Intransitive Verbs
Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Intransitive verbs describe an action that stays with the subject and does not pass to an object.
- No object follows the verb: Saya tidur (I sleep).
- They often use the 'ber-' prefix: Dia berlari (He runs).
- They cannot be made passive: You cannot say 'tiduri' (slept by).
Meanings
Intransitive verbs are verbs that do not require a direct object to complete their meaning. The action is complete within the subject itself.
State of Being
Describing a condition or state.
“Dia duduk.”
“Ibu berdiri.”
Physical Movement
Describing motion without a target.
“Mereka berlari.”
“Kucing itu melompat.”
Emotional Expression
Describing internal feelings or reactions.
“Dia tertawa.”
“Bayi itu menangis.”
Intransitive Verb Formation
| Prefix | Base Verb | Example | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| ber- | lari | berlari | to run |
| ber- | tanya | bertanya | to ask |
| None | tidur | tidur | to sleep |
| None | duduk | duduk | to sit |
| ter- | tawa | tertawa | to laugh |
| ter- | senyum | tersenyum | to smile |
Reference Table
| Form | Structure | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Affirmative | Subjek + Verb | Dia berlari. |
| Negative | Subjek + tidak + Verb | Dia tidak berlari. |
| Interrogative | Apakah + Subjek + Verb? | Apakah dia berlari? |
| Continuous | Subjek + sedang + Verb | Dia sedang berlari. |
| Past | Subjek + sudah + Verb | Dia sudah berlari. |
| Future | Subjek + akan + Verb | Dia akan berlari. |
フォーマル度スペクトル
Beliau sedang tidur. (Describing someone's state)
Dia sedang tidur. (Describing someone's state)
Dia lagi tidur. (Describing someone's state)
Dia molor. (Describing someone's state)
Intransitive Verb Map
Movement
- berlari run
- terbang fly
State
- tidur sleep
- duduk sit
Emotion
- tertawa laugh
- menangis cry
Transitive vs Intransitive
Verb Decision Flow
Does the action affect an object?
Examples by Level
Saya tidur.
I sleep.
Dia duduk.
He sits.
Ibu berdiri.
Mother stands.
Anak itu lari.
The child runs.
Mereka berlari cepat.
They run fast.
Dia tidak tertawa.
He does not laugh.
Apakah kamu menangis?
Are you crying?
Kami bekerja di sini.
We work here.
Dia tersenyum saat melihat saya.
She smiles when she sees me.
Burung itu terbang tinggi.
The bird flies high.
Jangan berteriak di dalam kelas.
Don't shout in the classroom.
Dia sedang berenang di laut.
He is swimming in the sea.
Keputusan itu bergantung pada hasil rapat.
The decision depends on the meeting result.
Dia berpakaian rapi untuk wawancara.
He dresses neatly for the interview.
Kami berbincang tentang masa depan.
We are chatting about the future.
Dia bersiap untuk pergi ke luar negeri.
She is preparing to go abroad.
Pemerintah berupaya meningkatkan kesejahteraan rakyat.
The government is striving to improve people's welfare.
Dia berpendapat bahwa sistem ini perlu diubah.
He argues that this system needs to be changed.
Mereka bersepakat untuk menandatangani kontrak.
They agreed to sign the contract.
Situasi ini berkembang menjadi masalah serius.
This situation is developing into a serious problem.
Dia bergeming meskipun dikritik tajam.
He remained unmoved despite sharp criticism.
Fenomena ini berakar pada sejarah kolonial.
This phenomenon is rooted in colonial history.
Dia berupaya meminimalisir dampak negatif.
He is striving to minimize negative impacts.
Diskusi ini berujung pada kesimpulan yang menarik.
This discussion leads to an interesting conclusion.
Easily Confused
Learners often add objects to intransitive verbs.
Learners swap prefixes.
Some words look like nouns.
よくある間違い
Saya tiduri buku.
Saya tidur.
Dia duduk kursi.
Dia duduk di kursi.
Saya lari bola.
Saya berlari.
Dia menangis saya.
Dia menangis.
Saya memakan tidur.
Saya tidur.
Dia berlari mobil.
Dia berlari ke mobil.
Saya tidak duduk kursi.
Saya tidak duduk di kursi.
Dia menertawai saya.
Dia tertawa pada saya.
Saya berenang laut.
Saya berenang di laut.
Dia berteriak saya.
Dia berteriak kepada saya.
Pemerintah memberupaya.
Pemerintah berupaya.
Dia bergemingkan masalah.
Dia bergeming.
Dia bersepakat kontrak.
Dia bersepakat tentang kontrak.
Sentence Patterns
Saya ___ di sini.
Dia sedang ___ dengan teman.
Kami ___ untuk masa depan.
Situasi ini ___ menjadi masalah.
Real World Usage
Lagi apa? Saya lagi tidur.
Sedang berlari di taman!
Saya bekerja di perusahaan ini.
Di mana saya bisa duduk?
Saya sedang menunggu.
Penelitian ini berfokus pada...
Check the Prefix
No Passive
Use Prepositions
Keep it Simple
Smart Tips
Stop! Add a preposition first.
If it's an action you do yourself, try 'ber-'.
Always put 'tidak' before the verb.
Always use the full 'ber-' prefix.
発音
Prefix 'ber-'
The 'r' is tapped, and the 'e' is a schwa sound.
Intonation
Keep a flat tone for simple statements.
Statement
Saya tidur. ↘
Confirming a state.
Question
Apakah kamu tidur? ↗
Asking for information.
Memorize It
Mnemonic
Remember: 'Ber-' is for 'Being' yourself. If you are just being, you don't need an object!
Visual Association
Imagine a person running in a circle. They are always with themselves, never touching an object. That's an intransitive verb.
Rhyme
If the action stays with you, use 'ber-' and you'll be true.
Story
Budi is sleeping (tidur). He is not touching a book. He is just sleeping. Then he wakes up and starts running (berlari). He is not running a race, just running for fun. He is happy.
Word Web
チャレンジ
For 5 minutes, describe everything you are doing using only intransitive verbs (e.g., 'Saya duduk', 'Saya berdiri', 'Saya tertawa').
文化メモ
In Javanese culture, politeness is key. Using 'tidur' is neutral, but 'istirahat' is more polite.
Jakarta slang often drops the 'ber-' prefix entirely.
In formal settings, always use the full 'ber-' prefix.
Indonesian verb prefixes evolved from Proto-Austronesian roots.
Conversation Starters
Apa yang kamu lakukan sekarang?
Apakah kamu sering berlari?
Mengapa kamu tertawa?
Bagaimana pendapatmu tentang ini?
Journal Prompts
Test Yourself
Saya ___ di kursi.
Which is correct?
Find and fix the mistake:
Dia berlari bola.
Dia tertawa.
Saya / bekerja / di / kantor.
Lari -> ___
Match each item on the left with its pair on the right:
Intransitive verbs can take objects.
Score: /8
練習問題
8 exercisesSaya ___ di kursi.
Which is correct?
Find and fix the mistake:
Dia berlari bola.
Dia tertawa.
Saya / bekerja / di / kantor.
Lari -> ___
Match: 1. Tidur, 2. Berlari
Intransitive verbs can take objects.
Score: /8
よくある質問 (8)
No, never. If you need an object, use a preposition.
It marks the verb as intransitive.
No, some like 'tidur' don't need any prefix.
Just add 'tidak' before the verb.
No, 'di-' is for passive transitive verbs.
Yes, 'berlari' is just the more formal version.
To connect the intransitive verb to a location or time.
Yes, they are essential for all types of writing.
In Other Languages
Verbos intransitivos
Indonesian uses prefixes, while Spanish uses verb endings.
Verbes intransitifs
Indonesian doesn't use auxiliary verbs for intransitivity.
Intransitive Verben
Indonesian has no case system.
Jidoushi
Japanese uses particles, Indonesian uses prefixes.
Fi'l lazim
Arabic uses root patterns, Indonesian uses prefixes.
Intransitive verbs
Indonesian relies heavily on prefixes.
