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A1 adjective 10分で読める

难的

nán de

練習する例文メモとヒント难的 30秒で

解説难的 in your Level:

At the A1 level, '难的' (nán de) is one of the first adjectives you will learn. It is primarily used to describe tasks that are not easy, such as homework, learning characters, or understanding a new language. Students at this level should focus on the basic 'Subject + 很 + 难' structure and the '难的 + Noun' structure. For example, '这很难' (This is hard) and '难的汉字' (Difficult Chinese characters). The goal is to be able to express a simple opinion about the difficulty of a daily activity. You should also learn the opposite, '简单的' (jiǎndān de - simple/easy), to create basic comparisons. At this stage, don't worry too much about the nuances between '难' and '困难'; just use '难' for anything that feels challenging. Remember that '的' helps you point out which thing you are talking about, like 'the difficult one.' Practice saying '这个很难' until the second tone of '难' feels natural. It's a vital word for communicating with your teacher when you need help.

As an A2 learner, you start using '难的' in more complex sentences. You might begin to use degree adverbs like '非常' (extremely) or '有点儿' (a bit) to qualify the difficulty. You will also encounter '难' in compound verbs like '难学' (hard to learn) or '难听' (unpleasant to hear). At this level, you should be able to explain *why* something is '难的'. For instance, '这首歌很难唱，因为太高了' (This song is hard to sing because it's too high). You are also beginning to see '难的' in the '是...的' construction used for emphasis. You should also be careful to distinguish '难的' (difficult) from '男的' (male) in listening exercises, as they are homophones. Your vocabulary is expanding, so you might start comparing '难的' with '不容易' (not easy) in casual conversation. You can now use the word to describe personal experiences, like a '难的考试' or a '难的周末'.

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At the B1 level, '难的' is used to describe more abstract concepts. You are no longer just talking about homework; you are talking about '难的选择' (difficult choices) or '难的处境' (difficult situations). You should be comfortable using '难的' in comparative sentences using '比' (bǐ) or '没有...那么' (not as...as). For example, '数学比英语难' (Math is harder than English). You will also start to encounter the word in more formal contexts, such as news reports or short essays. At this level, you should begin to distinguish between '难' and '困难' (kùnnán). While '难' is an adjective for a task, '困难' can be a noun representing a 'difficulty' or 'obstacle.' You might say '我们遇到了很多困难' (We encountered many difficulties). You also start to use '难' in common fixed expressions like '难怪' (no wonder) or '难道' (rhetorical 'could it be that...'), although these are slightly different grammatical functions. Your ability to describe the degree and nature of difficulty should be much more refined.

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By B2, you should use '难的' with precision. You understand that '难的' often implies a subjective judgment, whereas words like '艰巨' (jiānjù) imply an objective, massive challenge. You can use '难的' in complex sentence structures, such as those involving results or possibilities. For example, '这个问题难得让我睡不着觉' (This problem is so difficult it keeps me from sleeping). You are also familiar with the nominalized use of '难的' in hypothetical scenarios: '即使是再难的挑战，我也要尝试' (Even if it is an even more difficult challenge, I will try). You should be able to discuss social issues using this vocabulary, describing '难的社会问题' (difficult social problems). You also start to recognize '难' in idioms like '进退两难' (in a dilemma/hard to go forward or back). Your listening skills allow you to pick up on the subtle tone of '难的' to determine if a speaker is being literal or using sarcasm. You are expected to use a wider range of synonyms to avoid repetition in your writing.

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At the C1 level, '难的' is just one part of a sophisticated vocabulary of challenge. You use it in academic or professional settings to critique theories or analyze complex data. You might discuss the '难的辩论' (difficult debate) or the '难的平衡' (difficult balance) between two competing interests. You understand the literary uses of '难', such as its appearance in classical poetry or formal prose. You can differentiate between '难的' and '繁琐的' (fánsuǒ de - tedious/complicated). Your use of '难的' often involves high-level rhetorical devices. For instance, you might use it in a speech to emphasize the gravity of a situation: '这是一个难的决定，但也是一个必须做的决定' (This is a difficult decision, but it is also a decision that must be made). You are also adept at using '难' in four-character idioms (chengyu) like '难能可贵' (rare and precious) or '患难与共' (to share trials and tribulations). Your mastery of the word includes its various historical and cultural connotations.

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As a C2 learner, you have a near-native grasp of '难的'. You use it with perfect nuance, often choosing it specifically for its simplicity to create a stark contrast in a complex argument. You can analyze the etymology of the character '难' and its relationship to the concept of suffering and hardship in Chinese philosophy. You are comfortable using '难的' in any register, from the most casual slang to the most formal legal or political documents. You might use it to describe a '难的哲学命题' (difficult philosophical proposition) or a '难的艺术风格' (difficult artistic style). At this level, you can also play with the word's ambiguity and homophones for poetic or humorous effect. You understand how '难' functions in the deepest layers of the language, including its use in regional dialects or specialized jargon. The word is no longer just a vocabulary item; it is a versatile tool that you use to navigate the most intricate nuances of human thought and social interaction in the Chinese-speaking world.

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練習する例文メモとヒント

难的 30秒で

Used to describe tasks, problems, or situations that are not easy and require effort.
Functions as an adjective before a noun or as a noun phrase (the difficult one).
Opposite of '简单的' (easy). Very common in academic, work, and daily life contexts.
Can be used for physical, mental, or emotional challenges, but not for physical hardness.

The Chinese term 难的 (nán de) is a fundamental adjective phrase used to describe tasks, situations, or concepts that require significant effort, skill, or endurance to complete or understand. At its core, the character 难 (nán) represents the concept of 'difficulty' or 'hardship.' When the structural particle 的 (de) is appended, it often functions to emphasize the quality of the noun it modifies or to nominalize the adjective. In everyday conversation, native speakers use this term to express frustration, set expectations for a challenge, or categorize the level of complexity of an object. For an English speaker, it translates most directly to 'difficult' or 'hard.' However, the nuance in Chinese often involves a sense of resistance or a lack of ease that permeates the experience.

Semantic Range: The word covers everything from a 'hard math problem' to a 'difficult life situation.' It is not limited to physical hardness (which would be 硬 yìng) but rather to the complexity of execution.

这是一道非常难的数学题。 (This is a very difficult math problem.)

Beyond the physical or cognitive effort, 难的 can also imply a social or emotional barrier. For instance, making a difficult decision is described using this term because it implies a struggle between choices. The frequency of this word in Mandarin is exceptionally high because it serves as a primary descriptor for challenges in education, work, and personal development.

Grammatical Function: When '难' is followed by '的', it can stand alone as a noun phrase meaning 'the difficult one.' For example, '我要选那个难的' (I want to choose the difficult one).

生活中总会有难的时刻。 (There will always be difficult moments in life.)

In the context of language learning, beginners often encounter this word when describing their Chinese homework. It is a vital tool for communication because it allows the speaker to provide feedback on their progress. If a teacher asks how the lesson was, answering '有一点难的' (It was a bit difficult) provides immediate clarity.

Cultural Nuance: In some East Asian cultures, admitting something is '难的' might be seen as a sign of humility or a way to seek assistance without being overly demanding.

这个字太难的，我不认识。 (This character is too difficult; I don't recognize it.)

Finally, the word is often paired with specific verbs to create compound meanings, such as '难学' (hard to learn), '难写' (hard to write), or '难吃' (bad tasting/hard to eat). This flexibility makes '难' one of the most productive morphemes in the Chinese language. When you see '难的', remember it is the adjectival form that identifies the inherent quality of being challenging.

Using 难的 correctly requires understanding the placement of the particle '的'. In Chinese grammar, '的' is used to link an adjective to a noun. Therefore, the most common structure is [Adjective + 的 + Noun]. For example, '难的问题' (nán de wèntí) means 'a difficult question.' If the noun is understood from context, you can omit it, leaving just '难的'. This is similar to saying 'the hard one' in English.

Basic Structure: Subject + 是 + (Degree Modifier) + 难的. Example: 这本书是挺难的 (This book is quite difficult).

我不喜欢做难的工作。 (I don't like doing difficult work.)

Another important aspect is the use of degree modifiers like '很' (hěn - very), '非常' (fēicháng - extremely), or '有点儿' (yǒudiǎnr - a bit). While you can say '这很难', adding '的' at the end ('这很难的') often adds a tone of confirmation or emphasis, suggesting that the difficulty is an established fact.

Comparison Structure: A 比 B 难 (A is harder than B). If you want to say 'the harder one', use '比较难的那个'.

你为什么要选最难的路？ (Why did you choose the most difficult path?)

In negative sentences, we use '不' (bù). '不难' means 'not difficult.' When followed by '的', '不难的' functions as 'the not-difficult one' or 'it isn't difficult' (with emphasis). For example, '这道题是不难的' (This problem is [actually] not difficult). This '是...的' construction is used to emphasize the speaker's certainty about the difficulty level.

Emphasis Pattern: Using '是...的' to affirm a state. Example: 学习汉语是很难的 (Learning Chinese IS difficult).

他给了我一个很难的任务。 (He gave me a very difficult task.)

考试里有很多难的题目。 (There are many difficult questions in the exam.)

Understanding these patterns allows you to describe anything from a complex puzzle to a challenging conversation. The key is to remember that '难的' is the descriptive tool, while '难' is the core concept.

You will encounter 难的 in almost every sphere of life in China. In schools, students constantly discuss whether an exam was '难的' or '简单的' (easy). Teachers use it to warn students about upcoming material. In the workplace, '难的任务' (difficult tasks) are a common topic during meetings or performance reviews. Managers might say, '我知道这个项目是挺难的' (I know this project is quite difficult) to acknowledge a team's hard work.

Academic Context: Frequent in textbooks, exam reviews, and peer discussions about curriculum difficulty.

这次考试最难的部分是听力。 (The most difficult part of this exam was the listening section.)

In social settings, friends might use '难的' to describe a movie with a complex plot or a game level that they cannot beat. It is also used metaphorically to describe interpersonal relationships or life stages. For example, '创业是很难的' (Starting a business is very difficult). In media, news anchors might describe '难的处境' (difficult situations) regarding international relations or economic downturns.

Media Usage: Commonly heard in interviews when experts describe complex societal problems or technical challenges.

这是一个很难的抉择。 (This is a very difficult choice.)

On the street, you might hear people using the nominalized form. At a market, if someone is looking at two puzzles, they might point and say, '我要那个难的' (I want the difficult one). In sports, commentators often describe a '难的动作' (difficult move) when an athlete performs a high-complexity maneuver.

Daily Life: Used for cooking recipes, DIY projects, or even finding a specific address in a crowded city.

那是一段非常难的路。 (That was a very difficult stretch of road.)

The word is so ubiquitous that it appears in pop songs, movies, and literature, often symbolizing the struggle of the human condition. Whether it's a '难的问题' in a classroom or a '难的挑战' in a video game, you will hear this word daily.

One of the most frequent mistakes English speakers make is using '难的' to describe physical hardness. In English, 'hard' can mean both 'difficult' and 'solid/firm.' In Chinese, these are two completely different words. If you say a rock is '难的', a native speaker will be confused because '难' only refers to difficulty or hardship. For a physical object like a stone or a piece of wood, you must use '硬' (yìng).

Confusion with 'Hard': Mistake: 这个床很难 (This bed is difficult). Correct: 这个床很硬 (This bed is hard/firm).

不要说石头是难的。 (Don't say a stone is 'difficult' [when you mean hard].)

Another common error is the misuse of '的'. Beginners often use '难的' in places where only '难' is needed, or they omit '的' when it is required for noun modification. Remember: '这很难' (This is hard) is a complete sentence where '难' is the predicate. '难的问题' (A hard question) requires '的' because it is modifying a noun.

Phonetic Confusion: Confusing '难' (nán - difficult) with '男' (nán - male). While they sound the same, they are written differently and used in totally different contexts.

他是男的 vs. 这是难的。 (He is male vs. This is difficult.)

Learners also struggle with the word '难得' (nándé). While it looks like '难的', it actually means 'rare' or 'seldom.' For example, '这很难得' means 'This is rare/precious,' not 'This is difficult.' Using '难得' when you mean '难的' can lead to significant misunderstandings.

Word Mix-up: Mistake: 这个汉字很难得 (This character is very rare [when you meant hard]). Correct: 这个汉字很难写 (This character is hard to write).

小心不要把“难的”说成“难得”。 (Be careful not to say 'difficult' when you mean 'rare'.)

Finally, avoid overusing '难的' for everything. Chinese has many specific words for different types of difficulty, such as '困难' (kùnnán) for situations/hardships and '艰巨' (jiānjù) for monumental tasks. Using only '难的' can make your Chinese sound repetitive and elementary. However, for an A1 learner, mastering '难的' is the perfect first step before branching out into these more complex synonyms.

While 难的 is the go-to word for 'difficult,' Chinese offers a rich palette of synonyms that provide more specific nuances. Understanding these can elevate your fluency. The most common alternative is 困难 (kùnnán). While '难' is a general adjective, '困难' can be both a noun and an adjective, often referring to 'hardships' or 'difficult circumstances.' You might say '我有困难' (I have difficulties/problems), but you wouldn't say '我有难.'

难 vs. 困难: '难' is usually for tasks/questions. '困难' is for situations/life struggles and can be a noun.

克服困难是成功的关键。 (Overcoming difficulties is the key to success.)

Another word is 辛苦 (xīnkǔ), which means 'hard' in the sense of 'laborious' or 'tiring.' If someone worked a long day, you say '你辛苦了' (You've worked hard), not '你很难.' '辛苦' describes the effort and exhaustion involved, whereas '难' describes the complexity of the task itself.

艰巨 (jiānjù): This is a formal word used for 'formidable' or 'arduous' tasks, like a massive construction project or a major reform.

这是一个艰巨的任务。 (This is an arduous task.)

For something that is 'hard to handle' or 'troublesome,' you might hear 麻烦 (máfan). While '难' implies a challenge to your skills, '麻烦' implies a challenge to your patience. A '难的问题' requires a smart brain; a '麻烦的问题' requires a lot of time and annoying steps.

不容易 (bù róngyì): Literally 'not easy.' This is often used to express sympathy or admiration for someone's struggle. '真不容易' means 'It's really not easy [for you].'

一个人带孩子真不容易。 (Raising a child alone is really not easy.)

他的口音很难懂。 (His accent is hard to understand.)

Finally, there is 费劲 (fèijìn), which means 'strenuous' or 'requiring great effort.' It is very colloquial. '说汉语真费劲' means 'Speaking Chinese is really a struggle/effort.' By learning these alternatives, you can specify exactly *why* something is '难的', whether it's due to complexity, exhaustion, annoyance, or rarity.

How Formal Is It?

豆知識

The character for 'difficult' (难) and 'male' (男) are homophones in Mandarin, leading to many puns and occasional confusion for learners. Also, '难' has two tones: second tone (nán) for 'difficult' and fourth tone (nàn) for 'disaster/hardship'.

発音ガイド

UK /næn də/

US /næn də/

The stress is primarily on '难' (nán). The '的' (de) is a weak syllable.

韻が合う語

蓝的 (lán de) 圆的 (yuán de) 全的 (quán de) 甜的 (tián de) 船的 (chuán de) 钱的 (qián de) 言的 (yán de) 便的 (biàn de)

よくある間違い

Pronouncing 'nán' with a falling tone (like 'nàn'), which changes the meaning to 'disaster'.
Pronouncing 'de' too strongly like 'dee' instead of a neutral 'uh' sound.
Confusing the sound with '男' (nán - male), although they have the same pinyin and tone.
Failing to rise enough on the second tone, making it sound like the first tone.
Over-emphasizing the 'n' at the end of 'nán'.

難易度

読解 1/5

The character '难' is relatively simple to recognize once learned. It is common in A1 texts.

ライティング 2/5

The simplified '难' has 10 strokes. It requires some practice to get the proportions right.

スピーキング 2/5

The second tone (rising) must be clearly distinguished from the fourth tone (falling).

リスニング 2/5

Must be careful not to confuse it with '男' (male) in fast speech.

次に学ぶべきこと

前提知識

很 (hěn) 的 (de) 不 (bù) 是 (shì) 这 (zhè)

次に学ぶ

简单的 (jiǎndān de) 容易的 (róngyì de) 困难 (kùnnán) 辛苦 (xīnkǔ) 问题 (wèntí)

上級

繁琐 (fánsuǒ) 艰巨 (jiānjù) 棘手 (棘手) 进退两难 (jìntuìliǎngnán) 难能可贵 (nánnéngkěguì)

知っておくべき文法

Adjective + 的 + Noun

难的题目 (Difficult question)

Subject + 很 + Adjective

这很难 (This is difficult)

是...的 Construction for emphasis

汉语是很难的 (Chinese IS difficult)

Nominalization of Adjectives

我要那个难的 (I want the difficult one)

Comparative with 比

这比那个难 (This is harder than that)

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レベル別の例文

这个汉字是难的。

This Chinese character is difficult.

Subject + 是 + Adjective + 的 construction for emphasis.

那道题很难的。

That question is very hard.

Using '很' (very) with '难的' to emphasize the state.

我不喜欢难的课。

I don't like difficult classes.

Adjective + 的 + Noun structure.

这是最难的一个。

This is the most difficult one.

Superlative '最' used with '难的'.

汉语不难的。

Chinese is not difficult.

Negative '不' used with '难的'.

老师，这很难的。

Teacher, this is quite hard.

Direct address followed by a descriptive statement.

我要买那个难的拼图。

I want to buy that difficult puzzle.

Nominalized adjective '难的' used as a noun.

做饭是难的吗？

Is cooking difficult?

Question form using '吗'.

我觉得写汉字是挺难的。

I think writing Chinese characters is quite difficult.

Using '觉得' (to feel/think) to express an opinion.

他做了一个很难的决定。

He made a very difficult decision.

Verb '做' (to make/do) + Adjective + Noun.

这首歌对他来说太难的。

This song is too difficult for him.

Structure '对...来说' (for someone).

有没有简单一点的？这个太难的。

Is there a simpler one? This is too difficult.

Comparison using '一点的' and '太...的'.

虽然是难的，但我会努力。

Although it's difficult, I will work hard.

Conjunction '虽然...但是' (although...but).

这是一个很难的问题。

This is a very difficult problem.

Standard adjective-noun modification.

他说汉语很难的，我不信。

He said Chinese is very difficult, but I don't believe it.

Reported speech with '说'.

我们要找一个不难的工作。

We need to find a job that isn't hard.

Negative adjective modifying a noun.

在这种情况下，选择是很难的。

In this situation, choosing is very difficult.

Abstract usage of '难的' for situational difficulty.

这个项目比上一个难的多了。

This project is much more difficult than the last one.

Comparative structure '比...难的多'.

他一直过着很难的生活。

He has always lived a very difficult life.

Using '难的' to describe a life experience.

老师给了我们一些特别难的练习题。

The teacher gave us some especially difficult practice problems.

Adverb '特别' (especially) modifying '难的'.

如果你觉得这很难的，我们可以换一个。

If you feel this is difficult, we can change it.

Conditional sentence using '如果...就'.

要理解他的想法是挺难的。

It is quite difficult to understand his ideas.

Infinitive-like phrase as the subject.

虽然任务是难的，但他没有放弃。

Although the task was difficult, he did not give up.

Contrastive structure with '虽然'.

这是我听过最难的听力材料。

This is the most difficult listening material I've ever heard.

Relative clause modifying '听力材料'.

这是一个非常难的政治议题。

This is an extremely difficult political issue.

Using '难的' in a professional/formal context.

要在两者之间达成平衡是很难的。

It is very difficult to achieve a balance between the two.

Complex subject phrase.

他面临着一个很难的抉择。

He is facing a very difficult choice.

Verb '面临' (to face) + '难的抉择'.

这篇文章的逻辑是非常难的。

The logic of this article is extremely difficult.

Describing abstract concepts like 'logic'.

虽然过程是难的，但结果是好的。

Although the process was difficult, the result was good.

Parallel structure comparing process and result.

专家们认为这是一个很难的挑战。

Experts believe this is a very difficult challenge.

Objective descriptive use in a professional setting.

要在短时间内完成任务是很难的。

It is very difficult to complete the task in a short time.

Adverbial phrase of time modifying the difficulty.

这个导演的风格是出了名地难的。

This director's style is notoriously difficult.

Using '出了名地' (notoriously) to modify the adjective.

这种哲学思想的深度是很难的。

The depth of this philosophical thought is very difficult [to grasp].

High-level abstract noun '深度' modified by '难的'.

要在复杂的社会关系中保持自我，是很难的。

It is very difficult to maintain oneself amidst complex social relationships.

Philosophical and sociological context.

这个案件涉及到的法律问题是极其难的。

The legal issues involved in this case are extremely difficult.

Intensifier '极其' (extremely) used with '难的'.

要精准地翻译这首诗是很难的。

It is very difficult to translate this poem accurately.

Focus on the nuance of 'precision' in task difficulty.

虽然这是一个难的命题，但值得探讨。

Although this is a difficult proposition, it is worth exploring.

Formal academic term '命题' (proposition).

经济复苏的过程注定是难的。

The process of economic recovery is destined to be difficult.

Using '注定' (destined) to describe an inevitable difficulty.

他的作品中蕴含着某种难的张力。

His work contains a certain difficult tension.

Aesthetic critique using '难的' to describe tension.

要在不同文化之间架起桥梁是很难的。

It is very difficult to build bridges between different cultures.

Metaphorical usage for cross-cultural communication.

这种宏大叙事背后的逻辑往往是隐晦且难的。

The logic behind this grand narrative is often obscure and difficult.

Literary and critical theory context.

要在瞬息万变的市场中做出精准预判是很难的。

It is extremely difficult to make accurate predictions in a rapidly changing market.

Advanced business and economic context.

作者试图通过这种难的笔触传达一种疏离感。

The author attempts to convey a sense of alienation through this difficult brushstroke/style.

Analysis of literary technique.

这种技术突破的实现，其过程之难的难以想象。

The difficulty of the process of achieving this technological breakthrough is unimaginable.

Double emphasis on difficulty using '难以想象'.

在权力博弈中，保持中立是极其难的。

In power games, maintaining neutrality is extremely difficult.

Political science and strategy context.

这种文明的融合过程伴随着许多难的阵痛。

This process of civilization fusion is accompanied by many difficult growing pains.

Metaphorical usage for historical processes.

要对这种复杂的社会现象进行定性是很难的。

It is very difficult to characterize this complex social phenomenon.

Academic research terminology '定性' (qualitative analysis).

尽管路途是难的，但人类探索未知的脚步从未停止。

Despite the path being difficult, humanity's steps in exploring the unknown have never stopped.

Grand, inspirational register.

よく使う組み合わせ

难的问题

难的任务

难的决定

难的汉字

难的考试

难的挑战

难的处境

难的关卡

难的抉择

难的题目

よく使うフレーズ

挺难的

— Quite difficult. Used to express a moderate level of difficulty.

学游泳挺难的。

最难的

— The most difficult. Used to identify the hardest item in a group.

这是最难的一课。

有点难的

— A bit difficult. A polite or cautious way to express difficulty.

这个任务有点难的。

真难的

— Really difficult. Used for emphasis.

这道菜真难做。

不难的

— Not difficult. Often used to reassure someone.

别担心，这个不难的。

比较难的

— Relatively difficult. Used for comparisons.

我想要比较难的题目。

非常难的

— Extremely difficult. High intensity.

这是一个非常难的工程。

特别难的

— Especially difficult. Points out specific difficulty.

这个字是特别难的。

确实难的

— Indeed difficult. Confirms someone else's opinion.

这件事确实难的。

那个难的

— That difficult one. Used to specify an object.

请给我那个难的。

よく混同される語

难的 vs 男的 (nán de)

Homophone meaning 'male'. Distinguish by context (e.g., 'he is male' vs 'this is hard').

难的 vs 难得 (nán dé)

Looks similar but means 'rare' or 'seldom'. '这很难得' means 'This is rare/precious'.

难的 vs 硬 (yìng)

English speakers use 'hard' for both. Use '硬' for physical hardness (like a rock) and '难' for difficulty.

慣用句と表現

"进退两难"

— To be in a dilemma; difficult to move forward or retreat.

他现在进退两难，不知道该怎么办。

Common Idiom

"难能可贵"

— Difficult to achieve and hence precious/praiseworthy.

他这种助人为乐的精神难能可贵。

Formal/Praise

"患难与共"

— To share trials and tribulations; to stick together through thick and thin.

他们是患难与共的老朋友。

Formal/Literary

"左右为难"

— To be in a quandary; difficult to decide between two options.

这件事让我左右为难。

Common Idiom

"难解难分"

— Hard to separate; locked in a stalemate (often in a fight or game).

两支球队打得难解难分。

Sports/Narrative

"难辞其咎"

— Hard to avoid blame; must take responsibility.

作为负责人，他难辞其咎。

Formal/Legal

"大难临头"

— Great disaster is at hand; facing a major crisis.

他感觉到大难临头了。

Dramatic/Literary

"难忘的一天"

— An unforgettable day (hard to forget).

那真是难忘的一天。

Common Phrase

"世上无难事"

— Nothing is difficult in the world (if you set your mind to it).

世上无难事，只怕有心人。

Proverb

"难言之隐"

— Something difficult to speak about; a hidden trouble.

他似乎有什么难言之隐。

Formal

間違えやすい

难的 vs 困难 (kùnnán)

Both mean difficult.

难 is primarily an adjective for tasks. 困难 can be a noun meaning 'hardship' or a more formal adjective.

生活中有许多困难 (There are many hardships in life).

难的 vs 辛苦 (xīnkǔ)

Both can translate to 'hard'.

辛苦 refers to the labor or toil of a person. 难 refers to the complexity of a task.

妈妈干活很辛苦 (Mom works very hard/laboriously).

难的 vs 不容易 (bù róngyì)

Both mean not easy.

不容易 is often used to show empathy or to describe a long-term struggle.

挣钱不容易 (Earning money isn't easy).

难的 vs 麻烦 (máfan)

Both imply a challenge.

麻烦 means 'troublesome' or 'annoying'. It's about the effort/steps, not necessarily the skill level.

这个手续很麻烦 (This procedure is very troublesome).

难的 vs 艰巨 (jiānjù)

Both mean difficult.

艰巨 is much more formal and used for 'monumental' or 'arduous' tasks.

艰巨的工程 (An arduous engineering project).

文型パターン

Subject + 很 + 难

这很难。

难的 + Noun

难的作业。

Subject + 是 + 难的

考试是难的。

有点 + 难

汉语有一点难。

A + 比 + B + 难

写比说难。

难的 + [Abstract Noun]

难的选择。

最 + 难的 + [Noun] + 之一

这是最难的任务之一。

极其 + 难的

极其难的挑战。

語族

名詞

困难 (kùnnán) - Difficulty

灾难 (zāinàn) - Disaster

苦难 (kǔnàn) - Suffering

难题 (nántí) - Hard problem

動詞

难为 (nánwéi) - To embarrass; to make things difficult for someone

难倒 (nándǎo) - To baffle; to defeat with a difficulty

形容詞

难看 (nánkàn) - Ugly/Hard to look at

难听 (nántīng) - Unpleasant to hear

难受 (nánshòu) - Uncomfortable/Feeling bad

难吃 (nánchī) - Bad tasting

使い方

frequency

Extremely high in all spoken and written forms.

よくある間違い

这个石头很难 (Zhège shítou hěn nán). → 这个石头很硬 (Zhège shítou hěn yìng).
You used 'difficult' to describe a rock. In Chinese, '难' only means 'hard to do.' For physical hardness, use '硬'.
我是难的 (Wǒ shì nán de). → 我是男的 (Wǒ shì nán de).
While the pinyin is the same, writing '难的' means 'I am difficult.' You likely meant 'I am male' (男的).
难作业 (Nán zuòyè). → 难的作业 (Nán de zuòyè).
In Chinese, adjectives with more than one syllable or those used in a specific way need the particle '的' to modify a noun.
这很困难的 (Zhè hěn kùnnán de). → 这很难 (Zhè hěn nán).
While '困难' is a synonym, '难' is more natural for simple tasks. Also, '很...的' is sometimes redundant in simple predicates.
这个字很难得写 (Zhège zì hěn nándé xiě). → 这个字很难写 (Zhège zì hěn nán xiě).
You used '难得' (rare/precious) instead of '难' (difficult). This changes the meaning significantly.

ヒント

Placement of '的'

Always put '难的' before the noun it modifies. In Chinese, descriptors always precede the object they describe. Example: '难的任务' (Difficult task).

Opposite Word

Learn '简单的' (jiǎndān de) at the same time. Knowing the opposite helps reinforce the meaning and allows you to make comparisons immediately.

The Rising Tone

Practice the second tone of '难' (nán) by imagining you are asking a question like 'Huh?'. The pitch should start middle-low and rise to high.

Context Clues

When you hear 'nán de', look at the surrounding words. If they are talking about people, it's likely '男的' (male). If they are talking about tasks, it's '难的' (difficult).

Humility

In Chinese culture, saying something is '难的' can be a way to show you are working hard and not being arrogant about your abilities.

Stroke Order

When writing '难', focus on the left side first, then the right. The right side '隹' is a common component in many characters, so mastering it is very useful.

The Bird Trap

Remember that '难' originally meant a bird that was hard to catch. Visualizing a bird escaping a trap can help you remember the concept of difficulty.

Hard vs. Difficult

Always double-check if you mean 'difficult' or 'physically hard.' This is the #1 error for English speakers. Use '硬' for rocks, '难' for math.

Dilemma

Learn '进退两难'. It's a very common idiom that perfectly captures the feeling of being stuck in a difficult situation where you can't move forward or back.

Start Simple

Don't worry about '困难' or '艰巨' yet. As an A1 learner, '难的' will cover 90% of your needs. Master it first before moving to more specific synonyms.

暗記しよう

記憶術

Think of a person trying to catch a bird (the right side of the character) with a small net; it is very 'difficult' because birds fly away quickly.

視覚的連想

Imagine a mountain climber struggling to reach the peak. The peak is the '难' (difficulty) they are trying to overcome.

Word Web

难学难懂难写难做难过难看难听难题

チャレンジ

Try to identify three things in your room today that are '难的' to use or '难的' to clean. Say the sentences out loud in Chinese.

語源

The character 难 (nán) in its traditional form (難) consists of the left part '堇' (clay/shortage) and the right part '隹' (bird). It originally referred to a type of bird that was difficult to catch. Over time, the meaning expanded from the difficulty of hunting to general difficulty in any task or situation.

元の意味： A specific bird; later, the difficulty of catching such a bird.

Sino-Tibetan

文化的な背景

Be careful when describing people's work as '难的'. It might imply they are struggling or that the work is poorly designed. Use '辛苦' to praise their effort instead.

English speakers often use 'hard' for both difficulty and physical density. In Chinese, these are strictly separated ('难' vs '硬').

Proverb: 世上无难事，只怕有心人 (Nothing is difficult for those who try). Song: 《难忘今宵》 (Unforgettable Tonight) - A famous song played at the end of the Spring Festival Gala. Idiom: 进退两难 (In a dilemma).

実生活で練習する

実際の使用場面

School/Education

难的考试
难的作业
难的汉字
难的课

Work/Office

难的任务
难的项目
难的决定
难的客户

Personal Life

难的选择
难的生活
难的路
难的时刻

Entertainment/Games

难的关卡
难的拼图
难的游戏
难的动作

Language Learning

难的发音
难的语法
难的听力
难的单词

会話のきっかけ

"你觉得学汉语是难的吗？ (Do you think learning Chinese is difficult?)"

"这次考试里，你觉得哪道题是最难的？ (In this exam, which question do you think was the most difficult?)"

"你做过最难的决定是什么？ (What is the most difficult decision you have ever made?)"

"写汉字对你来说是难的还是容易的？ (Is writing Chinese characters difficult or easy for you?)"

"你觉得在你的国家找工作是难的吗？ (Do you think finding a job in your country is difficult?)"

日記のテーマ

写一件你觉得很难的事情，以及你如何完成它的。 (Write about something you find very difficult and how you completed it.)

描述一个你曾经面临过的难的选择。 (Describe a difficult choice you once faced.)

你认为学习哪种语言是最难的？为什么？ (Which language do you think is the most difficult to learn? Why?)

如果生活太简单而没有难的挑战，你会觉得无聊吗？ (If life were too easy without difficult challenges, would you feel bored?)

谈谈你最近遇到的一个难的问题。 (Talk about a difficult problem you recently encountered.)

よくある質問

10 問

No. In Chinese, '难的' only refers to things that are difficult to do or understand. For a physically hard object like a bed or a rock, you must use '硬' (yìng). Saying '这个床很难' would sound like the bed is difficult to use or solve, which makes no sense.

Grammatically, '难' is the adjective itself, while '难的' includes the particle '的'. You use '难' in simple sentences like '这很难' (This is hard). You use '难的' when it modifies a noun ('难的题') or when you want to say 'the hard one' ('我要那个难的').

Yes, '难的' (nán de - difficult) and '男的' (nán de - male) are pronounced exactly the same in Mandarin. You have to rely on the context of the sentence to know which one is being used. For example, '他是男的' (He is male) vs '这是难的' (This is difficult).

It is a neutral word. It can be used in casual conversation, but it's also perfectly fine in formal writing. However, in very formal academic or political contexts, people often prefer '困难' (kùnnán) or '艰巨' (jiānjù) for more precision.

You can say '没那么难' (méi nàme nán). The phrase '不怎么难' (bù zěnme nán) also works to mean 'not particularly difficult.' Both are common in daily speech.

Yes, when combined with '看' (to look). '难看' (nánkàn) literally means 'hard to look at,' which is the standard way to say 'ugly' in Chinese. It's a very common compound word.

Although it looks like '难' + '的', '难得' (nándé) is a separate word meaning 'rare' or 'seldom.' For example, '这很难得' means 'This is a rare opportunity' or 'This is precious.' Don't confuse it with '难的'.

Use '最难的' (zuì nán de). For example, '这是最难的作业' (This is the most difficult homework).

Generally, no. You don't call a person '难的'. If you mean they are hard to deal with, you say '他很难相处' (He is hard to get along with). If you mean they are having a hard time, you say '他很难受' (He is feeling bad).

In Chinese, single-syllable adjectives often feel 'incomplete' as a predicate. Adding '很' (hěn) balances the sentence. Even if the difficulty isn't extreme, '很' is usually added. '这很难' is the standard way to say 'This is hard'.

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