 'nabāyad'.

8

او در حال به چالش کشیدن رقیب خود است.

He is in the process of challenging his rival.

Present progressive construction.

1

نتایج این آزمایش، قوانین فیزیک را به چالش می‌کشد.

The results of this experiment challenge the laws of physics.

Plural subject with a singular concept verb.

2

وکیل سعی کرد اظهارات شاهد را به چالش بکشد.

The lawyer tried to challenge the witness's statements.

Verb 'sa'y kardan' (to try).

3

این جنبش، ساختارهای سنتی قدرت را به چالش کشیده است.

This movement has challenged traditional power structures.

Present perfect tense.

4

او با شجاعت، تصمیمات مدیر را به چالش کشید.

He courageously challenged the manager's decisions.

Adverbial 'bā shojā'at' (with courage).

5

هر کسی که این نظریه را به چالش بکشد، پاداش می‌گیرد.

Anyone who challenges this theory will be rewarded.

Relative clause 'har kasi ke'.

6

ما باید خودمان را به چالش بکشیم تا پیشرفت کنیم.

We must challenge ourselves to progress.

Reflexive pronoun 'khodemān'.

7

پروفسور، دانشجویان را به چالش کشیدن تشویق کرد.

The professor encouraged the students to challenge (things).

Infinitive used as a noun.

8

آیا شما آماده‌اید که وضعیت موجود را به چالش بکشید؟

Are you ready to challenge the status quo?

Adjective 'āmāde' (ready).

1

فیلسوف در آثار خود، مبانی معرفت‌شناسی را به چالش می‌کشد.

The philosopher, in his works, challenges the foundations of epistemology.

Academic vocabulary (ma'refat-shenāsi).

2

این کشف باستان‌شناسی، تاریخ رسمی منطقه را به چالش کشید.

This archaeological discovery challenged the official history of the region.

Compound adjectives (bāstān-shenāsi).

3

او با استدلال‌های منطقی، فرض‌های رقیب را به‌شدت به چالش کشید.

With logical arguments, he severely challenged the rival's assumptions.

Adverb 'be-sheddat' (severely).

4

این هنرمند با کارهای خود، تعاریف سنتی از زیبایی را به چالش می‌کشد.

This artist, through their work, challenges traditional definitions of beauty.

Abstract nouns (ta'ārif-e sonnati).

5

اگر بخواهیم عدالت را برقرار کنیم، باید تبعیض را به چالش بکشیم.

If we want to establish justice, we must challenge discrimination.

Complex conditional and social vocabulary.

6

گزارش جدید، آمارهای دولتی را به‌طور جدی به چالش کشیده است.

The new report has seriously challenged government statistics.

Present perfect + adverb.

7

او همواره از به چالش کشیده شدن نظراتش استقبال می‌کند.

He always welcomes his opinions being challenged.

Passive infinitive 'be chālesh keshide shodan'.

8

این سیاست، امنیت ملی را به چالش خواهد کشید.

This policy will challenge national security.

Future tense 'khāhad keshid'.

1

نویسنده در این جستار، پارادایم‌های حاکم بر علوم انسانی را به چالش می‌کشد.

In this essay, the author challenges the prevailing paradigms of the humanities.

High-level academic terminology (paradigms).

2

هرگونه تلاش برای به چالش کشیدن اقتدار او با سرکوب مواجه شد.

Any attempt to challenge his authority was met with suppression.

Complex noun phrase as subject.

3

این نظریه به‌قدری مستحکم است که به چالش کشیدن آن کار ساده‌ای نیست.

This theory is so robust that challenging it is no simple task.

Correlative 'be-ghadri... ke' (so... that).

4

او با ظرافت تمام، مشروعیت نظام حقوقی را به چالش کشید.

With complete subtlety, he challenged the legitimacy of the legal system.

Adverbial 'bā zerāfat-e tamām'.

5

به چالش کشیدن خویشتن، اولین قدم در راه خودشناسی است.

Challenging oneself is the first step on the path to self-knowledge.

Philosophical usage of 'khishtan'.

6

این بحران، توانمندی نهادهای بین‌المللی را به چالش کشیده است.

This crisis has challenged the capabilities of international institutions.

Formal institutional vocabulary.

7

او از به چالش کشیدن مرزهای علم ابایی ندارد.

He has no qualms about challenging the boundaries of science.

Idiom 'abā dāshtan' (to have qualms/hesitation).

8

منتقدان بر این باورند که این فیلم، اخلاقیات جامعه را به چالش می‌کشد.

Critics believe that this film challenges the morality of society.

Reporting clause 'bar in bāvarand ke'.

Synonyme

زیر سؤال بردن مبارزه طلبیدن انتقاد کردن تردید کردن در نقد کردن مخالفت کردن واکاوی کردن رد کردن

Gegenteile

تأیید کردن پذیرفتن حمایت کردن صحه گذاشتن

Häufige Kollokationen

اعتبار را به چالش کشیدن
قدرت را به چالش کشیدن
باورها را به چالش کشیدن
وضعیت موجود را به چالش کشیدن
نظریه را به چالش کشیدن
مهارت را به چالش کشیدن
به‌شدت به چالش کشیدن
خود را به چالش کشیدن
قوانین را به چالش کشیدن
هوش را به چالش کشیدن

Häufige Phrasen

به چالش کشیده شدن

— The passive form: To be challenged. Used when the focus is on the thing being questioned.

اعتبار او به چالش کشیده شد.

در مقام به چالش کشیدن

— In the position of challenging. Used to describe someone's role in a debate.

او در مقام به چالش کشیدن سیستم برآمد.

قصد به چالش کشیدن داشتن

— To intend to challenge. Used to describe a plan or motive.

او قصد به چالش کشیدن ما را داشت.

فرصتی برای به چالش کشیدن

— An opportunity to challenge. Used in contexts of growth or debate.

این یک فرصت برای به چالش کشیدن خودمان است.

شهامت به چالش کشیدن

— The courage to challenge. Used to praise someone's bravery.

او شهامت به چالش کشیدن رئیس را داشت.

بدون به چالش کشیدن

— Without challenging. Used to describe blind acceptance.

او حرف‌های او را بدون به چالش کشیدن پذیرفت.

به چالش کشیدن سنت‌ها

— Challenging traditions. A very common theme in modern Iranian literature.

نسل جدید سنت‌ها را به چالش می‌کشد.

به چالش کشیدن عقل

— Challenging the intellect/reason. Used in philosophical or artistic contexts.

این اثر هنری عقل را به چالش می‌کشد.

دعوت به چالش کشیدن

— An invitation to challenge. Often used in academic calls for papers.

ما دیگران را به چالش کشیدن این ایده دعوت می‌کنیم.

به چالش کشیدن مرزها

— Challenging boundaries. Used in science, art, and exploration.

او مرزهای دانش را به چالش کشید.

Wird oft verwechselt mit

به چالش کشیدن vs دعوت کردن (Da'vat kardan)

English speakers use 'challenge' for 'invite to a match'. In Persian, use 'da'vat kardan' for that.

به چالش کشیدن vs سؤال کردن (So'āl kardan)

'So'āl kardan' is just asking a question. 'Be chālesh keshidan' is questioning the truth of the answer.

به چالش کشیدن vs امتحان کردن (Emtehān kardan)

'Emtehān kardan' is to test a physical object or a person's knowledge. 'Be chālesh keshidan' is for abstract ideas.

Redewendungen & Ausdrücke

"کسی را به مبارزه طلبیدن"

— While not 'be chālesh keshidan', it is the idiomatic equivalent for physical or epic challenges.

رستم سهراب را به مبارزه طلبید.

Literary
"دستکش پرتاب کردن"

— To throw down the gauntlet. A direct translation of the English idiom sometimes used in translation.

او با این سخنرانی، دستکش پرتاب کرد.

Journalistic
"شاخ‌وشانه کشیدن"

— To flex muscles or threaten, often a precursor to a challenge.

برای من شاخ‌وشانه نکش!

Informal
"پنجه در پنجه افکندن"

— To grapple with or directly confront a major problem or challenge.

او با مشکلات پنجه در پنجه افکند.

Literary
"زیر پای کسی را خالی کردن"

— To undermine someone, which is a sneaky way of challenging their position.

او سعی کرد زیر پای مدیر را خالی کند.

Informal
"مو را از ماست کشیدن"

— To be extremely meticulous, which is often how one challenges a complex argument.

او در نقد خود، مو را از ماست می‌کشد.

Idiomatic
"به سیم آخر زدن"

— To go for broke, often used when someone decides to challenge everything at once.

او به سیم آخر زد و همه را به چالش کشید.

Informal
"میدان‌داری کردن"

— To dominate the arena, often said of someone who successfully challenges others.

او در بحث، میدان‌داری می‌کرد.

Formal
"تیغ از نیام کشیدن"

— To draw the sword from the scabbard, signifying the start of a serious challenge.

او علیه فساد تیغ از نیام کشید.

Literary
"قد علم کردن"

— To stand up or rise against something, a form of challenging authority.

او در برابر ظلم قد علم کرد.

Formal

Leicht verwechselbar

به چالش کشیدن vs مبارزه

Both imply a struggle.

'Mobāreze' is the struggle itself; 'be chālesh keshidan' is the act of initiating the inquiry or test.

او به مبارزه ادامه داد vs او قانون را به چالش کشید.

به چالش کشیدن vs نقد

Both involve evaluation.

'Naghd' is analysis (can be positive); 'be chālesh keshidan' is specifically about questioning validity (usually adversarial).

او فیلم را نقد کرد vs او هنر مدرن را به چالش کشید.

به چالش کشیدن vs تردید

Both involve doubt.

'Tardid' is an internal feeling; 'be chālesh keshidan' is an external action.

او تردید داشت vs او ادعا را به چالش کشید.

به چالش کشیدن vs رد

Both involve opposition.

'Rad' is the final act of rejection; 'be chālesh keshidan' is the process of testing that leads to rejection.

او پیشنهاد را رد کرد vs او اساس پیشنهاد را به چالش کشید.

به چالش کشیدن vs پرسش

Both involve questioning.

'Porsesh' is a simple query; 'be chālesh keshidan' is a systemic interrogation of truth.

او یک پرسش مطرح کرد vs او کل سیستم را به چالش کشید.

Satzmuster

A2

من [اسم] را به چالش می‌کشم.

من تو را به چالش می‌کشم.

B1

او سعی کرد [اسم] را به چالش بکشد.

او سعی کرد سیستم را به چالش بکشد.

B2

[اسم] اعتبار [اسم] را به چالش کشیده است.

این گزارش اعتبار ما را به چالش کشیده است.

B2

باید [اسم] را به چالش کشید.

باید این قوانین را به چالش کشید.

C1

با به چالش کشیدن [اسم]، می‌توان به [اسم] رسید.

با به چالش کشیدن سنت‌ها، می‌توان به آزادی رسید.

C1

[اسم] به‌شدت مورد به چالش کشیده شدن قرار گرفت.

نظریه او به‌شدت مورد به چالش کشیده شدن قرار گرفت.

C2

هرگونه تلاش برای به چالش کشیدن [اسم] محکوم به شکست است.

هرگونه تلاش برای به چالش کشیدن حقیقت محکوم به شکست است.

C2

نویسنده بر آن است تا [اسم] را به چالش بکشد.

نویسنده بر آن است تا مفهوم زمان را به چالش بکشد.

Wortfamilie

Substantive

چالش (chālesh) - challenge
چالش‌گر (chālesh-gar) - challenger
چالش‌برانگیز (chālesh-barangiz) - challenging/provocative

Verben

کشیدن (keshidan) - to pull/draw
واکشیدن (vākeshidan) - to withdraw (archaic)
درکشیدن (darkeshidan) - to pull in/drink (literary)

Adjektive

چالش‌دار (chālesh-dār) - having challenges
به‌چالش‌کشیده‌شده (be-chālesh-keshide-shode) - challenged

Verwandt

مسابقه (mosābeghe) - competition
مبارزه (mobāreze) - struggle/fight
نقد (naghd) - critique
سؤال (so'āl) - question
تردید (tardid) - doubt
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frequency

High in media and academia; Low in daily street talk.

Häufige Fehler
  • من او را به چالش کردم. → من او را به چالش کشیدم.

    Learners often default to 'kardan' for all compound verbs, but this one strictly uses 'keshidan'.

  • او قدرت من به چالش کشید. → او قدرت من را به چالش کشید.

    Missing the object marker 'rā' makes the sentence ungrammatical in formal Persian.

  • Using it for a friendly race. → بیا مسابقه بدیم.

    'Be chālesh keshidan' is too formal for a simple physical race among friends.

  • Pronouncing it 'chalesh' (short a). → Chālesh (long ā).

    The long 'ā' is essential for the correct pronunciation of this specific loanword/modern term.

  • او به چالش کشیده شد. → اعتبار او به چالش کشیده شد.

    While 'he was challenged' is okay, usually in Persian we specify *what* about the person was challenged (e.g., their credibility).

Tipps

Always use 'rā'

Since you are challenging a specific thing, that thing is a definite object. Don't forget the 'rā' marker after the object.

Pair with 'e'tebār'

One of the most common things to challenge is 'e'tebār' (credibility). Learning this pair will help you in formal writing.

Save for formal use

Avoid using this for small things like 'I challenge you to eat this pizza.' It sounds like a news anchor talking about a pizza.

Long 'ā' is key

Ensure 'chālesh' has the long 'ā' sound. A short 'a' will make the word unrecognizable or sound like a different dialect.

Use in Essays

This is a 'gold medal' phrase for Persian proficiency exams. Use it to show you can engage in critical analysis.

Watch News Headlines

Scan Iranian news sites for this phrase. It appears almost daily in political and international news.

Intellectual Identity

Using this word correctly labels you as an 'educated' speaker in Persian-speaking circles.

The 'Pull' Metaphor

Remember that 'keshidan' means to pull. You are pulling the truth out of someone by challenging them.

Be Careful with Authority

In certain contexts, 'challenging authority' is a very strong statement. Use it when you mean to be provocative.

Subjunctive Stem

The present stem of 'keshidan' is 'kesh'. In the subjunctive, it becomes 'bekesham', 'bekeshi', etc.

Einprägen

Eselsbrücke

Think of 'Chālesh' as a 'Call-ish' (like a call to action) and 'Keshidan' as 'Kicking' the door open. You are 'Calling and Kicking' an idea to see if it's strong.

Visuelle Assoziation

Imagine a scholar pulling (keshidan) a heavy, dusty old book (the theory) into a bright spotlight (the challenge) to inspect it for holes.

Word Web

Chālesh (Challenge) Keshidan (To Pull) Debate Scrutiny Truth Authority Politics Science

Herausforderung

Write three sentences challenging three different things: a law, a scientific fact, and a friend's opinion on a movie.

Wortherkunft

The word 'chālesh' is a modern Persian term, likely derived from Turkish or influenced by the English 'challenge'. The auxiliary verb 'keshidan' is an ancient Indo-European root (Proto-Indo-European *kes-), meaning 'to pull' or 'to scratch'.

Ursprüngliche Bedeutung: To pull something into a state of testing or struggle.

Indo-European -> Indo-Iranian -> Persian.

Kultureller Kontext

Be careful when challenging religious or sensitive political figures in Iran; while the verb is academic, the act itself can be sensitive.

In English, 'to challenge' can be physical or intellectual. In Persian, 'be chālesh keshidan' is almost always intellectual or formal.

Mohammad Khatami's speeches on dialogue often featured this concept. Modern Iranian talk shows like 'Chālesh' (The Challenge) on various networks. Translations of Noam Chomsky or Michel Foucault into Persian.

Im Alltag üben

Kontexte aus dem Alltag

Political Debate

  • سیاست‌های دولت را به چالش کشیدن
  • اقتدار حاکم را به چالش کشیدن
  • وعده‌های انتخاباتی را به چالش کشیدن
  • مشروعیت را به چالش کشیدن

Scientific Research

  • فرضیه را به چالش کشیدن
  • یافته‌های قبلی را به چالش کشیدن
  • متدولوژی را به چالش کشیدن
  • داده‌ها را به چالش کشیدن

Legal Proceedings

  • شهادت شاهد را به چالش کشیدن
  • صحت مدارک را به چالش کشیدن
  • حکم دادگاه را به چالش کشیدن
  • تفسیر قانون را به چالش کشیدن

Personal Growth

  • توانایی‌های خود را به چالش کشیدن
  • ترس‌ها را به چالش کشیدن
  • محدودیت‌ها را به چالش کشیدن
  • عادات قدیمی را به چالش کشیدن

Arts and Literature

  • ساختارهای روایی را به چالش کشیدن
  • پرسپکتیو را به چالش کشیدن
  • انتظارات مخاطب را به چالش کشیدن
  • نرم‌های زیبایی‌شناسی را به چالش کشیدن

Gesprächseinstiege

"آیا تا به حال سعی کرده‌اید عقاید صمیمی‌ترین دوستتان را به چالش بکشید؟"

"کدام کتاب بیش از همه ذهن شما را به چالش کشیده است؟"

"چگونه می‌توانیم بدون بی‌احترامی، قدرت را به چالش بکشیم؟"

"در محیط کار، آیا به چالش کشیدن تصمیمات مدیر کار درستی است؟"

"چرا به چالش کشیدن خودمان برای رشد شخصی ضروری است؟"

Tagebuch-Impulse

درباره زمانی بنویسید که کسی اعتبار شما را به چالش کشید و شما چه واکنشی نشان دادید.

اگر می‌توانستید یک قانون جهانی را به چالش بکشید، آن قانون چه بود؟

نقش رسانه‌ها در به چالش کشیدن دولت‌ها را تحلیل کنید.

چگونه تکنولوژی جدید مدل‌های سنتی آموزش را به چالش می‌کشد؟

آیا به چالش کشیدن سنت‌ها همیشه منجر به پیشرفت می‌شود؟

Häufig gestellte Fragen

10 Fragen

Rarely. It's too formal. In sports, we usually say 'mosābeghe dādan' or 'harrif talabidan'. However, a sports commentator might use it to say a new team is 'challenging' the dominance of an old champion.

No. 'Be chālesh kardan' is grammatically incorrect and will sound very strange to native speakers. The fixed auxiliary is always 'keshidan'.

Not necessarily. In a scientific context, challenging a theory is the way to find the truth, so it's a positive, constructive action for progress.

You say 'Man khodam rā be chālesh mikesham'. This is a common phrase in personal development contexts.

It is a modern term. Some etymologists link it to Turkish roots, but its current usage in Persian is heavily influenced by the Western concept of 'challenge'.

No. For a physical fight, use 'da'vat be mobāreze' or 'jangidan'. 'Be chālesh keshidan' is for ideas, laws, and credibility.

The most direct opposite would be 'tā'id kardan' (to confirm) or 'pazirftan' (to accept).

It might sound a bit 'heavy'. Use it only if you are discussing something serious, like a project's strategy or a debate.

Very common, especially in news. 'Be chālesh keshide shod' (was challenged) is a standard headline structure.

The past tense and present perfect are very common in reporting, while the present is used for ongoing scientific or artistic effects.

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writing

Write 'I challenge you' in Persian.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
writing

Write 'He challenged the system' in Persian.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
writing

Write 'We must challenge our beliefs' in Persian.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
writing

Write 'The scientist challenged the old theory' in Persian.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
writing

Write 'Challenging oneself is the way to growth' in Persian.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
writing

Write 'This is a challenge' in Persian.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
writing

Write 'Why did you challenge me?' in Persian.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
writing

Write 'The report challenged the data' in Persian.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
writing

Write 'She severely challenged the manager' in Persian.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
writing

Write 'The legitimacy of the law was challenged' in Persian.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
writing

Write 'I want to challenge this idea' in Persian.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
writing

Write 'They have challenged the power' in Persian.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
writing

Write 'Don't challenge my credibility' in Persian.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
writing

Write 'Challenge me!' in Persian.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
writing

Write 'He likes challenges' in Persian.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
writing

Write 'This puzzle challenges your mind' in Persian.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
writing

Write 'The movement challenged the tradition' in Persian.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
writing

Write 'Any attempt to challenge will fail' in Persian.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
writing

Write 'We are challenging them' in Persian.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
writing

Write 'The witness was challenged' in Persian.

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
speaking

Say 'I challenge you' in Persian.

Read this aloud:

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
speaking

Explain what 'chālesh' means in your own words.

Read this aloud:

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
speaking

Describe a time you challenged someone's opinion.

Read this aloud:

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
speaking

Discuss the importance of challenging the government in a democracy.

Read this aloud:

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
speaking

Debate the idea of challenging scientific paradigms.

Read this aloud:

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
speaking

Ask a friend if they like challenges.

Read this aloud:

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
speaking

Tell someone not to challenge your authority.

Read this aloud:

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
speaking

Say that this book challenged your mind.

Read this aloud:

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
speaking

State that the results of the study were challenged.

Read this aloud:

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
speaking

Use the word in a sentence about self-discovery.

Read this aloud:

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
speaking

Ask 'Why did you challenge the law?'

Read this aloud:

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
speaking

Say 'We need to challenge the status quo.'

Read this aloud:

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
speaking

Warn someone that their action will challenge national security.

Read this aloud:

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
speaking

Say 'This is a hard challenge.'

Read this aloud:

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
speaking

Say 'He always challenges me.'

Read this aloud:

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
speaking

Say 'The lawyer challenged the witness.'

Read this aloud:

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
speaking

Say 'The artist challenges the tradition.'

Read this aloud:

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
speaking

Say 'I welcome being challenged.'

Read this aloud:

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
speaking

Say 'I want to challenge you to a game.'

Read this aloud:

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
speaking

Say 'It is a challenging task.'

Read this aloud:

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
listening

Listen and transcribe: 'او را به چالش بکش.'

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
listening

Listen and transcribe: 'اعتبار ما به چالش کشیده شد.'

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
listening

Listen and transcribe: 'نویسنده سنت‌ها را به چالش می‌کشد.'

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
listening

Listen and identify the verb: 'من تو را به چالش می‌کشم.'

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
listening

Listen and identify the object: 'او قانون را به چالش کشید.'

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
listening

Listen and identify the tense: 'آن‌ها ما را به چالش کشیده‌اند.'

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
listening

Listen and identify the adverb: 'او به‌شدت ما را به چالش کشید.'

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
listening

Listen and count the words: 'این یک چالش است.'

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
listening

Listen and identify the mood: 'باید او را به چالش بکشیم.'

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
listening

Listen and identify the passive marker: 'نظریه به چالش کشیده شد.'

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
listening

Listen and transcribe: 'مشروعیت نظام به چالش کشیده شد.'

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
listening

Listen and identify the person: 'تو مرا به چالش کشیدی.'

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
listening

Listen and identify the noun: 'این چالش بزرگی است.'

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
listening

Listen and identify the subject: 'منتقد سیاست‌ها را به چالش کشید.'

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
listening

Listen and identify the preposition: 'او مرا به چالش کشید.'

Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:
Richtig! Nicht ganz. Richtige Antwort:

/ 200 correct

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