دعوا en 30 segundos
- دعوا (da'vā) means fight, quarrel, or lawsuit.
- Commonly used with 'kardan' (to fight) or 'rāh andākhtan' (to start a fight).
- Can be verbal (argument) or physical (brawl).
- In formal Persian, it refers to legal claims and court cases.
The Persian word دعوا (pronounced da'vā) is a versatile noun that primarily refers to a verbal or physical conflict. In everyday conversation, it is the standard term for a fight, a quarrel, or a heated argument. However, its linguistic roots and formal applications extend into the legal realm, where it signifies a lawsuit, a legal claim, or a formal dispute brought before a court. Understanding the nuance between a 'street fight' and a 'legal case' is crucial for mastering this word.
- Everyday Usage
- Refers to shouting matches, physical altercations, or disagreements between friends and family.
- Legal Context
- Refers to a 'lawsuit' (دعوای حقوقی) or a 'criminal case' (دعوای کیفری).
- Social Nuance
- Often used with the verb 'kardan' (to do) to describe the act of fighting.
«آنها سر پول با هم دعوا کردند.»
— They fought with each other over money.
In a broader sense, دعوا captures the essence of friction. Whether it is two children fighting over a toy or two corporations fighting over a patent, the core concept remains a clash of interests or tempers. It is important to note that while 'دعوا' can be physical, it is most frequently used to describe verbal disputes. If you want to specify a physical brawl, you might use 'کتککاری' (kotak-kāri), but 'دعوا' is the umbrella term that covers it all.
«دعوا بر سر هیچ و پوچ بود.»
— The fight was over absolutely nothing.
The word carries a negative connotation generally, implying a lack of self-control or a breakdown in communication. However, in legal Persian, it is a neutral, technical term. For example, 'اقامه دعوا' (eqāme-ye da'vā) means 'to file a lawsuit,' which is a formal, structured process rather than an emotional outburst.
«او علیه همسایهاش دعوا مطرح کرد.»
— He filed a lawsuit against his neighbor.
- Synonym: نزاع (Nezā')
- More formal, often used in news reports for 'clash' or 'conflict'.
- Synonym: مرافعه (Morāfe'e)
- An older, more literary term for a quarrel or legal dispute.
Using دعوا correctly requires understanding its common verb pairings (collocations). The most common way to say 'to fight' is دعوا کردن (da'vā kardan). This is a compound verb where 'da'vā' acts as the noun element. It is intransitive when you are just 'fighting,' but requires the preposition با (bā - with) to specify who you are fighting with.
- دعوا راه انداختن: To start a fight / To cause a scene.
- دعوا گرفتن: To get into a fight (often implies the start of a physical or intense verbal clash).
- دعوا داشتن: To have a bone to pick / To be in a state of conflict with someone.
«بچهها باز هم با هم دعوا کردند.»
— The children fought with each other again.
When using it in a legal sense, the verbs change to reflect formal procedures. You don't 'do' a lawsuit; you 'raise' or 'bring' it. Common legal pairings include اقامه دعوا (filing a suit) or رد دعوا (dismissal of a case). This distinction is vital for B1 learners moving into more professional or academic Persian.
«وکیل برای موکلش دعوا را به دادگاه برد.»
— The lawyer took the lawsuit to court for his client.
In terms of grammar, 'da'vā' can be modified by adjectives to describe the intensity of the conflict. A 'heavy' fight is دعوای مفصل (da'vā-ye mofassal) or دعوای شدید (da'vā-ye shadid). If it's just a small bicker, you might call it یک دعوای کوچک (yek da'vā-ye kuchek).
You will encounter دعوا in a variety of settings, ranging from the mundane to the highly formal. In a household setting, parents might tell their children, "دعوا نکنید!" (Don't fight!). In a crowded bazaar or in traffic, you might witness a "دعوای خیابانی" (street fight) where people are shouting over a minor accident or a price disagreement.
«توی خیابان دعوا شده بود و پلیس آمد.»
— There was a fight in the street and the police came.
In the media, 'da'vā' is frequently used in political reporting, though often replaced by the more formal 'نزاع' (nezā') or 'اختلاف' (ekhtelāf). However, talk shows or social media debates will use 'da'vā' to describe a heated exchange between two public figures. On the news, you might hear about "دعواهای جناحی" (factional infighting) within a government.
«اخبار دربارهی دعوای دو کشور بر سر مرزها بود.»
— The news was about the dispute between two countries over borders.
In the workplace, it might describe a conflict between a manager and an employee. A common phrase is "دعوا سرِ..." (The fight is over...), used to identify the root cause of the problem. For example, "دعوا سرِ تقسیم وظایف است" (The fight is over the division of duties).
One of the most frequent errors for learners is confusing دعوا (da'vā) with ادعا (edde'ā). While they sound somewhat similar, 'edde'ā' means 'a claim' or 'pretension.' For instance, saying 'I have a claim' is "ادعا دارم", but saying 'I am fighting' is "دعوا دارم". Using the wrong one can lead to significant confusion, especially in legal or formal contexts.
- Wrong Preposition
- Learners often use 'ba' (with) when they should use 'bar sar-e' (over/about). Use 'ba' for the person you fight with, and 'bar sar-e' for the topic.
- Confusing with 'Jang'
- 'Jang' (جنگ) means 'war'. Using 'jang' for a small argument with a friend sounds overly dramatic and incorrect.
Another mistake is the pronunciation of the 'ayn' (ع). In colloquial Persian, the 'ayn' is often not fully articulated as a guttural stop, but it creates a slight lengthening of the preceding vowel. However, learners should avoid pronouncing it as a hard 'k' or 'g' sound. It is a soft glottal transition.
To enrich your vocabulary, it is helpful to know words that are similar to دعوا but carry different shades of meaning. While 'da'vā' is the general term, Persian has specific words for different types of conflict.
- نزاع (Nezā'): A formal or literary word for conflict or strife. Often used in legal or historical texts.
- مشاجره (Moshājere): Specifically refers to a verbal argument or bickering. It implies words were exchanged but no physical violence occurred.
- مرافعه (Morāfe'e): Often used to describe a long-standing feud or a legal dispute that has gone to court.
- جدل (Jadal): A polemic or a very intense intellectual argument/debate.
- کتککاری (Kotak-kāri): Specifically refers to a physical fight involving hitting.
«آنها فقط یک مشاجره لفظی داشتند، نه یک دعوای واقعی.»
— They only had a verbal spat, not a real fight.
Understanding these synonyms allows you to be more precise. If you are describing a noisy argument between neighbors, 'moshājere' is perfect. If you are describing a violent clash between groups, 'nezā' or 'da'vā-ye dast-e-jam'i' (collective fight) is more appropriate.
How Formal Is It?
Nivel de dificultad
Gramática que debes saber
Compound verbs with 'kardan'
The use of 'ayn' in Persian phonology
Prepositional phrases with 'sar-e'
Pluralization of Arabic loanwords in Persian
Passive voice in legal Persian
Ejemplos por nivel
آنها دعوا میکنند.
They are fighting.
Present continuous usage of the compound verb.
دعوا نکن!
Don't fight!
Imperative negative form.
من دعوا را دوست ندارم.
I don't like fighting.
Simple present with a direct object.
سگ و گربه دعوا کردند.
The dog and cat fought.
Simple past tense.
چرا دعوا؟
Why the fight?
Short interrogative sentence.
برادرم با من دعوا کرد.
My brother fought with me.
Use of preposition 'bā' (with).
یک دعوای کوچک بود.
It was a small fight.
Noun modified by an adjective.
آنها همیشه دعوا دارند.
They always have a fight/dispute.
Using 'dāshtan' to show a state of conflict.
دیروز در مدرسه دعوا شد.
There was a fight at school yesterday.
Passive-like construction with 'shodan'.
او همیشه دعوا راه میاندازد.
He always starts a fight.
Compound verb 'da'vā rāh andākhtan'.
ما سرِ یک بازی دعوا کردیم.
We fought over a game.
Use of 'sar-e' to indicate the cause.
پدرم از دعوای ما ناراحت شد.
My father got upset by our fight.
Noun used as the subject of a feeling.
نباید با همسایه دعوا کنی.
You shouldn't fight with the neighbor.
Modal verb 'nabāyad' with the infinitive.
صدای دعوا از کوچه میآمد.
The sound of a fight was coming from the alley.
Genitive construction 'sedā-ye da'vā'.
آنها بعد از دعوا آشتی کردند.
They made up after the fight.
Use of 'ba'd az' (after).
دعوا کردن کار خوبی نیست.
Fighting is not a good thing to do.
Gerund/Infinitive as the subject.
این دعوا بالاخره تمام شد.
This fight finally ended.
Use of 'bel-akhare' (finally).
او به خاطر دعوا از کار اخراج شد.
He was fired from work because of the fight.
Causal phrase 'be khāter-e'.
دعوای آنها بر سر تقسیم ارث بود.
Their dispute was over the division of inheritance.
More complex subject 'da'vā-ye ānhā'.
من نمیخواهم وارد این دعوا شوم.
I don't want to get involved in this fight.
Verb 'vāred shodan' (to enter/get involved).
یک دعوای لفظی بین دو راننده رخ داد.
A verbal dispute occurred between two drivers.
Adjective 'lafzi' (verbal) and verb 'rokh dād' (occurred).
پلیس برای ختم دادن به دعوا آمد.
The police came to end the fight.
Purpose clause 'barāye khatm dādan'.
این دعوا ریشه در گذشته دارد.
This conflict has roots in the past.
Metaphorical usage 'rishe dāshtan'.
او همیشه از دعوا فرار میکند.
He always runs away from conflict.
Verb 'farār kardan' (to flee).
وکیل پرونده، دعوای حقوقی را مطرح کرد.
The case lawyer brought the legal suit.
Technical legal usage.
دعواهای سیاسی مانع پیشرفت کشور است.
Political infighting is an obstacle to the country's progress.
Plural form 'da'vā-hā' in a political context.
او بدون هیچ دلیلی دعوا راه انداخت.
He started a fight without any reason.
Adverbial phrase 'bedun-e hich dalili'.
طرفین دعوا در دادگاه حاضر شدند.
The parties to the dispute appeared in court.
Formal term 'tarafein-e da'vā'.
این یک دعوای زرگری است.
This is a 'goldsmith's fight' (a fake fight).
Idiomatic expression 'da'vā-ye zargari'.
او در میانه دعوا سکوت کرد.
He remained silent in the middle of the fight.
Prepositional phrase 'dar miyāne-ye'.
دعوا بر سر قدرت همیشه وجود داشته است.
The struggle for power has always existed.
Abstract noun usage.
او با لحنی دعواگونه صحبت میکرد.
He was speaking with a confrontational tone.
Adjective 'da'vā-goone' (fight-like).
دادگاه قرار رد دعوا را صادر کرد.
The court issued a dismissal of the lawsuit.
High-level legal terminology.
این اثر ادبی، دعوای میان سنت و مدرنیته را به تصویر میکشد.
This literary work depicts the conflict between tradition and modernity.
Metaphorical/Analytical usage.
او با زیرکی از هرگونه دعوا اجتناب کرد.
He cleverly avoided any kind of dispute.
Use of 'ejtenāb kardan' (to avoid).
دعواهای جناحی باعث تضعیف نهادهای مدنی شده است.
Factional disputes have led to the weakening of civil institutions.
Complex socio-political sentence.
موضوع دعوا، مالکیت بر زمینهای شمال بود.
The subject of the dispute was the ownership of northern lands.
Formal 'mowzu-e da'vā'.
او در لایحه خود، به دعوای متقابل اشاره کرد.
In his brief, he referred to the counter-claim.
Technical term 'da'vā-ye motaqābel'.
این دعوا فراتر از یک اختلاف شخصی ساده است.
This dispute goes beyond a simple personal disagreement.
Comparative phrase 'farātar az'.
تحلیلگران معتقدند این دعوا جنبههای اقتصادی دارد.
Analysts believe this conflict has economic aspects.
Formal reporting style.
اطاله دادرسی در این دعوا، حقوق شاکی را تضییع کرد.
The delay in proceedings in this lawsuit violated the plaintiff's rights.
Extremely formal legal Persian.
دعوای میان عقل و عشق، تم اصلی بسیاری از غزلیات است.
The struggle between reason and love is the main theme of many sonnets.
Philosophical/Literary usage.
او با سفسطه سعی در پیشبرد دعوای خود داشت.
He tried to advance his claim through sophistry.
Advanced vocabulary like 'safsate' (sophistry).
این دعوا، گرهی کور در روابط دیپلماتیک دو کشور ایجاد کرده است.
This dispute has created a Gordian knot in the diplomatic relations of the two countries.
Idiomatic 'gereh-e kur' (blind knot).
مبانی نظری این دعوا در حقوق بینالملل به چالش کشیده شد.
The theoretical foundations of this dispute were challenged in international law.
Academic/Legal analysis.
او مدعی است که دعوا از ابتدا واجد وصف کیفری نبوده است.
He claims that the dispute did not have a criminal nature from the beginning.
Technical legal phrasing 'vājed-e vasf-e keifari'.
در این دعوا، بار اثبات بر عهده مدعی است.
In this lawsuit, the burden of proof lies with the claimant.
Legal maxim 'bār-e esbāt'.
این دعوا نمادی از گسست نسلها در جامعه معاصر است.
This conflict is a symbol of the generation gap in contemporary society.
Sociological analysis.
Colocaciones comunes
Frases Comunes
Se confunde a menudo con
Modismos y expresiones
— A fake fight or staged argument to deceive a third party.
— To bring up irrelevant or opportunistic demands in the heat of a conflict.
— The fight was over something that ended up hurting the innocent or was ultimately pointless.
— Even if family members fight (da'vā), they still stand by each other.
— Fighting (bickering) is the salt of life (usually said of couples).
— To be brave or confrontational.
— Not bringing outside conflicts into the home.
— To open the topic of conflict.
— Fighting over something very trivial.
— The sweetness of making up after a fight.
Fácil de confundir
Patrones de oraciones
Cómo usarlo
In casual Persian, 'da'vā' is almost always negative. In legal Persian, it is a procedural necessity.
- Using 'ba' instead of 'sar-e' for the topic of the fight.
- Confusing 'da'vā' (fight) with 'do'ā' (prayer).
- Pronouncing the 'ayn' like a 'g' or 'k'.
- Using 'da'vā' for a polite academic debate.
- Forgetting the compound verb structure.
Consejos
Compound Verb
Always pair 'da'vā' with 'kardan' for the action of fighting.
Legal Context
Use 'da'vā-ye hoquqi' to specify a legal lawsuit.
Mediation
If you see a 'da'vā', Iranians often say 'Salavāt befrest' to calm things down.
The 'Ayn'
Don't stress the 'ayn' too much; a slight pause or lengthening is enough.
Salt of Life
Use 'da'vā namak-e zendegi-st' when talking about couple's bickering.
Spelling
Always include the final 'alef' (ا) in writing.
Avoid 'Jang'
Don't use 'jang' for personal arguments; it's too strong.
Verbal vs Physical
Assume 'da'vā' is verbal unless 'kotak-kāri' is mentioned.
Formal Reports
In news, look for 'nezā' instead of 'da'vā'.
Diva Mnemonic
Think of a Diva starting a Da'vā.
Memorízalo
Asociación visual
Imagine two people shouting in a court (legal) or on a street (common).
Origen de la palabra
Arabic
Contexto cultural
The Iranian legal system is heavily based on 'da'vā' as a formal filing, reflecting the word's Arabic roots.
It is common for bystanders to intervene in a street fight to 'salavāt ferestādan' (ask people to send blessings on the prophet) to calm tempers.
Practica en la vida real
Contextos reales
Inicios de conversación
"آخرین باری که با کسی دعوا کردی کی بود؟ (When was the last time you fought with someone?)"
"به نظر تو دعوا نمک زندگی است؟ (Do you think fighting is the salt of life?)"
"چطور میشود یک دعوا را تمام کرد؟ (How can one end a fight?)"
"آیا تا به حال شاهد یک دعوای خیابانی بودهای؟ (Have you ever witnessed a street fight?)"
"در کشور شما، مردم سرِ چه چیزهایی دعوا میکنند؟ (In your country, what do people fight over?)"
Temas para diario
Describe a time you had a 'da'vā' with a friend and how you resolved it.
Write about the difference between a 'da'vā' and a 'bahs' (discussion).
If you were a judge, how would you handle a 'da'vā' between two neighbors?
Reflect on the phrase 'da'vā namak-e zendegi-st'. Do you agree?
Describe a 'da'vā-ye zargari' you might have seen in a movie or real life.
Preguntas frecuentes
10 preguntasNo, it most commonly refers to a verbal argument or a legal dispute. Physical fights are often called 'kotak-kāri'.
You can say 'az kasi shekāyat kardan' or 'alayhe kasi eqāme-ye da'vā kardan'.
It is a standard word, but describing someone as 'ahle da'vā' (a fighter) is usually an insult.
The common plural is 'da'vā-hā', but in legal texts, 'da'āvi' is used.
It's better to use 'jang' (war) or 'nezā' (conflict). 'da'vā' sounds too small for a war.
It means a fake fight designed to trick someone else.
Say 'man nemikhāham da'vā konam'.
In formal speech, yes, as a glottal stop. In casual speech, it just lengthens the 'a'.
'Bahs' is a discussion or debate, usually without the anger associated with 'da'vā'.
No, it is a noun. It needs 'kardan' to become a verb.
Ponte a prueba 180 preguntas
/ 180 correct
Perfect score!
Summary
The word 'دعوا' is the most common way to describe any conflict in Persian, from a child's tantrum to a multi-million dollar lawsuit. Mastering its verb pairings and prepositions is essential for natural communication.
- دعوا (da'vā) means fight, quarrel, or lawsuit.
- Commonly used with 'kardan' (to fight) or 'rāh andākhtan' (to start a fight).
- Can be verbal (argument) or physical (brawl).
- In formal Persian, it refers to legal claims and court cases.
Compound Verb
Always pair 'da'vā' with 'kardan' for the action of fighting.
Legal Context
Use 'da'vā-ye hoquqi' to specify a legal lawsuit.
Mediation
If you see a 'da'vā', Iranians often say 'Salavāt befrest' to calm things down.
The 'Ayn'
Don't stress the 'ayn' too much; a slight pause or lengthening is enough.
Ejemplo
آنها بعد از یک دعوای شدید با هم آشتی کردند.
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عنایت
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