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B2 verb 10 min de lecture

과하다

gwahada

Entraîne-toi Exemples Notes et astuces 과하다 en 30 secondes

Explication 과하다 in your Level:

At the A1 level, you don't really need to use the verb '과하다' (to impose) very often because it is quite formal. However, you might see the root '과' in words like '과제' (homework). Think of '과하다' as a very formal way of saying 'to give someone a job or a bill.' If a teacher gives you a lot of homework, that is a kind of 'imposition.' At this stage, focus on the idea that this word involves an authority figure (like a teacher or a boss) giving something mandatory to someone else. You will mostly see it in very simple sentences about homework or small rules. Just remember: Authority + gives + Task = 과하다.

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As an A2 learner, you will start encountering '과하다' in slightly more official contexts, such as a classroom setting or a simple news story. You should understand that it involves 'imposing' something like a small fine or a rule. You might see it on signs or in school notices. It is important to distinguish it from '주다' (to give). While '주다' is friendly, '과하다' is serious and mandatory. For example, if you park your bike in the wrong place, the school might '과하다' (impose) a small penalty. You should also start noticing the difference between the verb '과하다' (to impose) and the adjective '과하다' (to be too much), even though they look the same.

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At the B1 level, you should be able to recognize '과하다' in news articles and formal documents. You will see it used with words like '세금' (tax) and '벌금' (fine). You should understand the basic sentence structure: 'Who' imposes 'What' on 'Whom.' This level requires you to understand that '과하다' is a formal verb used by the government or institutions. You might use it yourself when writing a formal essay about social duties or laws. You should also be familiar with its more common cousin, '부과하다,' and realize that they are very similar. When you hear '과하다' in a news report about the economy, you should immediately think of 'levying' or 'taxing.'

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For B2 learners, '과하다' is an essential part of your formal vocabulary. You are expected to use it correctly in discussions about public policy, law, and social obligations. You should understand the nuance that '과하다' implies a top-down exercise of power. You should be comfortable using it with complex objects like '관세' (tariffs), '과태료' (administrative fines), or '국방의 의무' (duty of national defense). At this level, you must also be very careful not to confuse the verb with the adjective '과하다' (excessive) in your writing. You should be able to explain the difference to others and use the correct particles (을/를 for the verb, 이/가 for the adjective) without hesitation. You will encounter this word frequently in TOPIK II reading and listening materials.

At the C1 level, you should have a deep understanding of the historical and administrative nuances of '과하다.' You can use it to discuss the 'imposition' of abstract burdens, such as '역사적 책임' (historical responsibility) or '도덕적 의무' (moral duty) in a formal academic or philosophical context. You should be able to analyze how the word is used in legal statutes and compare it with synonyms like '징수하다' (collect), '부과하다' (levy), and '매기다' (assess). Your usage should be precise, reflecting the authoritative tone that the word carries. You should also be able to recognize when the word is being used in a slightly archaic or literary way to add gravitas to a text.

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At the C2 level, '과하다' is a tool for precise legal and political discourse. You should be able to use it in professional environments, such as a law firm or a government office, to describe the specific mechanics of taxation and punitive measures. You understand the subtle differences between '과하다' and its related Hanja terms in various dialects of administrative Korean. You can write sophisticated critiques of government policy, using '과하다' to describe the 'imposition' of burdens on the populace. Your mastery includes knowing the word's etymology and its relationship to the broader '과' (課) family of words, allowing you to use it with perfect stylistic appropriateness in any formal setting.

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Entraîne-toi Exemples Notes et astuces

과하다 en 30 secondes

A formal verb meaning to impose or levy a tax, fine, or duty.
Used primarily in legal, administrative, and academic contexts involving authority.
Follows the pattern: [Authority] assigns [Burden] to [Recipient] using the particle '에게'.
Often confused with the adjective '과하다' which means 'to be excessive'.

The Korean verb 과하다 (課하다) is a formal and administrative term primarily used to describe the act of imposing a specific burden, duty, tax, or penalty upon an individual or an entity. Unlike its homonym 과하다 (過하다), which is an adjective meaning 'to be excessive,' the verb form focuses on the authoritative allocation of responsibilities or punishments. When you encounter this word, it is almost always within the context of a governing body, a legal system, or an institutional hierarchy exercising its power to mandate a requirement. For English speakers, the closest equivalents are 'to levy,' 'to impose,' 'to assess,' or 'to assign.'

Legal Context: In legal settings, it refers to the court or government applying a fine or a specific legal obligation. For example, '벌금을 과하다' means to impose a fine.
Fiscal Context: In economics and governance, it refers to the levying of taxes. '세금을 과하다' is the standard way to describe a government setting a tax rate on its citizens.
Educational Context: While less common in modern casual speech, it can refer to an instructor assigning a difficult task or a mandatory lesson to students.

정부는 환경 오염을 유발하는 기업에 무거운 과태료를 과했다.

Translation: The government imposed a heavy fine on companies that cause environmental pollution.

Understanding the nuance of 과하다 requires recognizing the power dynamic involved. The subject (the one performing the action) is usually an authority figure or an institution, while the object (the one receiving the action) is often placed under a state of obligation. It is not a word used for casual favors or suggestions. If a friend asks you to do something, you wouldn't use 과하다; however, if the state demands you pay a tariff, 과하다 is perfectly appropriate. This distinction is crucial for B2 level learners who are moving beyond basic vocabulary into the realm of formal and specialized Korean.

법원은 피고인에게 사회봉사 명령을 과하기로 결정했다.

Translation: The court decided to impose a community service order on the defendant.

Historically, the root '과' (課) relates to a lesson, a division, or a task. This is why you see it in words like '과제' (homework/task) and '학과' (department/subject). When used as a verb, it essentially means 'to set a task' or 'to assign a portion of a burden' to someone. In contemporary news reports, you will see this word used in discussions about international trade (tariffs), domestic law (penalties), and public policy (duties). It signifies a top-down movement of responsibility.

The grammatical structure for using 과하다 typically follows the pattern: [Authority] + [Recipient]에게 + [Burden/Tax/Penalty]을/를 + 과하다. This structure clearly identifies who is imposing the burden, who is receiving it, and what the burden actually is. Because it is a transitive verb, it requires a direct object (the thing being imposed). However, the agent (the authority) is often omitted if it is clear from the context, such as in legal documents or news headlines.

The Indirect Object (Recipient): The person or entity receiving the burden is marked with the particle '에게' (to) or '에' (to/on). For example: '수입품에 관세를 과하다' (to impose tariffs on imported goods).
The Direct Object (The Burden): Common objects include 세금 (tax), 벌금 (fine), 과태료 (administrative fine), 의무 (duty), and 숙제 (assignment). These are marked with 을/를.

시 당국은 불법 주차 차량에 과태료를 과하고 있습니다.

Translation: The city authorities are imposing fines on illegally parked vehicles.

When using this word in the passive or descriptive sense, you might encounter it as 과해지다 (to become imposed) or as part of a noun phrase like 과해진 의무 (the imposed duty). However, the active voice is much more common in official announcements. It is also important to conjugate it correctly according to the level of formality. In most contexts where this word is used, the polite formal (하십시오체) or the plain style (해라체/written style) is preferred over casual styles.

국가는 국민에게 국방의 의무를 과한다.

Translation: The state imposes the duty of national defense on its citizens.

Advanced learners should also look out for the causative and passive nuances. While '과하다' itself is an active verb, the broader concept of 'taxation' or 'imposition' is often discussed in the abstract. For instance, in a debate about fairness, one might say '공정하지 못한 세금을 과하는 것은 부당하다' (It is unjust to impose unfair taxes). Here, the gerund-like form '과하는 것' functions as the subject of the sentence, showing how the verb can be integrated into complex logical arguments.

If you are watching the evening news in Korea or reading a high-quality newspaper like the Chosun Ilbo or Hankyoreh, you are very likely to encounter 과하다. It is a staple of financial and political reporting. You will hear it when reporters discuss new government regulations, changes in the tax code, or the results of a high-profile court case where a judge 'imposes' a sentence. It is the language of bureaucracy and law, designed to sound objective and authoritative.

In News Broadcasts: '이번 조치는 투기 세력에게 강력한 세금을 과하기 위한 것입니다.' (This measure is intended to impose heavy taxes on speculative forces.)
In Legal Dramas: You might hear a prosecutor demanding that the court '엄중한 벌을 과해 주십시오' (Please impose a severe punishment).

수출품에 대해 추가 관세를 과하기로 한 결정은 경제에 큰 파장을 일으켰다.

Translation: The decision to impose additional tariffs on exports caused a major stir in the economy.

Another common place to hear this word is in academic lectures, particularly those related to sociology, law, or economics. Professors use it to describe the social contract or the ways in which societies manage resources and punishments. In these settings, '과하다' is used to maintain a professional and intellectual tone. It sounds much more 'academic' than the more common '주다' (to give) or '시키다' (to make someone do something).

역사적으로 왕은 백성들에게 과중한 노역을 과하기도 했다.

Translation: Historically, kings sometimes imposed excessive forced labor on their subjects.

Finally, you might see it in formal written notices, such as those from a landlord or a management office in an apartment complex (apateu). If there are new fees for trash disposal or parking, the notice might use '과하다' or '부과하다' to inform residents of the new charges. In this context, it isn't just a suggestion; it is a formal notification of a financial obligation that must be met. Recognizing this word helps you navigate the logistical and administrative realities of living in Korea.

The most frequent mistake learners make with 과하다 is confusing it with its identical-looking homonym, the adjective 과하다 (過하다). This adjective means 'to be excessive,' 'to be too much,' or 'to go overboard.' Because the adjective is much more common in daily conversation, learners often try to use the verb form in the same way or vice versa. For example, saying '세금이 과하다' (The tax is excessive - Adjective) is very different from '세금을 과하다' (To impose a tax - Verb). Pay close attention to the particles!

Particle Confusion: Verb usage: [Object]을/를 과하다. Adjective usage: [Subject]이/가 과하다. Using '을/를' with the adjective is a common grammatical error.
Overuse in Casual Speech: Using '과하다' (verb) when talking to friends about a small task is unnatural. Instead of '친구에게 숙제를 과했다,' use '친구에게 숙제를 내줬다' or '부탁했다.'

Incorrect: 농담이 너무 과한다.
Correct: 농담이 너무 과하다.

Note: In the incorrect example, the speaker used a verb conjugation (-ㄴ다) for an adjective meaning 'excessive.'

Another mistake is failing to distinguish between 과하다 and 부과하다. While they are often interchangeable, 부과하다 is the standard modern term for taxes and fines. Using just '과하다' can sometimes sound slightly dated or overly literary in a context where '부과하다' is the expected technical term. If you are writing a formal report or a business email, '부과하다' is usually the safer and more professional choice.

그는 동료들에게 너무 많은 책임을 과하고 있다.

Translation: He is imposing too much responsibility on his colleagues. (Correct verb usage)

Lastly, many students struggle with the passive form. Since '과하다' is an action taken by an authority, the recipient is 'subjected' to the burden. Beginners often try to translate 'I was fined' literally, but in Korean, it's more natural to say '벌금을 물다' (to pay/bite a fine) or '벌금이 부과되었다' (a fine was imposed). Using '과해졌다' is grammatically possible but less common than the '부과' alternative. Stick to the active '과하다' when you want to emphasize the person or entity doing the imposing.

The Korean language has several words that overlap with 과하다, depending on whether you are talking about money, work, or social pressure. Choosing the right one will make your Korean sound much more natural and precise. The most important synonym to learn is 부과하다 (附課하다), which is the standard term for levying taxes or imposing duties in modern society. It is almost always a safe substitute for the verb '과하다.'

부과하다 vs. 과하다: '부과하다' is more common in technical, legal, and everyday administrative contexts. '과하다' is slightly more formal, literary, or used in specific set phrases.
지우다 (to make someone carry): Used when imposing a burden or responsibility, often in a more figurative or emotional sense. E.g., '책임을 지우다' (to place responsibility on someone).
매기다 (to rate/assess): Used specifically for taxes or prices. '세금을 매기다' is a more colloquial way of saying 'to assess/impose a tax.'

정부는 사치품에 높은 세금을 매겼다.

Translation: The government assessed/levied high taxes on luxury goods.

Another interesting alternative is 징수하다 (徵收하다). While '과하다' focuses on the *imposition* of the tax, '징수하다' focuses on the *collection* of it. If the government '과하다' a tax, they are saying you must pay it. If they '징수하다' a tax, they are actually taking the money from you. Understanding this distinction is vital for reading economic news. Also, consider 강요하다 (强要하다) if the imposition is forceful or unwelcome, though this means 'to coerce' or 'to force' rather than to legally impose.

그는 부하 직원에게 과도한 업무를 지웠다.

Translation: He burdened his subordinates with excessive work.

For punishments, 처하다 (處하다) is often used in the sense of 'to sentence' or 'to be in a situation.' For example, '징역형에 처하다' (to sentence to imprisonment). While '과하다' could be used for the fine associated with a crime, '처하다' is the standard for the actual prison sentence. By learning these nuances, you will be able to describe complex legal and social scenarios with the precision of a native speaker.

How Formal Is It?

Le savais-tu ?

The character 課 (과) also appears in '학과' (department) because it refers to a division of knowledge or labor.

Guide de prononciation

UK /ɡwa̠.ɦa̠.da̠/

US /ɡwa̠.ɦa̠.da̠/

In Korean, syllables generally have equal weight, but a slight emphasis may be heard on the first syllable '과' in formal speech.

Rime avec

다하다 (to do one's best) 과하다 (to be excessive - homonym) 가하다 (to add/apply) 나하다 (rare) 마하다 (rare) 바하다 (rare) 사하다 (to forgive) 아하다 (rare)

Erreurs fréquentes

Pronouncing '과' as 'ko-wa' (two syllables) instead of one smooth 'gwa'.
Making the 'h' sound too strong like a German 'ch'.
Confusing the pitch with the adjective form in some dialects.
Failing to aspirate the 'h' correctly.
Pronouncing the 'd' in 'da' as a sharp 't'.

Niveau de difficulté

Lecture 4/5

Common in news and law, but requires distinguishing from the adjective homonym.

Écriture 5/5

Difficult to use naturally; '부과하다' is often a safer choice for learners.

Expression orale 5/5

Rarely used in casual speech; sounds very stiff if used incorrectly.

Écoute 4/5

Recognizable in formal broadcasts and lectures.

Quoi apprendre ensuite

Prérequis

세금 (tax) 벌금 (fine) 주다 (to give) 하다 (to do) 의무 (duty)

Apprends ensuite

부과하다 (to levy) 징수하다 (to collect tax) 면제하다 (to exempt) 과세 (taxation) 관세 (tariff)

Avancé

징벌적 (punitive) 형평성 (equity) 자의적 (arbitrary) 침익적 (infringing)

Grammaire à connaître

Transitive Verb Structure

정부는(S) 기업에(I.O) 과징금을(O) 과했다(V).

Passive Formation with -어지다

부당한 세금이 과해졌다. (Unfair taxes were imposed.)

Noun Modifying Form -는

벌금을 과하는 기준 (The criteria for imposing a fine).

Nominalization with -함

세금을 과함에 있어 (In the act of imposing taxes).

Causative Nuance in Authority

의무를 과하게 하다 (To cause a duty to be imposed).

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Exemples par niveau

선생님은 학생에게 숙제를 과했다.

The teacher assigned (imposed) homework to the student.

Subject (선생님) + Recipient (학생에게) + Object (숙제를) + Verb (과했다).

그는 나에게 일을 과했다.

He assigned (imposed) work on me.

Uses the basic 'A에게 B를 과하다' structure.

어머니는 나에게 심부름을 과했다.

Mother assigned (imposed) an errand on me.

Formal verb used in a simple domestic context for practice.

학교는 규칙을 과했다.

The school imposed rules.

Simple transitive use of the verb.

왕은 백성에게 세금을 과했다.

The king imposed taxes on the people.

Classic historical context for this verb.

그들은 우리에게 의무를 과했다.

They imposed a duty on us.

Abstract object '의무' (duty).

정부는 벌금을 과했다.

The government imposed a fine.

Common legal object '벌금' (fine).

교수님은 어려운 시험을 과했다.

The professor imposed (assigned) a difficult exam.

Educational context.

시청은 불법 주차에 벌금을 과하기로 했습니다.

The city hall decided to impose a fine on illegal parking.

Future/Intentive form '-기로 하다'.

회사는 직원들에게 새로운 업무를 과했습니다.

The company imposed new tasks on the employees.

Formal past tense '-었습니다'.

그 법은 모든 사람에게 같은 세금을 과합니다.

That law imposes the same tax on everyone.

Present tense formal '-합니다'.

도서관은 책을 늦게 반납하면 연체료를 과해요.

The library imposes a late fee if you return books late.

Conditional '-면' followed by the verb.

군대는 군인들에게 엄격한 규율을 과합니다.

The army imposes strict discipline on soldiers.

Noun + 에게 + Noun + 을/를 + 과하다.

부모님은 자녀에게 책임을 과해야 합니다.

Parents must impose responsibility on their children.

Must/Should form '-해야 하다'.

정부는 수입 과일에 관세를 과할 예정입니다.

The government plans to impose tariffs on imported fruit.

Future plan '-할 예정이다'.

누가 이 의무를 우리에게 과했나요?

Who imposed this duty on us?

Question form '-었나요?'.

정부는 탄소 배출량이 많은 공장에 환경세를 과하기 시작했다.

The government began to impose an environmental tax on factories with high carbon emissions.

Compound verb phrase '-기 시작하다'.

법원은 범죄자에게 무거운 형벌을 과함으로써 정의를 실현한다.

The court realizes justice by imposing heavy punishments on criminals.

Method/Means form '-함으로써'.

국가는 국민에게 국방과 납세의 의무를 과하고 있다.

The state is imposing the duties of national defense and tax payment on its citizens.

Progressive form '-고 있다'.

새로운 법안은 부유층에게 더 높은 상속세를 과하는 내용을 담고 있다.

The new bill contains details about imposing higher inheritance taxes on the wealthy.

Noun modifying form '-는' used with '내용'.

관리소는 아파트 주민들에게 공동 청소 비용을 과했다.

The management office imposed a communal cleaning fee on the apartment residents.

Specific administrative context.

과거에는 신분에 따라 다른 역을 과하기도 했다.

In the past, different types of forced labor were sometimes imposed according to social status.

Historical '역' (forced labor/corvée).

정당한 사유 없이 벌금을 과하는 것은 법에 어긋난다.

Imposing a fine without just cause is against the law.

Gerund subject '-하는 것'.

그 제도는 특정 기업에만 혜택을 주고 타사에는 부담을 과한다.

That system gives benefits only to specific companies and imposes burdens on other companies.

Contrastive structure '-고'.

정부는 시장 독점을 방지하기 위해 해당 기업에 과징금을 과했다.

The government imposed a surcharge on the company to prevent market monopoly.

Purpose form '-기 위해'.

지나치게 높은 관세를 과하는 것은 자유 무역 정신에 위배된다.

Imposing excessively high tariffs is contrary to the spirit of free trade.

Adverbial '지나치게' modifying '높은'.

판사는 피고인의 죄질이 무겁다고 판단하여 법정 최고형을 과했다.

The judge judged the nature of the defendant's crime to be serious and imposed the maximum legal sentence.

Reason/Judgment form '-어/아서' (judging that...).

환경 보호를 위해 일회용품 사용에 부담금을 과하는 방안이 검토 중이다.

A plan to impose a surcharge on the use of disposable items for environmental protection is under review.

Noun modifying form '-는' with '방안' (plan).

국가 비상사태 시에는 국민에게 특별한 의무를 과할 수 있다.

In times of national emergency, special duties can be imposed on the citizens.

Ability form '-을 수 있다'.

세금을 과함에 있어 공정성과 형평성을 유지하는 것이 무엇보다 중요하다.

In imposing taxes, maintaining fairness and equity is more important than anything else.

In the process of '-함에 있어'.

조선 시대에는 토지 소유자에게 결작이라는 세금을 과했다.

During the Joseon Dynasty, a tax called 'Gyeoljak' was imposed on landowners.

Historical term '결작' (a specific tax).

정부는 부동산 투기를 억제하기 위해 다주택자에게 무거운 보유세를 과하기로 했다.

The government decided to impose heavy holding taxes on multi-home owners to curb real estate speculation.

Causative/Purpose '억제하기 위해'.

권력자가 자의적으로 법을 해석하여 백성에게 가혹한 형벌을 과하는 것은 폭정이다.

It is tyranny for a person in power to arbitrarily interpret the law and impose harsh punishments on the people.

Complex subject with '자의적으로' (arbitrarily).

국제 사회는 인권 침해 국가에 대해 경제적 제재를 과함으로써 압박을 가했다.

The international community applied pressure by imposing economic sanctions on countries that violate human rights.

Method form '-함으로써'.

사회 계약설에 따르면, 시민은 국가가 과하는 정당한 의무를 준수해야 할 책임이 있다.

According to social contract theory, citizens have a responsibility to comply with the legitimate duties imposed by the state.

Relative clause '국가가 과하는' (that the state imposes).

현대 조세 제도는 소득 수준에 비례하여 세금을 과하는 누진세 원칙을 채택하고 있다.

The modern tax system adopts the principle of progressive taxation, which imposes taxes in proportion to income levels.

Proportional form '-에 비례하여'.

역사적 과오에 대해 후대에까지 책임을 과하는 것이 타당한지에 대한 논란이 있다.

There is a controversy over whether it is appropriate to impose responsibility for historical errors even on future generations.

Indirect question '-ㄴ지에 대한'.

법치주의 국가에서 형벌은 오직 법률에 근거하여 과해져야 한다.

In a state governed by the rule of law, punishment must be imposed only based on the law.

Passive potential '-어/아져야 한다'.

정부는 대기 오염 물질을 배출하는 기업에 배출권 거래제와 병행하여 부담금을 과했다.

The government imposed a surcharge on companies emitting air pollutants in parallel with the emissions trading system.

Parallel action '병행하여'.

그 학자는 지식인에게 부여된 사회적 책무를 과하게 인식하는 경향이 있다.

That scholar tends to perceive the social responsibilities imposed on intellectuals in an excessive (adjective usage) way.

Note: This uses the *adjective* homonym '과하게' for contrast.

조세 정의의 실현을 위해서는 조세 회피처를 이용하는 기업에 엄중한 징벌적 과세를 과해야 한다.

To realize tax justice, severe punitive taxation must be imposed on companies that use tax havens.

Punitive taxation '징벌적 과세'.

법의 보편적 타당성은 국가가 개인에게 과하는 의무가 합리적 이성에 근거할 때 확보된다.

The universal validity of the law is secured when the duties imposed by the state on the individual are based on rational reason.

Conditional '할 때' (when...).

전쟁 범죄자들에게 국제법에 의거한 최고형을 과하는 것은 인류 보편의 가치를 수호하는 길이다.

Imposing the maximum penalty based on international law on war criminals is a way to protect the universal values of humanity.

Based on '-에 의거한'.

정부는 인플레이션 억제를 위해 유동성 과잉 상태인 시장에 강력한 금융 규제를 과했다.

The government imposed strong financial regulations on the market in a state of excess liquidity to curb inflation.

Liquidity '유동성'.

과거의 관습법이 현대인에게 여전히 유효한 의무를 과할 수 있는지에 대한 법철학적 고찰이 필요하다.

A legal-philosophical consideration is needed on whether past customary laws can still impose valid duties on modern people.

Philosophical '고찰' (consideration/study).

특정 계층에게만 일방적으로 희생을 과하는 정책은 사회적 통합을 저해하고 갈등을 야기한다.

Policies that unilaterally impose sacrifice only on specific classes hinder social integration and cause conflict.

Unilaterally '일방적으로'.

환경적 외부 효과를 내부화하기 위해 오염 유발자에게 경제적 유인 대신 직접적인 규제와 부담금을 과했다.

To internalize environmental externalities, direct regulations and surcharges were imposed on polluters instead of economic incentives.

Economics term '외부 효과' (externality).

행정청이 재량권을 남용하여 국민에게 부당한 침익적 행정행위를 과하는 것은 행정소송의 대상이 된다.

An administrative agency's abuse of discretionary power to impose unfair, infringing administrative acts on citizens is subject to administrative litigation.

Legal term '침익적 행정행위' (infringing administrative act).

Collocations courantes

세금을 과하다

벌금을 과하다

의무를 과하다

관세를 과하다

과태료를 과하다

숙제를 과하다

형벌을 과하다

책임을 과하다

노역을 과하다

부담을 과하다

Phrases Courantes

엄벌에 과하다

— To impose a severe punishment. Used in legal contexts.

법은 그를 엄벌에 과했다.

과중한 세금을 과하다

— To impose excessive taxes. Often used in political critiques.

백성들은 과중한 세금을 과하는 왕에게 반발했다.

벌과금을 과하다

— To impose fines and penalties. A general administrative term.

위반 시 벌과금을 과할 수 있습니다.

역을 과하다

— To impose forced labor (historical). Found in history books.

국가는 백성에게 군역을 과했다.

세금을 과함

— The act of imposing taxes (noun form). Used in titles.

세금을 과함에 있어서의 원칙.

관세를 과하다

— To levy tariffs on imports/exports.

미국은 중국산 제품에 관세를 과했다.

과태료를 과하다

— To impose an administrative fine (lighter than a criminal fine).

금연 구역에서 담배를 피우면 과태료를 과합니다.

부담금을 과하다

— To impose a surcharge or a contribution fee.

환경 오염 방지를 위해 부담금을 과한다.

의무를 과하다

— To impose a mandatory duty.

모든 국민에게 교육의 의무를 과한다.

형을 과하다

— To impose a sentence/punishment.

법원은 그에게 무거운 형을 과했다.

Souvent confondu avec

과하다 vs 과하다 (過하다)

An adjective meaning 'to be excessive'. It uses the particle '이/가' and describes a state, not an action.

과하다 vs 부과하다 (附課하다)

A very similar verb, but more commonly used in modern administration for taxes and fines.

과하다 vs 과세하다 (課稅하다)

A specific verb meaning 'to impose taxes'. It is a subset of '과하다'.

Expressions idiomatiques

"과하지도 부족하지도 않게"

— Neither excessive nor insufficient. (Uses the adjective form).

그는 과하지도 부족하지도 않게 행동했다.

Neutral

"과유불급 (過猶不及)"

— Too much is as bad as too little. (Hanja idiom related to the adjective root).

운동도 너무 많이 하면 해로우니 과유불급이다.

Formal/Literary

"짐을 지우다"

— To place a burden on someone's shoulders. (Related concept).

아이에게 너무 큰 짐을 지우지 마세요.

Neutral

"멍에를 씌우다"

— To put a yoke on someone; to frame or burden someone.

그는 나에게 죄의 멍에를 씌웠다.

Literary

"족쇄를 채우다"

— To put shackles on; to restrict someone's freedom heavily.

정부는 기업에 규제의 족쇄를 채웠다.

Metaphorical

"세금 폭탄"

— Tax bomb; an unexpectedly large imposition of taxes.

부동산 대책으로 인해 세금 폭탄이 과해졌다.

Slang/News

"벌금을 물다"

— To pay a fine (literally 'to bite a fine'). The recipient's perspective.

속도 위반으로 벌금을 물었다.

Colloquial

"딱지를 떼다"

— To get a ticket (parking/traffic).

주차 위반 딱지를 뗐다.

Colloquial

"바가지를 씌우다"

— To overcharge someone (rip them off).

관광지 식당에서 바가지를 씌웠다.

Informal

"굴레를 벗다"

— To take off the bridle; to be free from an imposed duty.

그는 드디어 가난의 굴레를 벗었다.

Literary

Facile à confondre

과하다 vs 과하다 (Adjective)

They look and sound identical.

The adjective (過) means 'too much' (술이 과하다). The verb (課) means 'to impose' (벌금을 과하다). The adjective uses subject particles, while the verb uses object particles.

욕심이 과하다 (Greed is excessive) vs. 세금을 과하다 (To impose a tax).

과하다 vs 부과하다

They share the same root '과' and mean almost the same thing.

'부과하다' is the standard modern term for government levies. '과하다' can sound more literary or encompass a wider range of burdens.

정부는 세금을 부과했다 / 과했다.

과하다 vs 매기다

Both involve setting a value or a tax.

'매기다' is more colloquial and focuses on the act of deciding the amount or rank. '과하다' is more formal and focuses on the act of imposition.

순위를 매기다 vs. 벌금을 과하다.

과하다 vs 지우다

Both involve making someone carry something.

'지우다' (to burden) is used for responsibilities and physical loads. '과하다' is for official, legal, or fiscal impositions.

책임을 지우다 vs. 관세를 과하다.

과하다 vs 처하다

Both are used in legal sentencing.

'처하다' is for the overall sentence (prison, etc.). '과하다' is for specific fines or assigned duties.

징역형에 처하다 vs. 벌금을 과하다.

Structures de phrases

[Institution]은/는 [Person]에게 [Task]을/를 과했다.

학교는 학생에게 청소를 과했다.

[Government]은/는 [Item]에 [Tax]을/를 과하기로 했다.

정부는 설탕에 세금을 과하기로 했다.

[Authority]은/는 [Violation]에 대해 [Fine]을/를 과한다.

경찰은 과속에 대해 범칙금을 과한다.

[Duty]을/를 과하는 것은 [Reason] 때문이다.

의무를 과하는 것은 공익을 위해서이다.

[Recipient]에게 [Abstract Burden]을/를 과하는 행위.

타인에게 도덕적 책임을 과하는 행위.

[Law]에 의거하여 [Penalty]을/를 과하다.

관련 법령에 의거하여 과태료를 과하다.

[Policy]을/를 통해 [Target]에게 [Cost]을/를 과하다.

탄소중립 정책을 통해 배출 업체에 비용을 과하다.

[Concept]에 비례하여 [Burden]을/를 과함.

수익에 비례하여 세금을 과함.

Famille de mots

Noms

부과 (imposition/levy)

과세 (taxation)

과업 (task/duty)

과제 (homework/assignment)

과태료 (administrative fine)

Verbes

부과하다 (to levy/impose)

과세하다 (to tax)

부과되다 (to be imposed - passive)

Adjectifs

과한 (excessive - homonym)

과중한 (overweight/excessive burden)

Apparenté

세금 (tax)

벌금 (fine)

의무 (duty)

권한 (authority)

납세 (paying taxes)

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Comment l'utiliser

frequency

High in written news and law; Low in daily conversation.

Erreurs courantes

농담을 과하다. → 농담이 과하다.
You are trying to say 'The joke is excessive'. This uses the adjective form, so the subject particle '이' is required, not the object particle '을'.
정부는 세금이 과했다. → 정부는 세금을 과했다.
If you want to say 'The government imposed a tax', 'tax' is the object of the verb. Use '세금을'. '세금이 과했다' would mean 'The tax was excessive'.
친구에게 부탁을 과했다. → 친구에게 부탁을 했다.
'과하다' is for authoritative impositions. A request (부탁) to a friend is not an imposition of a legal or formal burden.
그는 너무 과한다. → 그는 너무 과하다.
If you mean 'He is going too far/being excessive', you are using the adjective. In plain style, adjectives do not take '-ㄴ다'.
벌금을 과해졌다. → 벌금이 과해졌다.
In a passive sentence ('A fine was imposed'), the fine becomes the subject. Use '벌금이'.

Astuces

Particle Check

Remember: [Target]에게 [Burden]을/를 과하다. If you use '이/가', you are using the adjective meaning 'excessive'.

Authority is Key

Only use this verb when the subject has the power to mandate something. It's for governments, judges, and teachers.

The 'Bu' Factor

If '과하다' feels too stiff, add '부' (附) to make '부과하다'. It's more modern and widely used in news.

Hanja Connection

Connect '과' (課) to '과제' (task). It will help you remember that the verb means 'to give a task/burden'.

News Clues

When you see '과하다' in a headline, look for words like 세금 (tax) or 관세 (tariff) nearby.

Homonym Alert

90% of casual speech uses '과하다' as an adjective. 90% of formal news uses it as a verb. Know your audience!

Formal Essays

Use '과하다' in TOPIK essays to discuss the government's role in society. It adds an academic tone.

Smooth 'Gwa'

Don't pause between 'G' and 'wa'. It should be one fluid sound: /gwa/.

Historical Context

In historical dramas, listen for '역을 과하다' when the king calls for labor to build a fortress.

Trade Talk

'관세를 과하다' is the standard way to say 'to levy a tariff' in international trade discussions.

Mémorise-le

Moyen mnémotechnique

Think of 'Gwa' as a 'Goal' or 'Government' task. When the government 'Gwa-ha-da', they give you a task or a bill.

Association visuelle

Imagine a judge (authority) handing a heavy paper (tax/fine) to a person. The paper has the Hanja 課 written on it.

Word Web

세금 (Tax) 벌금 (Fine) 의무 (Duty) 정부 (Government) 법원 (Court) 과제 (Task) 부과 (Imposition) 권력 (Power)

Défi

Try to write three sentences using '과하다' with three different objects: a tax, a fine, and a duty.

Origine du mot

Derived from the Hanja characters 課 (gwa) meaning 'task', 'lesson', or 'section' and 하다 (hada) meaning 'to do'.

Sens originel : To assign a specific task or a portion of work to someone.

Sino-Korean (Hanja-based).

Contexte culturel

Be careful not to sound too aggressive; '과하다' implies you have the right to impose something. Don't use it if you don't have authority.

English speakers might use 'levy' for taxes and 'impose' for rules. '과하다' covers both but sounds much more formal than 'give'.

Korean Constitution (discussing duties of citizens) Historical dramas (Sageuk) where kings impose taxes Economic news regarding 'Tariff Wars' (관세 전쟁)

Pratique dans la vie réelle

Contextes réels

Government Tax Policy

세금을 과하다
관세를 과하다
부유세를 과하다
조세 원칙

Legal Sentencing

형벌을 과하다
벌금을 과하다
엄벌에 과하다
법정 최고형

Administrative Fines

과태료를 과하다
부담금을 과하다
과징금을 과하다
행정 처분

Education/Military

숙제를 과하다
의무를 과하다
규율을 과하다
과업을 수행하다

Historical/Literature

역을 과하다
부역을 과하다
공물을 과하다
가혹하게 과하다

Amorces de conversation

"정부가 탄소세를 과하는 것에 대해 어떻게 생각하세요?"

"해외 직구 물품에 관세를 과하는 기준이 무엇인가요?"

"회사에서 직원들에게 과도한 책임을 과하는 문화는 바뀌어야 합니다."

"역사적으로 백성들에게 가장 고통스러웠던 것은 과중한 세금을 과하는 것이었습니다."

"법원이 음주 운전자에게 더 엄격한 벌금을 과해야 한다고 보십니까?"

Sujets d'écriture

내가 만약 법을 만드는 사람이라면, 어떤 행위에 가장 무거운 벌금을 과하고 싶은지 써보세요.

국가가 국민에게 의무를 과하는 것과 개인의 자유 사이의 균형에 대해 자신의 생각을 정리해보세요.

최근 뉴스에서 본 '부담금을 과하다'라는 표현이 들어간 기사를 요약하고 느낀 점을 적어보세요.

누군가 나에게 부당한 책임을 과했을 때 어떻게 대처했는지, 혹은 어떻게 대처할 것인지 서술하세요.

학교 교육에서 학생들에게 숙제를 과하는 것이 학습 효과에 어떤 영향을 미치는지 논해보세요.

Questions fréquentes

10 questions

No. When '과하다' means 'too much', it is an adjective (형용사). As an adjective, it doesn't take objects. For example, '농담이 과하다' (The joke is too much). If you try to use it as a verb meaning 'to do too much', it's grammatically incorrect. Use the verb '과하게 하다' instead.

They are nearly identical in meaning when used as verbs. However, '부과하다' is far more common in modern Korean, especially in news, laws, and bills. '과하다' is slightly more formal, old-fashioned, or literary. If you are unsure, '부과하다' is usually the safer choice for 'imposing' taxes or fines.

No. While it is very common for taxes and fines, it can also involve duties (의무), tasks (과제), or responsibilities (책임). For example, a teacher can '과하다' homework to students, or a state can '과하다' the duty of military service to its citizens.

You would use the passive form '과해지다' or more commonly '부과되다'. For example: '나에게 벌금이 과해졌다.' However, it's more natural in Korean to say '벌금을 물었다' (I paid/bit a fine) or '벌금을 받았다' (I received a fine).

Yes! Both share the Hanja character 課 (과), which means a task or a lesson. '과제' is the task itself, and '과하다' is the act of giving that task to someone.

No. '과하다' implies a power dynamic where the person giving the task has the authority to make it mandatory. For a friend, you should use '부탁하다' (to ask a favor) or '시키다' (to make someone do something, though this can also sound bossy).

Yes, especially in accounting or legal departments. You might hear about '과징금' (surcharges) being '과하다' on a company for violating fair trade laws.

The opposite is '면제하다' (to exempt) or '감면하다' (to reduce/exempt). These words mean to take away the burden that was or could have been imposed.

Yes, it frequently appears in TOPIK II (Intermediate/Advanced) reading passages about social issues, history, and economics. Knowing both the verb and adjective meanings is crucial.

In formal polite style, it is '과합니다'. In informal polite style, it is '과해요'. In plain/written style, it is '과한다' (verb) or '과하다' (adjective). Note the difference between the verb and adjective in plain style!

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