A0 Script & Writing 1 min read Fácil

Sihari and Bihari (The 'i' vowels)

Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

Sihari (ਿ) is a short 'i' sound before the consonant, while Bihari (ੀ) is a long 'ee' sound after the consonant.

  • Sihari (ਿ) sits to the left of the consonant: ਦਿਨ (din - day).
  • Bihari (ੀ) sits to the right of the consonant: ਨਦੀ (nadi - river).
  • Sihari is short like 'bit', Bihari is long like 'beet'.
Sihari: ਿ + Consonant | Bihari: Consonant + ੀ

Sihari and Bihari Formation

Consonant Sihari (Short) Bihari (Long)
ਕਿ
ਕੀ
ਖਿ
ਖੀ
ਗਿ
ਗੀ
ਚਿ
ਚੀ
ਜਿ
ਜੀ
ਟਿ
ਟੀ
ਤਿ
ਤੀ
ਦਿ
ਦੀ
ਨਿ
ਨੀ
ਪਿ
ਪੀ

Meanings

Sihari and Bihari are the two primary vowel signs in Gurmukhi used to represent the 'i' and 'ee' sounds.

1

Short Vowel (Sihari)

Represents the short /ɪ/ sound.

“ਦਿਨ (day)”

“ਸਿਰ (head)”

2

Long Vowel (Bihari)

Represents the long /iː/ sound.

“ਨਦੀ (river)”

“ਪਾਣੀ (water)”

Reference Table

Reference table for Sihari and Bihari (The 'i' vowels)
Form Structure Example
Sihari
Left-side diacritic
ਦਿਨ (Day)
Bihari
Right-side diacritic
ਨਦੀ (River)
Affirmative
Consonant + Vowel
ਮਿਲ (Meet)
Negative
Consonant + Vowel
ਨਹੀਂ (No)
Question
Consonant + Vowel
ਕੀ (What)

Espectro de formalidad

Formal
ਦਿਨ ਸ਼ੁਭ ਹੈ।

ਦਿਨ ਸ਼ੁਭ ਹੈ। (Daily life)

Neutral
ਦਿਨ ਵਧੀਆ ਹੈ।

ਦਿਨ ਵਧੀਆ ਹੈ। (Daily life)

Informal
ਦਿਨ ਵਧੀਆ ਹੈ।

ਦਿਨ ਵਧੀਆ ਹੈ। (Daily life)

Jerga
ਦਿਨ ਠੀਕ ਹੈ।

ਦਿਨ ਠੀਕ ਹੈ। (Daily life)

Vowel Placement

Consonant

Left Side

  • ਿ Sihari

Right Side

  • Bihari

Ejemplos por nivel

1

ਦਿਨ ਵਧੀਆ ਹੈ।

The day is good.

2

ਪਾਣੀ ਪੀਓ।

Drink water.

3

ਮੈਂ ਮਿਲਿਆ।

I met.

4

ਧੀ ਖੇਡਦੀ ਹੈ।

The daughter is playing.

1

ਕਿਤਾਬ ਮੇਜ਼ ਉੱਤੇ ਹੈ।

The book is on the table.

2

ਨਦੀ ਬਹੁਤ ਵੱਡੀ ਹੈ।

The river is very big.

3

ਉਹ ਸਿਰ ਦੁਖ ਰਿਹਾ ਹੈ।

That head is hurting.

4

ਮੈਨੂੰ ਚਾਹ ਚਾਹੀਦੀ ਹੈ।

I want tea.

1

ਸਿੱਖਿਆ ਬਹੁਤ ਜ਼ਰੂਰੀ ਹੈ।

Education is very important.

2

ਉਹ ਬਿਮਾਰ ਹੈ।

He is sick.

3

ਕੀ ਤੁਸੀਂ ਆਏ ਸੀ?

Did you come?

4

ਇਹ ਮੇਰੀ ਜ਼ਿੰਮੇਵਾਰੀ ਹੈ।

This is my responsibility.

1

ਸਾਹਿਤ ਪੜ੍ਹਨਾ ਚੰਗਾ ਹੈ।

Reading literature is good.

2

ਉਹ ਨੀਤੀ ਬਣਾ ਰਿਹਾ ਹੈ।

He is making a policy.

3

ਇਹ ਕਹਾਣੀ ਬਹੁਤ ਪੁਰਾਣੀ ਹੈ।

This story is very old.

4

ਉਸਨੇ ਮੈਨੂੰ ਸਲਾਹ ਦਿੱਤੀ।

He gave me advice.

1

ਇਹ ਇੱਕ ਗੰਭੀਰ ਸਮੱਸਿਆ ਹੈ।

This is a serious problem.

2

ਸੰਗੀਤ ਵਿੱਚ ਰੂਹ ਹੈ।

There is soul in music.

3

ਉਹ ਨਿਯਮਾਂ ਦੀ ਪਾਲਣਾ ਕਰਦਾ ਹੈ।

He follows the rules.

4

ਇਹ ਇੱਕ ਵਿਲੱਖਣ ਤਜਰਬਾ ਹੈ।

This is a unique experience.

1

ਸਾਡੀ ਸੰਸਕ੍ਰਿਤੀ ਬਹੁਤ ਅਮੀਰ ਹੈ।

Our culture is very rich.

2

ਉਹ ਨਿਮਰਤਾ ਨਾਲ ਬੋਲਿਆ।

He spoke with humility.

3

ਇਹ ਇੱਕ ਇਤਿਹਾਸਕ ਫੈਸਲਾ ਹੈ।

This is a historical decision.

4

ਉਸਦੀ ਬੁੱਧੀ ਬਹੁਤ ਤੇਜ਼ ਹੈ।

His intellect is very sharp.

Fácil de confundir

Sihari and Bihari (The 'i' vowels) vs Sihari vs Bihari

Learners mix up the placement and length.

Sihari and Bihari (The 'i' vowels) vs Mukta vs Sihari

Learners forget to add the diacritic.

Sihari and Bihari (The 'i' vowels) vs Aunkar vs Bihari

Learners mix up the vowel sounds.

Errores comunes

ਦਿਨ (written as ਨਿਦ)

ਦਿਨ

Wrong consonant order.

ਪਾਣੀ (written as ਪਾਣਿ)

ਪਾਣੀ

Used short vowel instead of long.

ਸਿਰ (written as ਸਿ ਰ)

ਸਿਰ

Added a space.

ਦਿਨ (written as ਦਿਨਿ)

ਦਿਨ

Double vowel.

ਕਿਤਾਬ (written as ਕਤਾਬਿ)

ਕਿਤਾਬ

Wrong placement.

ਨਦੀ (written as ਨਦਿ)

ਨਦੀ

Wrong vowel length.

ਧੀ (written as ਧਿ)

ਧੀ

Wrong vowel length.

ਸਿੱਖਿਆ (written as ਸਿਖਿਆ)

ਸਿੱਖਿਆ

Missing adak.

ਬਿਮਾਰ (written as ਬੀਮਾਰ)

ਬਿਮਾਰ

Wrong vowel length.

ਜ਼ਿੰਮੇਵਾਰੀ (written as ਜ਼ਿਮੇਵਾਰੀ)

ਜ਼ਿੰਮੇਵਾਰੀ

Missing nasalization.

ਗੰਭੀਰ (written as ਗੰਭਿਅਰ)

ਗੰਭੀਰ

Spelling error.

ਨਿਯਮਾਂ (written as ਨੀਯਮਾਂ)

ਨਿਯਮਾਂ

Wrong vowel length.

ਵਿਲੱਖਣ (written as ਵਿਲਖਣ)

ਵਿਲੱਖਣ

Missing adak.

Patrones de oraciones

___ ਵਧੀਆ ਹੈ।

ਮੈਨੂੰ ___ ਚਾਹੀਦੀ ਹੈ।

ਉਹ ___ ਕਰ ਰਿਹਾ ਹੈ।

ਇਹ ___ ਬਹੁਤ ਪੁਰਾਣੀ ਹੈ।

Real World Usage

Texting constant

ਦਿਨ ਵਧੀਆ ਸੀ।

Social Media very common

ਨਵੀਂ ਕਹਾਣੀ!

Job Interview common

ਮੇਰੀ ਸਿੱਖਿਆ...

Ordering Food common

ਪਾਣੀ ਦਿਓ।

Travel occasional

ਨਦੀ ਕਿੱਥੇ ਹੈ?

Food Delivery Apps common

ਚਾਹ ਦਾ ਆਰਡਰ

💡

Placement

Always remember Sihari is on the left.
⚠️

Length

Don't confuse short and long sounds.
🎯

Practice

Write words repeatedly.
💬

Dialects

Vowel sounds are consistent.

Smart Tips

Think of the sound length first.

Writing 'din' as 'deen'. Writing 'din' as 'ਦਿਨ'.

Look for the diacritic position.

Misreading 'din' as 'deen'. Reading 'din' correctly.

Use the correct diacritic.

Using wrong vowel. Using correct vowel.

Double check spelling.

Spelling error. Correct spelling.

Pronunciación

/ɪ/

Sihari

Short, lax vowel.

/iː/

Bihari

Long, tense vowel.

Declarative

ਦਿਨ ਵਧੀਆ ਹੈ। ↘

Falling intonation at the end.

Memorízalo

Mnemotecnia

Sihari is a short 'i' that sits to the left, Bihari is a long 'ee' that sits to the right.

Asociación visual

Imagine a small bird (Sihari) sitting on the left branch, and a long snake (Bihari) stretching to the right.

Rhyme

Sihari is short and on the left side, Bihari is long and on the right side.

Story

A boy named 'Din' (Sihari) went to the 'Nadi' (Bihari). He saw a small fish (Sihari) and a long eel (Bihari). He learned that short sounds go left and long sounds go right.

Word Web

ਦਿਨਸਿਰਮਿਲਨਦੀਪਾਣੀਧੀ

Desafío

Write 5 words using Sihari and 5 words using Bihari in 5 minutes.

Notas culturales

These vowels are standard in all Punjabi dialects.

Derived from Brahmi script.

Inicios de conversación

ਅੱਜ ਦਾ ਦਿਨ ਕਿਵੇਂ ਹੈ?

ਤੁਹਾਡੀ ਧੀ ਕੀ ਕਰਦੀ ਹੈ?

ਕੀ ਤੁਸੀਂ ਕਹਾਣੀ ਸੁਣੀ ਹੈ?

ਤੁਹਾਡੀ ਨੀਤੀ ਕੀ ਹੈ?

Temas para diario

Write about your day.
Describe your family.
Write a short story.
Discuss a social issue.

Errores comunes

Incorrect

Correcto


Incorrect

Correcto


Incorrect

Correcto


Incorrect

Correcto

Test Yourself

Fill in the correct vowel.

ਦ___ਨ

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ਿ
Sihari is for short 'i'.
Which is correct? Opción múltiple

Choose the word for river.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ਨਦੀ
Bihari is for long 'ee'.
Correct the spelling. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

ਦਿਨਿ

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ਦਿਨ
No double vowels.
Change to Bihari. Sentence Transformation

ਦਿਨ

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ਦੀਨ
Bihari makes it long.
Is this true? True False Rule

Sihari is placed on the right.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: False
Sihari is on the left.
Complete the dialogue. Dialogue Completion

A: ਪਾਣੀ ___? B: ਹਾਂ, ਪੀਓ।

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ਪੀਓ
Bihari for long 'ee'.
Build a sentence. Sentence Building

___ ਵਧੀਆ ਹੈ।

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ਦਿਨ
Contextually correct.
Match the word. Match Pairs

Match each item on the left with its pair on the right:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ਦਿਨ
Correct translation.

Score: /8

Ejercicios de practica

8 exercises
Fill in the correct vowel.

ਦ___ਨ

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ਿ
Sihari is for short 'i'.
Which is correct? Opción múltiple

Choose the word for river.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ਨਦੀ
Bihari is for long 'ee'.
Correct the spelling. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

ਦਿਨਿ

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ਦਿਨ
No double vowels.
Change to Bihari. Sentence Transformation

ਦਿਨ

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ਦੀਨ
Bihari makes it long.
Is this true? True False Rule

Sihari is placed on the right.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: False
Sihari is on the left.
Complete the dialogue. Dialogue Completion

A: ਪਾਣੀ ___? B: ਹਾਂ, ਪੀਓ।

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ਪੀਓ
Bihari for long 'ee'.
Build a sentence. Sentence Building

___ ਵਧੀਆ ਹੈ।

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ਦਿਨ
Contextually correct.
Match the word. Match Pairs

Match 'Day' to Punjabi.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ਦਿਨ
Correct translation.

Score: /8

Preguntas frecuentes (8)

It is a historical rule of the Gurmukhi script.

No, that would change the meaning.

No, these are consistent rules.

Write words and read them aloud.

Yes, the script is standard.

Remember the mnemonic: Sihari is short and left.

No, just these two.

No, it is a spelling rule.

Scaffolded Practice

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

4

Mastery Progress

Needs Practice

Improving

Strong

Mastered

In Other Languages

Spanish moderate

i

Punjabi uses diacritics instead of independent letters.

French moderate

i

Punjabi uses diacritics instead of independent letters.

German moderate

i

Punjabi uses diacritics instead of independent letters.

Japanese moderate

Punjabi uses diacritics instead of independent letters.

Arabic high

Kasra

Arabic diacritics are placed above/below; Punjabi diacritics are placed left/right.

Chinese low

yi

Chinese uses characters; Punjabi uses an alphabet.

Learning Path

Prerequisites

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