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B2 noun 7 min de lecture

مردم‌شناسی

mardom-shenasi
Exemples مردم‌شناسی en 30 secondes
Explication مردم‌شناسی in your Level:
At the A1 level, you don't need to use the word 'مردم‌شناسی' (Anthropology) in your daily life, but it's helpful to recognize it. Think of it as 'People Study.' It's a long word, but you can break it down. 'Mardom' means 'People' (like the people you see in the street). 'Shenāsi' means 'knowing' or 'learning about.' So, it's the science of learning about people. You might see this word on a sign at a museum in Iran. If you see 'Muze-ye Mardom-shenāsi,' it just means 'Museum of People/Culture.' At this stage, just remember that 'Mardom' = People and 'Shenāsi' = Study. This is a very formal word, and you won't use it to buy bread or ask for directions. It is for school and books. Don't worry about the complex grammar yet; just see it as a label for a type of museum or a subject in a university. It is a 'Noun.'
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At the A2 level, you can start using 'مردم‌شناسی' in simple sentences about interests or locations. For example, you can say 'I like the anthropology museum' (Man muze-ye mardom-shenāsi ro dust dāram). You are learning that Persian uses compound words. This word is a great example of how Persian builds big ideas by putting two smaller words together. 'Mardom' (people) + 'shenāsi' (study). You might hear this word on the news when they talk about different groups of people in Iran, like the Bakhtiari or the Kurds. It is a formal word, so it's good for showing you have a good vocabulary. You can also say 'My friend studies anthropology' (Dust-e man mardom-shenāsi mikhand). Remember the 'y' at the end makes it the name of the subject. Without the 'y', it's the person doing the study.
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At the B1 level, you should understand that 'مردم‌شناسی' is the academic field of Anthropology. You can use it to talk about culture, traditions, and history. You should be able to distinguish it from 'Jāme'e-shenāsi' (Sociology). Use it when discussing the diverse cultures of Iran. For instance, you could explain that an anthropology museum shows how people lived 100 years ago. You will start to see this word in intermediate reading passages about Iranian heritage. You should also be comfortable with the 'Ezafe' construction, like 'dars-e mardom-shenāsi' (anthropology lesson). At this level, you are expected to know that this word refers to the study of human culture and social customs. It's a key word for anyone interested in Iranian society or history.
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At the B2 level, you are expected to use 'مردم‌شناسی' in academic or professional contexts. You should understand the nuances, such as the difference between 'Mardom-shenāsi' (often focusing on ethnography and folklore) and 'Ensān-shenāsi' (the broader field of anthropology). You can discuss research methods, such as 'Tahghigh-e meydāni' (fieldwork) in the context of anthropology. You should be able to read articles about cultural preservation or the impact of modernization on traditional societies where this word is central. You can use it to frame complex ideas, like 'The anthropological perspective on globalization.' Your sentences should be more complex, using the word as a subject or part of specialized phrases like 'Mardom-shenāsi-ye farhangi' (Cultural Anthropology). This is a bridge to advanced academic Persian.
At the C1 level, 'مردم‌شناسی' is a tool for deep cultural analysis. You should be familiar with the history of the field in Iran, including key figures and institutions like the 'Institute of Anthropology.' You can use the word to critique social phenomena, discuss the ethics of ethnographic research, and analyze the intersection of anthropology with politics and identity. You should be able to participate in high-level debates about 'Otherness,' 'Indigeneity,' and 'Cultural Heritage' using this terminology. You will encounter the word in academic journals and dense non-fiction books. You should also be aware of related technical terms like 'Ethnography' (Nezhād-negāri) and how they relate to the broader 'Mardom-shenāsi' framework. Your usage should reflect a sophisticated understanding of the social sciences.
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At the C2 level, you possess a native-like or expert command of 'مردم‌شناسی.' You can discuss the epistemological foundations of the field, the shift from structuralism to post-structuralism within Persian anthropological thought, and the specific ways Iranian anthropologists have adapted Western theories to the local context. You can write scholarly articles or give lectures using this term and its associated complex jargon. You understand the subtle political implications of using 'Mardom-shenāsi' versus 'Ensān-shenāsi' in different historical periods of Iranian academia. You can analyze the 'anthropological gaze' in Iranian cinema or literature. For you, the word is not just a label for a science, but a gateway to a massive body of intellectual work and a specific way of perceiving the human experience in the Middle East and beyond.
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Exemples

مردم‌شناسی en 30 secondes

  • Mardom-shenāsi means Anthropology, specifically the study of human culture and society.
  • It is a compound of 'mardom' (people) and 'shenāsi' (knowledge/study).
  • It is commonly used in academic contexts and to describe cultural museums.
  • It differs from sociology by focusing more on qualitative cultural details.

The Persian word مردم‌شناسی (mardom-shenāsi) is a sophisticated compound noun that serves as the direct equivalent of 'Anthropology' in English. It is composed of two primary elements: mardom, meaning 'people' or 'folk,' and shenāsi, a suffix derived from the root shenākhtan (to know/recognize), which functions like the Greek-derived suffix '-ology' to denote a field of study or science. While in some academic circles, the term ensān-shenāsi (anthropology) is used to encompass the broader biological and physical study of humans, مردم‌شناسی historically and commonly refers to cultural and social anthropology—the study of human customs, beliefs, social structures, and cultural variations across different societies.

Academic Context
In Iranian universities, this term defines a specific department within the social sciences. It involves studying the 'other' as well as one's own local traditions, often focusing on tribal life, folklore, and rural customs.

موزه مردم‌شناسی تهران یکی از قدیمی‌ترین موزه‌های کشور است که فرهنگ و آداب و رسوم اقوام مختلف ایرانی را به نمایش می‌گذارد.

Translation: The Anthropology Museum of Tehran is one of the oldest museums in the country, showcasing the culture and customs of various Iranian ethnic groups.

Understanding this word requires recognizing its breadth. It isn't just about ancient history; it's a living science used to analyze contemporary urban life, digital cultures, and the evolution of social norms. When a Persian speaker uses this word, they are often referring to the deep, structural understanding of how a particular group of people lives, thinks, and interacts with their environment. It is a word of intellectual prestige, signaling a move beyond mere observation into scientific analysis.

Etymological Breakdown
Mardom (People) + Shenāsi (Study/Recognition). It literally translates to 'People-Knowledge'.

او پایان‌نامه دکتری خود را در رشته مردم‌شناسی تصویری با تمرکز بر عشایر قشقایی نوشت.

Translation: He wrote his doctoral dissertation in Visual Anthropology with a focus on the Qashqai nomads.

In a globalized world, مردم‌شناسی is increasingly relevant in Iran for understanding the transition from traditional to modern lifestyles. It covers topics like marriage rituals, traditional medicine, clothing, and even culinary habits, treating them as data points to understand the human condition. It is a bridge between the humanities and social sciences.

Social Usage
While academic, the word is also used by intellectuals in debates about national identity and the preservation of cultural heritage.

دانش مردم‌شناسی به ما کمک می‌کند تا تفاوت‌های فرهنگی را بهتر درک کنیم و به آن‌ها احترام بگذاریم.

پژوهش‌های مردم‌شناسی در ایران بر روی تنوع زبانی و قومی تمرکز زیادی دارند.

یک متخصص مردم‌شناسی باید مدت زمان زیادی را در میان جامعه مورد مطالعه زندگی کند.

Using مردم‌شناسی correctly involves understanding its grammatical role as a noun. It often appears as the subject of a sentence, the object of a verb like 'to study' (مطالعه کردن / خواندن), or as part of an ezafe construction (e.g., 'the field of anthropology'). Because it is a formal and academic term, it is rarely used in casual slang but is frequent in news, documentaries, and educational discourse.

As a Subject
مردم‌شناسی به بررسی ریشه‌های فرهنگی جوامع می‌پردازد. (Anthropology deals with the investigation of the cultural roots of societies.)

رشته مردم‌شناسی در این دانشگاه بسیار معتبر است.

When describing a person who practices this science, we use the term mardom-shenās (anthropologist). The sentence structure usually follows standard SOV (Subject-Object-Verb) patterns in Persian. For instance, 'I am interested in anthropology' would be Man be mardom-shenāsi alāghe dāram.

In Ezafe Constructions
کتابِ مردم‌شناسی (The book of anthropology), استادِ مردم‌شناسی (The professor of anthropology).

او به عنوان یک محقق مردم‌شناسی به روستاهای دورافتاده سفر می‌کند.

You will often see it paired with adjectives like farhangi (cultural), ejtemā'i (social), or tārikhi (historical). For example, 'Cultural Anthropology' is mardom-shenāsi-ye farhangi. In academic writing, it is used to frame research questions about human behavior and social organization.

With Action Verbs
تحقیق کردن در زمینه مردم‌شناسی (To conduct research in the field of anthropology).

بسیاری از دانشجویان به مطالعه مردم‌شناسی علاقه نشان می‌دهند.

نگاه مردم‌شناسی به مسائل اجتماعی بسیار عمیق و متفاوت است.

او در کنفرانس بین‌المللی مردم‌شناسی سخنرانی کرد.

The word مردم‌شناسی has a specific resonance in Iranian public life. You will encounter it most frequently in cultural institutions. Iran has a rich tapestry of ethnicities (Persians, Azeris, Kurds, Lurs, Baluchs, etc.), and the state places significant emphasis on documenting these cultures. Therefore, 'Anthropology Museums' (موزه‌های مردم‌شناسی) are found in almost every major provincial capital, often housed in beautiful historic bathhouses or mansions.

Media and Documentaries
On Iranian national television (IRIB), especially Channel 4 (the 'intellectual' channel), documentaries often use this word when discussing tribal migrations or traditional wedding ceremonies.

مستندهای مردم‌شناسی به ما نشان می‌دهند که چگونه تکنولوژی زندگی سنتی را تغییر داده است.

In bookstores, you will find a dedicated section for mardom-shenāsi. It isn't just for academics; many Iranians are interested in their roots and the 'folklore' (فرهنگ عامه) aspect of this science. Intellectuals like Jalal Al-e Ahmad or Gholam-Hossein Sa'edi have written works that are essentially anthropological, even if they were literary figures, and the word is often used to describe their contributions to understanding Iranian society.

Higher Education
Students in the Faculty of Social Sciences (دانشکده علوم اجتماعی) use this word daily to define their major and their specific research methodology.

در همایش امروز، اساتید برجسته مردم‌شناسی درباره هویت ملی صحبت کردند.

Furthermore, in the context of urban planning and development, 'anthropological studies' are often required before major projects are implemented in historic neighborhoods. This ensures that the cultural fabric of the 'people' (mardom) is understood before change occurs. It is a word that carries the weight of history and the precision of science.

Tourism and Travel
Tour guides often use this word to explain the social significance of certain architectural features or community rituals to international visitors.

این کتاب یکی از منابع اصلی در حوزه مردم‌شناسی ایران است.

گزارش‌های مردم‌شناسی به درک بهتر چالش‌های زندگی شهری کمک می‌کند.

For English speakers and even native Persian speakers, the most common mistake is confusing مردم‌شناسی (Anthropology) with جامعه‌شناسی (Sociology). While they are related, mardom-shenāsi usually implies a more holistic, qualitative study of culture and small-scale societies, whereas jāme'e-shenāsi focuses on larger social structures, institutions, and quantitative data within modern societies.

Confusion with Psychology
Some beginners confuse it with ravān-shenāsi (Psychology). Psychology is about the individual mind; anthropology is about the collective culture.

اشتباه نکنید؛ او جامعه‌شناس نیست، بلکه متخصص مردم‌شناسی است.

Translation: Don't make a mistake; he is not a sociologist, but an anthropology specialist.

Another mistake involves the distinction between mardom-shenāsi and ensān-shenāsi. In modern Persian academic discourse, ensān-shenāsi is the overarching term for 'Anthropology' (including biological, linguistic, and archaeological), while mardom-shenāsi is often restricted to 'Cultural Anthropology' or 'Ethnology'. Using them interchangeably is common in casual speech but might be corrected in a university setting.

Misuse in Generalizations
Avoid using the word to mean just 'knowing people' in a social sense (like being a 'people person'). That is 'mardom-dāri' or 'shenākht-e mardom'. 'Mardom-shenāsi' is strictly the academic study.

بسیاری از مردم تفاوت بین مردم‌شناسی و باستان‌شناسی را نمی‌دانند.

Finally, learners sometimes forget the 'y' at the end. Mardom-shenās is the person (the anthropologist), while mardom-shenāsi is the field (anthropology). Mixing these up is a frequent error.

او یک مردم‌شناس معروف است که در رشته مردم‌شناسی تدریس می‌کند.

To truly master the vocabulary of the social sciences in Persian, you must understand how مردم‌شناسی relates to its 'cousin' terms. Each of these words covers a specific niche of human study.

Ensān-shenāsi (انسان‌شناسی)
The broader term for Anthropology. While 'mardom-shenāsi' focuses on 'folk' and 'culture,' 'ensān-shenāsi' is more philosophical and biological, studying 'Man' as a species.
Jāme'e-shenāsi (جامعه‌شناسی)
Sociology. Focuses on social institutions, classes, and modern structures. Anthropologists live with people; sociologists often survey them.
Bāstān-shenāsi (باستان‌شناسی)
Archaeology. The study of the human past through material remains. Anthropology is about living cultures; archaeology is about ancient ones.

تفاوت اصلی مردم‌شناسی با جامعه‌شناسی در روش تحقیق میدانی است.

Other related terms include Farhang-shenāsi (Culturology), which is a less common but more specific term for the study of culture itself, and Zabān-shenāsi (Linguistics), which often overlaps with anthropology in the study of how language shapes culture. Understanding these distinctions helps you navigate academic and intellectual conversations more effectively.

رشته مردم‌شناسی پیوند نزدیکی با تاریخ و جغرافیا دارد.

برای درک هنر سنتی، باید به دانش مردم‌شناسی رجوع کرد.

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Exemples par niveau

1

موزه مردم‌شناسی کجاست؟

Where is the anthropology museum?

Simple question with 'kojāst' (where is).

2

این یک کتاب مردم‌شناسی است.

This is an anthropology book.

Demonstrative pronoun 'in' (this) + 'yek' (one/a).

3

او مردم‌شناسی می‌خواند.

He/She studies anthropology.

Present continuous sense using 'mikhand' (reads/studies).

4

من به مردم‌شناسی علاقه دارم.

I am interested in anthropology.

Compound verb 'alāghe dāshtan' (to have interest).

5

مردم‌شناسی جالب است.

Anthropology is interesting.

Adjective 'jāleb' (interesting) following the noun.

6

ما به موزه مردم‌شناسی رفتیم.

We went to the anthropology museum.

Past tense 'raftim' (we went).

7

استاد مردم‌شناسی مهربان است.

The anthropology professor is kind.

Ezafe construction linking 'ostād' and 'mardom-shenāsi'.

8

اسم این درس مردم‌شناسی است.

The name of this lesson is anthropology.

Simple identity sentence using 'ast' (is).

1

در این شهر یک موزه مردم‌شناسی بزرگ وجود دارد.

There is a large anthropology museum in this city.

Use of 'vojud dārad' (there is/exists).

2

آیا شما درباره مردم‌شناسی چیزی می‌دانید؟

Do you know anything about anthropology?

Question using 'darbāre-ye' (about).

3

برادرم در دانشگاه تهران مردم‌شناسی می‌خواند.

My brother studies anthropology at Tehran University.

Specifying location with 'dar' (in).

4

مردم‌شناسی به ما درباره فرهنگ‌ها می‌گوید.

Anthropology tells us about cultures.

Subject-Verb agreement with 'migu-yad' (it says).

5

من می‌خواهم یک مردم‌شناس شوم.

I want to become an anthropologist.

Future intent with 'mi-khāham ... shavam'.

6

کتاب‌های مردم‌شناسی معمولاً عکس‌های زیادی دارند.

Anthropology books usually have many photos.

Adverb 'ma'mulan' (usually).

7

او به تحقیق در زمینه مردم‌شناسی مشغول است.

He is busy with research in the field of anthropology.

The phrase 'mashghul-e' (busy with).

8

مردم‌شناسی علم مطالعه مردم است.

Anthropology is the science of studying people.

Defining a noun with 'elm-e' (science of).

1

مردم‌شناسی به بررسی آداب و رسوم قدیمی می‌پردازد.

Anthropology deals with the investigation of old customs and traditions.

Verb 'be ... pardākhtan' (to deal with/address).

2

او مقاله‌ای درباره مردم‌شناسی ایران باستان نوشت.

He wrote an article about the anthropology of ancient Iran.

Compound ezafe: mardom-shenāsi-ye Irān-e bāstān.

3

برای درک بهتر جامعه، باید مردم‌شناسی بدانیم.

To understand society better, we must know anthropology.

Subjunctive 'bedānim' after 'bāyad'.

4

رشته مردم‌شناسی به تفاوت‌های فرهنگی اهمیت می‌دهد.

The field of anthropology gives importance to cultural differences.

Idiom 'ahammiyat dādan' (to give importance).

5

بسیاری از گردشگران از موزه مردم‌شناسی بازدید می‌کنند.

Many tourists visit the anthropology museum.

Verb 'bāzdid kardan' (to visit).

6

مردم‌شناسی به ما کمک می‌کند تا ریشه‌های خود را پیدا کنیم.

Anthropology helps us to find our roots.

Structure 'komak kardan tā' (to help so that...).

7

این مستند تلویزیونی درباره موضوعات مردم‌شناسی است.

This TV documentary is about anthropological topics.

Plural noun 'mozu'āt' (topics).

8

استاد ما در حوزه مردم‌شناسی تخصص دارد.

Our professor has expertise in the field of anthropology.

Phrase 'takhas-sos dāshtan' (to have expertise).

1

مردم‌شناسی فرهنگی یکی از شاخه‌های اصلی این علم است.

Cultural anthropology is one of the main branches of this science.

Use of 'shākheh' (branch) in academic classification.

2

او تحقیقات میدانی گسترده‌ای در زمینه مردم‌شناسی انجام داده است.

He has conducted extensive field research in the area of anthropology.

Present perfect 'anjām dāde ast'.

3

مردم‌شناسی به تحلیل ساختارهای اجتماعی در قبایل می‌پردازد.

Anthropology analyzes social structures in tribes.

Formal vocabulary like 'tahlil' (analysis) and 'sākhtār' (structure).

4

تغییرات سریع تکنولوژی، چالش‌های جدیدی برای مردم‌شناسی ایجاد کرده است.

Rapid technological changes have created new challenges for anthropology.

Abstract subject-verb relationship.

5

او در پایان‌نامه خود به جنبه‌های مردم‌شناسیِ عزاداری در ایران پرداخت.

In his thesis, he addressed the anthropological aspects of mourning in Iran.

Ezafe linking 'janbeh-hā-ye mardom-shenāsi'.

6

مردم‌شناسی به ما اجازه می‌دهد تا از دیدگاه دیگران به جهان بنگریم.

Anthropology allows us to look at the world from others' perspectives.

Formal verb 'negrestan' (to look/gaze).

7

رویکردهای نوین در مردم‌شناسی بر هویت‌های دیجیتال تمرکز دارند.

Modern approaches in anthropology focus on digital identities.

Plural 'ruykard-hā' (approaches).

8

بدون دانش مردم‌شناسی، فهم عمیق تاریخ غیرممکن است.

Without anthropological knowledge, a deep understanding of history is impossible.

Conditional logic with 'bedun-e' (without).

1

پارادایم‌های مردم‌شناسی در دهه‌های اخیر دستخوش تغییرات بنیادین شده‌اند.

Anthropological paradigms have undergone fundamental changes in recent decades.

Passive/Process verb 'dastkhosh-e ... shodan'.

2

او با نگاهی مردم‌شناختی به نقد پدیده‌های نوظهور شهری می‌پردازد.

He critiques emerging urban phenomena with an anthropological lens.

Adjectival form 'mardom-shenākhti' (anthropological).

3

مردم‌شناسی تصویری ابزاری قدرتمند برای ثبت فرهنگ‌های در حال زوال است.

Visual anthropology is a powerful tool for recording fading cultures.

Complex noun phrase 'farhang-hā-ye dar hāl-e zavāl'.

4

اخلاق در پژوهش‌های مردم‌شناسی از اهمیت حیاتی برخوردار است.

Ethics in anthropological research is of vital importance.

Formal phrase 'az ahammiyat-e hayāti barkhordār ast'.

5

تقابل میان سنت و مدرنیته یکی از مضامین اصلی مردم‌شناسی معاصر ایران است.

The confrontation between tradition and modernity is one of the main themes of contemporary Iranian anthropology.

Academic terms: 'taghābol' (confrontation), 'mazāmin' (themes).

6

او در کتاب خود به بازخوانی نظریه‌های کلاسیک مردم‌شناسی پرداخته است.

In his book, he has engaged in a rereading of classic anthropological theories.

Gerund-like 'bāz-khāni' (rereading).

7

مردم‌شناسی سیاسی به بررسی روابط قدرت در جوامع کوچک‌مقیاس می‌پردازد.

Political anthropology examines power relations in small-scale societies.

Compound term 'mardom-shenāsi-ye siyāsi'.

8

پژوهشگر باید از پیش‌فرض‌های خود در مطالعات مردم‌شناسی آگاه باشد.

The researcher must be aware of their own presuppositions in anthropological studies.

Noun 'pish-farz' (presupposition).

1

تبیینِ ساختارگرایانه در مردم‌شناسی، به کشف قواعد ناخودآگاهِ فرهنگ می‌انجامد.

Structuralist explanation in anthropology leads to the discovery of the unconscious rules of culture.

Highly formal 'anjāmidan be' (to lead to).

2

مردم‌شناسی در ایران همواره با چالشِ بازنماییِ 'دیگری' مواجه بوده است.

Anthropology in Iran has always faced the challenge of representing the 'Other'.

Philosophical concept 'bāz-namāyi' (representation).

3

تحلیل‌های مردم‌شناختی نباید به تقلیل‌گراییِ فرهنگی دچار شوند.

Anthropological analyses should not fall into cultural reductionism.

Technical term 'taghlil-garāyi' (reductionism).

4

پیوند میان زبان‌شناسی و مردم‌شناسی در آثار ادوارد ساپیر مشهود است.

The link between linguistics and anthropology is evident in the works of Edward Sapir.

Formal adjective 'mash-hud' (evident/apparent).

5

مردم‌شناسیِ کاربردی می‌تواند در سیاست‌گذاری‌های کلانِ اجتماعی نقش‌آفرین باشد.

Applied anthropology can play a role in macro-social policy-making.

Compound adjective 'naghsh-āfarin' (role-playing/influential).

6

واکاویِ اسطوره‌ها از منظر مردم‌شناسی، لایه‌های پنهانِ ذهنِ جمعی را آشکار می‌کند.

The analysis of myths from an anthropological perspective reveals the hidden layers of the collective mind.

Literary word 'vākāvi' (probing/analysis).

7

مردم‌شناسیِ زیستی به مطالعه فرآیندهای تکاملی انسان در بستر فرهنگ می‌پردازد.

Biological anthropology studies human evolutionary processes within a cultural context.

Scientific term 'farāyand-hā-ye takāmoli' (evolutionary processes).

8

تنوعِ روش‌شناختی در مردم‌شناسی معاصر، امکانِ درکِ چندبعدیِ واقعیت را فراهم می‌آورد.

Methodological diversity in contemporary anthropology provides the possibility of a multi-dimensional understanding of reality.

Complex subject with 'farāham āvardan' (to provide/facilitate).

Collocations courantes

موزه مردم‌شناسی
رشته مردم‌شناسی
مردم‌شناسی فرهنگی
تحقیق مردم‌شناسی
دیدگاه مردم‌شناسی
استاد مردم‌شناسی
مطالعات مردم‌شناسی
مردم‌شناسی شهری
گزارش مردم‌شناسی
نظریه‌های مردم‌شناسی

Phrases Courantes

در زمینه مردم‌شناسی

— In the field of anthropology. Used to specify a professional or academic area.

او سال‌ها در زمینه مردم‌شناسی کار کرده است.

با رویکرد مردم‌شناسی

— With an anthropological approach. Used in analysis.

این فیلم با رویکرد مردم‌شناسی ساخته شده است.

واحد مردم‌شناسی

— Anthropology unit/department. Often in government or academic structures.

واحد مردم‌شناسی این اداره بسیار فعال است.

بخش مردم‌شناسی

— Anthropology section. Usually in a museum or library.

بخش مردم‌شناسی کتابخانه در طبقه دوم است.

فارغ‌التحصیل مردم‌شناسی

— Anthropology graduate.

او فارغ‌التحصیل مردم‌شناسی از دانشگاه تهران است.

متخصص مردم‌شناسی

— Anthropology specialist.

ما به یک متخصص مردم‌شناسی برای این پروژه نیاز داریم.

پژوهشگر مردم‌شناسی

— Anthropology researcher.

پژوهشگر مردم‌شناسی باید صبور باشد.

کتاب مرجع مردم‌شناسی

— Anthropology reference book.

این کتاب م

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