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A2 adjective 7 min de lecture

مضطرب

anxious
Exemples Notes et astuces مضطرب en 30 secondes
Explication مضطرب in your Level:
At the A1 level, you should know that 'moz-ta-reb' means 'anxious'. It is a word used to describe a feeling when you are not calm. You can use it in very simple sentences like 'Man moz-ta-reb hastam' (I am anxious). At this stage, just focus on the basic meaning and recognize it as a word for a 'bad' or 'uncomfortable' feeling. You might hear it in basic stories or when someone is talking about a test. It is a bit more difficult than 'negarān' (worried), but it is very useful for expressing yourself. Think of it as a step above 'not happy'. Even though it's an A2 word, seeing it early helps you understand that Persian has many words for different feelings. Just remember the pronunciation: moz-ta-reb. It rhymes with some other Persian words ending in 'eb'.
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At the A2 level, you are expected to use 'moz-ta-reb' to describe people's states in common situations. You should be able to say 'He is anxious about the exam' or 'The mother is anxious'. You should also begin to notice the difference between 'moz-ta-reb' and 'negarān'. 'Negarān' is like 'I'm worried I forgot my keys', while 'moz-ta-reb' is 'I'm anxious and my heart is beating fast'. You will see this word in short readings about health, school, or family. You should also be able to use it with 'shodan' (to become) to describe a change in state: 'Vaghti ū rā didam, moz-ta-reb shodam' (When I saw him, I became anxious). This level is about building the foundation of emotional vocabulary, and 'moz-ta-reb' is a key part of that.
At the B1 level, you should be comfortable using 'moz-ta-reb' in more complex sentence structures. You can use it as an attributive adjective, such as 'Zan-e moz-ta-reb be sā'atash negāh kard' (The anxious woman looked at her watch). You should also understand the noun form 'ezterāb' (anxiety) and how it relates to the adjective. At this level, you can describe not just people, but also atmospheres or situations that are 'moz-ta-reb-konandeh' (anxiety-inducing). You will encounter this word in news articles or more detailed stories. You should also be able to discuss the causes and effects of being 'moz-ta-reb' using connectors like 'chon' (because) or 'be hamin dalil' (for this reason). Your ability to nuance your feelings will improve by choosing 'moz-ta-reb' over simpler words like 'bad'.
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At the B2 level, you should understand the deeper nuances and the Arabic root of 'moz-ta-reb'. You can use it in formal essays or debates about social issues. For example, 'Dar javāme'-e emroozi, besyāri az javānān moz-ta-reb hastand' (In today's societies, many youths are anxious). You should also be familiar with collocations like 'shadidan moz-ta-reb' (severely anxious) or 'chehreh-ye moz-ta-reb' (anxious face). You can use the word to describe abstract concepts, such as an 'anxious market' or an 'anxious peace'. At this level, you should be able to distinguish 'moz-ta-reb' from synonyms like 'moshavvash' (disturbed) or 'parishān' (distressed) based on the context. You are expected to use the word fluently in both spoken and written Persian, showing an understanding of its register.
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At the C1 level, 'moz-ta-reb' becomes a tool for sophisticated analysis. You will encounter it in classical and modern literature, where it might describe the 'moz-ta-reb' state of a soul in a mystical poem or the psychological depth of a character in a 20th-century novel. You should be able to discuss the etymology and how the 'shaken' root contributes to the word's meaning. You will use it in academic contexts, perhaps discussing 'ezterāb-e vujoodi' (existential anxiety). Your usage should be precise, using the word to convey specific shades of agitation that 'negarān' cannot reach. You should also be able to identify and use idioms related to anxiety, even if they don't use the word 'moz-ta-reb' directly, while understanding that 'moz-ta-reb' remains the formal anchor for these expressions.
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At the C2 level, you have a near-native grasp of 'moz-ta-reb'. You can use it with absolute precision in any context, from a high-level diplomatic meeting to a complex literary critique. You understand its historical evolution and its place within the broader system of Persian adjectives derived from Arabic roots. You can play with the word's connotations, using it ironically or metaphorically. You are also aware of regional variations in how the word might be perceived or used in Iran versus Tajikistan or Afghanistan (though 'moz-ta-reb' is quite universal). At this level, the word is not just a vocabulary item but a part of your expressive repertoire, allowing you to capture the finest details of human emotion and situational tension with ease and elegance.
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Exemples Notes et astuces

مضطرب en 30 secondes

  • Means 'anxious' or 'agitated'.
  • Derived from the Arabic root for 'shaken'.
  • More intense and formal than 'negarān' (worried).
  • Used for both people and atmospheres.

The Persian word مضطرب (moz-ta-reb) is a profound adjective used to describe a state of being anxious, worried, or agitated. Rooted in the Arabic triliteral root ḍ-r-b (meaning to strike or hit), the form moz-ta-reb literally suggests a state of being 'shaken' or 'hit repeatedly,' much like the surface of a turbulent sea. When a person is moz-ta-reb, they are not just mildly concerned; they are experiencing a physiological and psychological restlessness that often manifests in their behavior, voice, or facial expressions.

Formal Usage
In formal contexts, such as news reports, psychological assessments, or literature, مضطرب is the standard term for anxiety. It is used to describe populations facing uncertainty or individuals suffering from clinical conditions.
Everyday Conversation
While نگران (negahrān) is more common for 'worried,' مضطرب is used when the speaker wants to emphasize the visible agitation or the intensity of the feeling. If someone is pacing back and forth, you would describe them as مضطرب.

مادر از دیر کردن فرزندش بسیار مضطرب بود.
(The mother was very anxious about her child being late.)

Understanding the nuance of this word requires looking at its synonyms. While del-vapas implies a heart-felt concern for someone's safety, moz-ta-reb is more about the internal chaos. It is the feeling you get before a major surgery, an important job interview, or when waiting for life-changing news. The word captures the 'vibration' of the soul under stress. In Persian culture, expressing one's internal state as moz-ta-reb often invites sympathy and a desire from others to provide āramesh (calmness).

چرا اینقدر مضطرب به نظر می‌رسی؟ چیزی شده؟
(Why do you look so anxious? Did something happen?)

Physical Symptoms
When Persians use this word, they often associate it with a fast heartbeat, sweaty palms, and a shaky voice (sedā-ye moz-ta-reb).

In summary, مضطرب is a high-frequency adjective that bridges the gap between daily emotional expression and formal psychological description. It is essential for any learner reaching the A2 level to distinguish it from milder forms of worry. Whether you are reading a novel where a character is 'moz-ta-reb' before a duel, or listening to a friend talk about their exam results, this word provides the necessary weight to the emotion being described.

Using مضطرب (moz-ta-reb) correctly involves understanding its placement as an adjective and its relationship with auxiliary verbs like budan (to be) and shodan (to become). In Persian, adjectives typically follow the noun they modify with an Ezafe construction, or they function as a predicate adjective at the end of a sentence.

Predicate Adjective
This is the most common usage. Example: 'Man moz-ta-reb hastam' (I am anxious). Here, it describes the subject's current state.
Attributive Adjective
When describing a person directly: 'Koodak-e moz-ta-reb' (The anxious child). Note the 'e' sound connecting the noun and the adjective.

دانش‌آموزان قبل از امتحان خیلی مضطرب می‌شوند.
(Students become very anxious before the exam.)

To express *what* someone is anxious about, you often use the preposition az (from/about) or barāye (for). For example, 'Man az natijeh moz-ta-rebam' (I am anxious about the result). Interestingly, Persian speakers also use the noun form ezterāb with the verb dāshtan (to have), but moz-ta-reb budan is the direct way to say 'to be anxious'.

او با صدایی مضطرب با من تماس گرفت.
(He called me with an anxious voice.)

Intensifiers
Use 'besyār' (very), 'kheyli' (a lot), or 'shadidan' (severely) to modify the intensity. 'Shadidan moz-ta-reb' is a common collocation in clinical or dramatic contexts.

Finally, consider the negative form: moz-ta-reb nistan (to not be anxious). In Persian, we often use the antonym ārām (calm) instead of the negative, but the negative is perfectly acceptable for emphasis. 'Negarān nabāsh, moz-ta-reb ham nabāsh' (Don't be worried, and don't be anxious either).

You will encounter مضطرب (moz-ta-reb) in a variety of real-world scenarios in Iran and Persian-speaking communities. Its versatility makes it a staple of both high-brow literature and heartfelt daily interactions. Here is where you are most likely to hear it:

1. The Medical and Psychological Clinic
In Iran, mental health awareness is growing. You will hear doctors ask, 'Āyā ehsās-e moz-ta-reb budan mikonid?' (Do you feel anxious?). It is the technical term used in therapy sessions.
2. News and Media
During times of economic fluctuation or social change, news anchors might describe the 'fazā-ye moz-ta-reb-e bāzār' (the anxious atmosphere of the market). It describes a collective state of uncertainty.

اخبار جنگ باعث شد که مردم شهر مضطرب شوند.
(The news of the war caused the people of the city to become anxious.)

In Persian cinema and TV dramas, characters often use this word to express their inner turmoil. Unlike 'negarān', which can be about someone else, 'moz-ta-reb' is often about the self's reaction to a situation. You might hear a character say, 'Dast-hāyam moz-ta-reb hastand' (My hands are anxious/shaking), personifying their limbs to show the physical toll of their stress.

او همیشه قبل از سخنرانی کمی مضطرب است.
(He is always a bit anxious before a speech.)

Finally, in literature and poetry, moz-ta-reb is used to describe the soul's longing or the heart's agitation in the presence of the beloved. While modern usage is more clinical, the poetic tradition uses it to describe a 'restless heart' (del-e moz-ta-reb) that cannot find peace.

When learning Persian, it is easy to confuse مضطرب (moz-ta-reb) with other words that express similar emotions. Avoiding these pitfalls will make your Persian sound more natural and precise.

Mistake 1: Confusing with 'Negarān'
While 'negarān' means worried, it often implies a cognitive concern about a specific outcome. 'Moz-ta-reb' is more about the feeling of agitation. You are 'negarān' about your grades, but you are 'moz-ta-reb' while sitting in the exam hall.
Mistake 2: Incorrect Prepositions
English speakers often want to use 'darbāre-ye' (about) with anxiety. While possible, it is more common to use 'az' (from) or 'barāye' (for) in Persian. 'Man az emtehān moz-ta-rebam' is more idiomatic than using 'darbāre-ye'.

Incorrect: من درباره آینده خیلی نگران هستم (I am worried about the future - okay, but less intense).
Correct for high anxiety: من از آینده مضطرب هستم.

Another mistake is pronunciation. The 'z' and 't' are distinct. Some learners may blend them into a single sound. Ensure you pronounce the 'z' (voiced) and the 't' (unvoiced) clearly: moz-ta-reb. Also, remember that the 'b' at the end is soft, not aspirated.

او مضطرب بود، نه عصبانی.
(He was anxious, not angry.)

Finally, don't confuse مضطرب with ترسیده (tarsideh). Tarsideh means 'scared' or 'frightened' by a specific threat (like a dog). Moz-ta-reb is the generalized feeling of unease. You can be anxious without being scared of a specific object.

To expand your Persian vocabulary, it is helpful to understand the synonyms and related terms for مضطرب (moz-ta-reb). Each has a slightly different shade of meaning.

Negarān (نگران)
The most common word for 'worried'. It is less intense than 'moz-ta-reb' and usually focuses on a specific concern.
Parishān (پریشان)
Literally 'scattered'. Used for someone who is mentally distressed, disheveled, or whose thoughts are all over the place.
Bi-qarār (بی‌قرار)
Literally 'without stability' or 'restless'. This describes the inability to sit still or find peace, often due to love or anxiety.

دلش مضطرب و فکرش پریشان بود.
(His heart was anxious and his mind was scattered.)

For more formal or literary contexts, you might see moshavvash (disturbed) or harasān (fearful/hurried). If someone is 'del-vapas', they are 'heart-waiting', a beautiful way to say they are anxious about someone else's well-being, like a parent for a child.

موقعیت بسیار مضطرب‌کننده‌ای بود.
(It was a very anxiety-inducing situation.)

In slang or informal speech, people might say 'del-shureh dāram' (I have a churning stomach/heartburn of anxiety). While 'moz-ta-reb' is the proper word, 'del-shureh' captures the physical sensation of anxiety in the gut. Knowing when to use each of these will elevate your Persian from functional to expressive.

Le savais-tu ?

The same root 'ḍ-r-b' gives us 'zarbe' (a hit/blow) and 'zarbolmasal' (proverb - literally 'hitting a likeness').

Guide de prononciation

UK /mɒz.tæ.reb/
US /mɑːz.tæ.reb/
The stress is typically on the last syllable: moz-ta-REB.
Rime avec
مغرب (maghreb) عقرب (aghrab) مکتب (maktab) امشب (emshab) زینب (zeynab) مرکب (morakkab) مذهب (mazhab) منصب (mansab)
Erreurs fréquentes
  • Pronouncing 'z' and 't' together as a single sound like 'st'.
  • Softening the 't' too much.
  • Aspirating the final 'b' too strongly.
  • Misplacing the stress on the first syllable.
  • Confusing the 'o' sound with a long 'u'.
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Exemples par niveau

1

من مضطرب هستم.

I am anxious.

Simple subject + adjective + verb.

2

آیا تو مضطرب هستی؟

Are you anxious?

Question form with 'āyā'.

3

او کمی مضطرب است.

He/She is a bit anxious.

Use of 'kami' (a bit) as a modifier.

4

ما مضطرب نیستیم.

We are not anxious.

Negative form 'nistim'.

5

چرا مضطرب هستی؟

Why are you anxious?

Question word 'cherā'.

6

امروز مضطرب هستم.

Today I am anxious.

Adverb of time 'emrooz'.

7

او خیلی مضطرب است.

He is very anxious.

Use of 'kheyli' (very).

8

سارا مضطرب است.

Sara is anxious.

Proper noun as subject.

1

او برای امتحان فردا مضطرب است.

She is anxious for tomorrow's exam.

Preposition 'barāye' (for).

2

مادرم همیشه مضطرب می‌شود.

My mother always becomes anxious.

Verb 'shodan' (to become).

3

صدای او مضطرب بود.

His voice was anxious.

Adjective modifying 'sedā' (voice).

4

بچه‌ها مضطرب به نظر می‌رسند.

The children look anxious.

Verb 'be nazar residan' (to look/seem).

5

من از سگ‌ها مضطرب می‌شوم.

I get anxious from/of dogs.

Preposition 'az' (from).

6

آن مرد مضطرب در خیابان می‌دوید.

That anxious man was running in the street.

Attributive adjective with Ezafe.

7

او با چهره‌ای مضطرب وارد شد.

He entered with an anxious face.

Preposition 'bā' (with).

8

نباید مضطرب باشی.

You shouldn't be anxious.

Modal verb 'nabāyad' (shouldn't).

1

او به دلیل نتایج آزمایش بسیار مضطرب بود.

He was very anxious because of the test results.

Phrase 'be dalil-e' (because of).

2

فضای خانه بعد از دعوا مضطرب شده بود.

The atmosphere of the house had become anxious after the fight.

Past perfect tense.

3

او سعی می‌کرد مضطرب به نظر نرسد.

He was trying not to seem anxious.

Compound verb 'sa'y kardan'.

4

نگاه مضطرب او همه چیز را لو داد.

Her anxious look gave everything away.

Ezafe construction.

5

اگر مضطرب هستی، نفس عمیق بکش.

If you are anxious, take a deep breath.

Conditional sentence with 'agar'.

6

او همیشه در محیط‌های شلوغ مضطرب می‌شود.

He always gets anxious in crowded environments.

Plural noun 'mohit-hā'.

7

پدرم از آینده‌ی شغلی‌اش مضطرب است.

My father is anxious about his career future.

Possessive suffix '-ash'.

8

هیچ‌کس نمی‌دانست چرا او اینقدر مضطرب است.

No one knew why he was so anxious.

Negative pronoun 'hich-kas'.

1

وضعیت اقتصادی باعث شده که مردم مضطرب شوند.

The economic situation has caused people to become anxious.

Causative structure with 'bā'es shodan'.

2

او با لحنی مضطرب از من کمک خواست.

He asked me for help in an anxious tone.

Adjective modifying 'lahn' (tone).

3

سایه‌های بلند در شب او را مضطرب می‌کرد.

The long shadows at night used to make her anxious.

Past continuous aspect.

4

او علی‌رغم ظاهر آرام، قلبی مضطرب داشت.

Despite his calm appearance, he had an anxious heart.

Conjunction 'ali-raghm-e' (despite).

5

خبرهای ضد و نقیض جامعه را مضطرب کرده است.

Contradictory news has made the society anxious.

Present perfect tense.

6

او با انگشتان مضطربش بازی می‌کرد.

He was playing with his anxious fingers.

Personification of fingers.

7

آیا احساس مضطرب بودن طبیعی است؟

Is the feeling of being anxious natural?

Gerund-like 'budan' (being).

8

او از اینکه نتواند پروژه را تمام کند مضطرب بود.

He was anxious about not being able to finish the project.

Subjunctive clause.

1

نویسنده با مهارتی خاص، فضای مضطرب داستان را ترسیم کرد.

The author, with special skill, depicted the anxious atmosphere of the story.

Literary vocabulary.

2

در پس آن لبخند، روحی مضطرب نهفته بود.

Behind that smile, an anxious soul was hidden.

Poetic 'nahofteh bud' (was hidden).

3

تحولات سیاسی اخیر، بازارهای جهانی را مضطرب ساخته است.

Recent political developments have made global markets anxious.

Formal verb 'sākhteh ast' (has made).

4

او در میان جمع، وجودی مضطرب و تنها داشت.

Amidst the crowd, he had an anxious and lonely existence.

Abstract usage of 'voojood' (existence).

5

این سکوت طولانی، او را بیش از پیش مضطرب می‌کرد.

This long silence made him more anxious than before.

Comparative 'bish az pish'.

6

جامعه‌شناسان از افزایش لایه‌های مضطرب در طبقه متوسط می‌گویند.

Sociologists talk about the increase of anxious layers in the middle class.

Academic context.

7

او با گام‌هایی مضطرب به سمت سرنوشت خود می‌رفت.

With anxious steps, he was going towards his destiny.

Metaphorical usage.

8

پاسخ‌های کوتاه او نشان‌دهنده ذهنی مضطرب بود.

His short answers were indicative of an anxious mind.

Compound adjective 'neshān-dahandeh'.

1

اضطراب وجودی، او را به انسانی همیشه مضطرب بدل کرده بود.

Existential anxiety had turned him into a perpetually anxious human.

Philosophical terminology.

2

ساختار مضطرب این قطعه موسیقی، نشان از پریشانی آهنگساز دارد.

The anxious structure of this musical piece indicates the composer's distress.

Artistic critique.

3

او در مواجهه با امر متعالی، حالتی مضطرب و خاشع یافت.

In facing the sublime, he found an anxious and humble state.

High literary register.

4

تاریخ، گواهی بر دوره‌های مضطرب و پرآشوب بشری است.

History is a witness to the anxious and chaotic periods of humanity.

Historical analysis.

5

نوسانات مضطرب ارز، بنیان‌های اقتصادی را به لرزه انداخت.

The anxious fluctuations of the currency shook the economic foundations.

Economic metaphor.

6

او با نگاهی مضطرب به افق‌های ناپیدا خیره شده بود.

With an anxious gaze, he was staring at unseen horizons.

Evocative imagery.

7

تجلی این تفکر مضطرب را می‌توان در اشعار متأخر او دید.

The manifestation of this anxious thought can be seen in his later poems.

Literary analysis.

8

او میان دو انتخاب دشوار، در وضعیتی مضطرب گرفتار بود.

Between two difficult choices, he was trapped in an anxious situation.

Complex situational description.

Collocations courantes

شدیداً مضطرب
چهره مضطرب
صدای مضطرب
نگاه مضطرب
کمی مضطرب
فرد مضطرب
محیط مضطرب
جامعه مضطرب
دل مضطرب
حرکات مضطرب

Phrases Courantes

مضطرب بودن

— To be anxious.

چرا اینقدر مضطرب هستی؟

مضطرب شدن

— To become anxious.

او ناگهان مضطرب شد.

مضطرب کردن

— To make someone anxious.

این خبر مرا مضطرب کرد.

احساس مضطرب بودن

— The feeling of being anxious.

احساس مضطرب بودن دارم.

بسیار مضطرب

— Very anxious.

او بسیار مضطرب به نظر می‌رسید.

لحن مضطرب

— Anxious tone.

او با لحنی مضطرب صحبت کرد.

حالت مضطرب

— Anxious state/mood.

او در حالتی مضطرب بود.

جمعیت مضطرب

— Anxious crowd.

جمعیت مضطرب منتظر بودند.

افکار مضطرب

— Anxious thoughts.

افکار مضطرب او را رها نمی‌کردند.

زمانه مضطرب

— Anxious/troubled times.

در این زمانه مضطرب باید آرام بود.

Expressions idiomatiques

"دلش مثل سیر و سرکه می‌جوشد"

— To be extremely anxious (literally: heart boils like garlic and vinegar).

از وقتی رفته، دلم مثل سیر و سرکه می‌جوشد.

Informal
"بند دلش پاره شد"

— To be suddenly gripped by intense anxiety or fear.

با صدای جیغ، بند دلم پاره شد.

Informal
"دلش شور می‌زند"

— To have a nagging feeling of anxiety (literally: heart is salty/churning).

دلم برایش شور می‌زند.

Informal
"دست و پایش را گم کرد"

— To lose one's cool or become confused due to anxiety.

وقتی استاد را دید، دست و پایش را گم کرد.

Informal
"رنگش پرید"

— To turn pale from anxiety or fear.

از شنیدن خبر، رنگش پرید.

Neutral
"مثل بید لرزیدن"

— To shake like a willow tree (due to anxiety or fear).

از شدت اضطراب مثل بید می‌لرزید.

Neutral
"نفسش در نمی‌آمد"

— To be so anxious or scared that one can't breathe.

از اضطراب نفسش در نمی‌آمد.

Informal
"دل تو دلش نیست"

— To be very restless and anxious (usually in anticipation).

برای دیدن او دل تو دلش نیست.

Informal
"آب خوش از گلویش پایین نمی‌رود"

— To be so anxious that one cannot enjoy anything.

از وقتی مریض شده، آب خوش از گلویم پایین نمی‌رود.

Informal
"خواب و خوراک نداشتن"

— To lose sleep and appetite due to anxiety.

از اضطراب امتحان، خواب و خوراک نداشت.

Informal

Famille de mots

Noms

Verbes

Adjectifs

Apparenté

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Mémorise-le

Moyen mnémotechnique

Imagine a 'MOZ' (mouse) that is 'TA' (totally) 'REB' (ready to run) because it's anxious.

Association visuelle

Imagine a person standing on a vibrating platform; they are 'shaken' or 'moz-ta-reb'.

Word Web

Anxiety Shaken Agitated Restless Worried Nervous Agitated Moz-ta-reb

Défi

Try to use 'moz-ta-reb' instead of 'negarān' three times today when describing a feeling of stress.

Origine du mot

Derived from the Arabic root 'ḍ-r-b' (ض-ر-ب) meaning 'to hit' or 'to strike'.

Sens originel : The form 'moz-ta-reb' (VIII form participle) literally means 'one who is in a state of commotion' or 'shaken'.

Semitic (Arabic root) integrated into Indo-European (Persian).

Contexte culturel

Be empathetic when using this word about someone else; it implies they are suffering.

English speakers might use 'stressed' more often, but 'moz-ta-reb' is closer to 'anxious'.

Used in the works of Sadegh Hedayat to describe psychological states. Commonly found in modern Iranian pop lyrics about heartbreak. Used in medical brochures in Iran regarding mental health.
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Contenu associé

Ce mot dans d'autres langues

مضطرب Arabic
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