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C1 verb 12분 분량

موجب شدن

mojeb shodan
연습하기 예시 노트와 팁 موجب شدن 30초 만에
설명 موجب شدن in your Level:
At the A1 level, you don't really need to use 'mojeb shodan' yet, as it is quite formal. However, it is good to recognize it as a word that means 'to make something happen.' Think of it like the English word 'cause.' In A1, you mostly use simple verbs like 'kardan' (to do/make). If you see 'mojeb shodan' in a simple sentence, just remember that the first thing in the sentence is the reason, and the second thing is what happened because of it. For example, if 'Rain' is the first word and 'Wet' is the second, the verb in the middle just means 'made.' It is like a bridge between the reason and the result. You might see it in very simple news headlines or signs. Don't worry about the complex grammar yet; just focus on the idea of 'A leads to B.' Even at this level, knowing that 'shodan' means 'to become' can help you understand that the situation 'becomes' a cause. It's a foundational concept for building more complex sentences later. You will mostly hear people say 'bā'es shod' in real life, which is the easier version. Just keep in mind that 'mojeb' is a special word for 'cause' that sounds very polite and official. You won't use it to talk about why you are happy or sad, but you might see it in a book about why the weather changes. Always look for the 'shodan' part to know when the action is happening—now, in the past, or in the future.
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At the A2 level, you are starting to connect sentences together. 'Mojeb shodan' is a useful tool for showing why something happened in a slightly more formal way. You can start using the pattern '[Noun] + mojeb-e + [Noun] + shod.' For example, 'Varzesh mojeb-e shādi shod' (Exercise caused happiness). This is a great way to improve your writing and sound more professional than just using 'va' (and) or 'chūn' (because). At this stage, you should also notice that 'mojeb' doesn't change, but 'shodan' does. You can say 'mojeb mishavad' for things that always happen (like 'Sun causes heat') or 'mojeb shod' for things that happened yesterday. It is important to start distinguishing between 'mojeb' and 'bā'es.' While 'bā'es' is what you use with your friends, 'mojeb' is what you use in a school essay or a letter to a boss. You might also start seeing it in weather reports or simple health advice. 'Eating fruit causes health.' It's a step up from A1 where you just said 'Fruit is good.' Now you are explaining the logical link. Remember, at A2, keep the sentences short. Don't try to use long clauses with 'ke' yet; stick to the 'mojeb-e [Noun]' structure. This will help you avoid the difficult subjunctive grammar while still sounding very smart and capable in Persian.
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At the B1 level, you are expected to handle more complex sentence structures. This is where you start using 'mojeb shodan' with the conjunction 'ke' (that). When you use 'ke,' the verb that follows must be in the subjunctive mood. This is a big step! For example, 'The rain caused (mojeb shod) that the ground BECOME (beshavad) wet.' You are now moving beyond simple noun-to-noun links and describing full actions. B1 learners should use 'mojeb shodan' in their written assignments to show a higher level of vocabulary. It is very common in B1 reading texts about the environment, technology, or social changes. You should also be able to recognize the negative form 'mojeb nashodan' and understand that it is used to deny a cause. For instance, 'This problem did not cause (mojeb nashod) the project to stop.' At this level, you should also be comfortable with the present continuous form 'dārad mojeb mishavad' (is causing), which is used for ongoing situations like 'The rising temperature is causing the ice to melt.' You are starting to see the nuance: 'mojeb shodan' is for logical, often external causes. If you are talking about your own feelings, you still use 'bā'es shodan,' but if you are talking about the economy or a scientific experiment, 'mojeb shodan' is your best friend. Start practicing the 'mojeb shod ke...' pattern in your speaking and writing to bridge the gap between intermediate and advanced levels.
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At the B2 level, you should be using 'mojeb shodan' fluently in a variety of tenses and contexts. You are expected to understand the difference between 'mojeb shodan' and 'monjar shodan be' (to result in). While 'mojeb shodan' focuses on the cause itself, 'monjar shodan be' focuses on the final destination or result. B2 learners should use 'mojeb shodan' to discuss more abstract concepts, such as how a political decision 'mojeb shod' a shift in public opinion. You should also be familiar with the plural noun form 'mojebāt' and the common expression 'mojebāt-e... rā farāham kardan' (to provide the grounds/causes for). This is a very high-level way to say 'to make something possible.' For example, 'His hard work provided the grounds for his success.' At B2, your control over the subjunctive mood after 'ke' should be near-perfect. You should also be able to use the verb in the future tense ('mojeb khāhad shod') to make predictions in formal presentations. You will see this word frequently in Persian literature and more complex news analysis. It's no longer just a word for 'cause'; it's a way to structure a logical argument. You should also be aware of the passive-like nuances: while Persian doesn't use the passive voice as much as English, using 'mojeb shodan' allows you to talk about consequences without always blaming a specific person, which is a key skill in professional communication.
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At the C1 level, 'mojeb shodan' is a core part of your academic and professional lexicon. You should be able to use it to weave together complex arguments in essays, reports, and debates. At this level, you are not just using the word; you are choosing it specifically for its formal register and its implication of logical necessity. You should be able to distinguish between 'mojeb' (the necessitating cause), 'sabab' (the intermediate cause), and 'elat' (the primary reason). C1 learners should also be comfortable with the more literary versions of the auxiliary, such as 'mojeb gashtan' or 'mojeb gardidan,' which appear in high-level prose and official government statements. You should be able to use the verb in complex compound-complex sentences, perhaps with multiple subordinate clauses. For instance, 'The convergence of economic factors and social unrest caused (mojeb shod) the government to reconsider its stance, which in turn led to further reforms.' Here, 'mojeb shodan' acts as the primary engine of the sentence. You should also understand the use of 'mojeb' in specialized fields like law or philosophy. In a legal context, 'mojeb' implies liability. If an action 'mojeb-e zarar' (caused damage), there are legal consequences. Your ability to use this word correctly in these specific contexts marks you as a sophisticated user of the language. You should also be able to identify and correct 'register slips' where 'bā'es' might have been used too informally in a formal document.
At the C2 level, your mastery of 'mojeb shodan' is total. You understand not only its grammatical and semantic functions but also its historical and philosophical weight in the Persian language. You can use it to discuss complex metaphysical causality or intricate legal theories. You are familiar with its roots in Arabic grammar and how its usage has evolved in Persian over centuries. At this level, you can appreciate the subtle difference between 'mojeb shodan' and 'mūjib amadan' in classical texts. You can use the word to create highly nuanced shades of meaning, perhaps using it ironically in a sophisticated literary critique or with absolute precision in a scientific paper. You understand the 'mojeb-e... shodan' ezafe construction so well that you can use it to create dense, information-rich headlines or poetic lines. Your use of the subjunctive following 'mojeb shodan' is instinctive and flawless, even in the most complex tenses like the past subjunctive or perfect subjunctive. You can also engage in 'metalinguistic' discussions about the word itself, explaining to others why 'mojeb shodan' is the appropriate choice in a specific bureaucratic context versus a philosophical one. You are also aware of how the word is used in regional dialects of Persian, such as Dari or Tajik, though it remains primarily a formal literary term across all variants. For a C2 speaker, 'mojeb shodan' is more than just a verb; it is a tool for precise, logical, and elegant expression that reflects a deep immersion in the Persian-speaking world's intellectual traditions.
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موجب شدن 30초 만에

  • A formal Persian verb meaning 'to cause' or 'to bring about' an event.
  • It is a compound verb consisting of 'mojeb' (cause) and 'shodan' (to become).
  • Commonly used in news, academic writing, and legal documents rather than daily speech.
  • Requires the subjunctive mood for any following verbs in a 'ke' clause.
The Persian compound verb موجب شدن (mojeb shodan) is a sophisticated and formal way to express causality, translating most accurately to 'to cause,' 'to bring about,' 'to occasion,' or 'to give rise to.' In the landscape of the Persian language, causality is expressed through several verbs, but mojeb shodan carries a weight of formality and precision that makes it indispensable for academic, legal, journalistic, and professional contexts. At its core, the word موجب (mojeb) is an Arabic loanword functioning as a noun or adjective meaning 'cause,' 'reason,' or 'motive.' When paired with the auxiliary verb شدن (shodan), which means 'to become,' the literal construction is 'to become the cause.' This nuances the verb as something that sets a chain of events into motion.
Semantic Nuance
Unlike the more colloquial 'bā’es shodan,' which can be used for both trivial and significant matters, 'mojeb shodan' implies a logical or necessary consequence. It suggests that Factor A directly and logically necessitated Outcome B.

تغییرات اقلیمی موجب شده است که سطح دریاها بالا بیاید. (Climate change has caused sea levels to rise.)

This verb is frequently encountered in news broadcasts when discussing political shifts, economic fluctuations, or natural disasters. For instance, an increase in taxes might be described as mojeb-e narāzāyati (causing dissatisfaction). To reach 600 words of depth, we must look at the psychological weight of the word. When a Persian speaker uses موجب شدن, they are often distancing themselves from the action, attributing the result to a systemic or external factor. It is the language of reports and analysis. If you say 'You caused me to be late' using this verb, it sounds like a formal accusation or a line from a dramatic screenplay. In everyday conversation, 'bā’es shodan' is the safer bet, but to master C1 Persian, one must utilize 'mojeb shodan' to demonstrate a command of formal register. The word is also deeply rooted in Islamic jurisprudence (Fiqh), where a 'mojeb' is a necessitating factor for a specific legal ruling. This history infuses the modern secular usage with a sense of inevitability.

بی‌احتیاطی راننده موجب شد تصادف سنگینی رخ دهد. (The driver's carelessness caused a heavy accident to occur.)

Syntactic Flexibility
It can take a simple noun object or a whole clause. When followed by a clause, the verb in that clause usually shifts to the subjunctive mood (e.g., 'mojeb shod ke BERAVAD' - caused him TO GO).
Understanding this verb requires recognizing that it is part of a family of 'shodan' compound verbs that transform nouns into actions. In the professional world, being able to explain 'cause and effect' (elat va ma'lul) using 'mojeb shodan' identifies you as a highly educated speaker. It is the difference between saying 'The rain made me wet' and 'The precipitation caused a significant increase in local humidity levels.'

پیروزی در مسابقه موجب شد تیم به مرحله بعد صعود کند. (Victory in the match caused the team to ascend to the next stage.)

Register Variation
While 'mojeb shodan' is the standard formal choice, in extremely high literature, one might see 'mūjib amadan,' though this is archaic. Stick to 'shodan' for modern C1 proficiency.
Mastering the usage of موجب شدن requires a firm grasp of Persian sentence structure, particularly the relationship between the cause (the subject) and the effect (the object or subordinate clause). Because this is a compound verb, the auxiliary شدن (shodan) carries all the conjugations for tense, person, and number, while موجب (mojeb) remains static.
The Subjunctive Requirement
When 'mojeb shodan' triggers a secondary action, that action must be in the subjunctive mood. For example: 'In etefāq mojeb shod ke man BEPURSAM' (This event caused me TO ASK). The 'be-' prefix on 'porsam' is the hallmark of the subjunctive triggered by the causality of the first verb.
In its simplest form, the structure is: [Cause] + [Effect (Noun)] + [mojeb shodan]. For example, 'Varzesh mojeb-e salāmati mishavad' (Exercise causes/leads to health). Notice the use of the ezafe (-e) connecting 'mojeb' to 'salāmati'. This is a very common 'shortcut' in formal Persian where the verb 'shodan' is conjugated at the end, but the 'cause-of' relationship is linked via the ezafe.

کمبود خواب موجب می‌شود که تمرکز شما کاهش یابد. (Lack of sleep causes your concentration to decrease.)

To sound truly native at a C1 level, you must practice using it with complex abstract nouns. Instead of saying 'The rain made the ground wet,' say 'Bārandegi-ye shadid mojeb-e ābgereftegi-ye ma'āber shod' (Heavy rainfall caused the flooding of the thoroughfares). This sentence demonstrates the high-register vocabulary that typically surrounds mojeb shodan. Let's examine the past perfect usage: 'Ān tasmim mojeb shodeh bud ke...' (That decision had caused...). This is used when describing a cause that happened prior to another past event. The flexibility of shodan allows for all nuances of time.

این بحران موجب خواهد شد که قیمت‌ها افزایش پیدا کنند. (This crisis will cause prices to increase.)

Negative Construction
To negate, simply add the 'na-' prefix to 'shodan': 'mojeb nashod' (did not cause). It is often used to dismiss false correlations in scientific or logical arguments.
Another advanced usage is the passive-like construction: 'Mored-e mojeb-e... vāqe' shodan' (To be placed in a position of causing...), though this is extremely rare and mostly found in legal texts. For learners, focusing on the '[Cause] + mojeb shod ke + [Subjunctive Clause]' pattern is the most productive path to fluency.

تحریم‌ها موجب گشته‌اند که تجارت با دشواری مواجه شود. (Sanctions have caused trade to face difficulty.)

The 'Ezafe' vs. 'Ke'
Using 'mojeb-e [Noun]' is more concise and preferred in headlines. Using 'mojeb shod ke [Verb]' is better for complex explanations of how something happened.
You will encounter موجب شدن in environments where precision and formality are valued. It is not a word you would typically use while buying bread at the local bakery or chatting with a close friend about your weekend, unless you are being intentionally ironic or overly dramatic. However, as soon as you turn on the evening news on IRIB or BBC Persian, or open a newspaper like Ettela'at or Shargh, the word appears constantly.
Journalism and News
Journalists use it to link events without sounding biased. 'The new policy caused a drop in inflation' sounds more objective when 'mojeb shod' is used compared to other more emotional verbs.
In the classroom or at a university lecture in Iran, professors use this verb to describe scientific phenomena or historical causality. A history professor might say, 'The fall of the Safavids caused (mojeb shod) a period of instability.' In these settings, using 'bā'es shodan' might sound too 'kūcheh-bāzāri' (of the street/market).

سخنان رئیس‌جمهور موجب شد که بازارهای مالی واکنش نشان دهند. (The President's remarks caused financial markets to show a reaction.)

Legal and administrative documents are another primary habitat for this word. If you are reading a contract, a police report, or a court summons, 'mojeb shodan' is the standard verb to describe liability and consequence. 'The defendant's actions caused (mojeb shod) damage to the property.' Here, the word carries legal weight, implying a direct causal link that can be proven. In literature and high-level essays, you might see it used metaphorically. An author might write about how a certain look 'mojeb shod' a change in the protagonist's heart. Even in these creative contexts, the use of mojeb shodan adds a layer of intellectualism to the prose.

اختلافات خانوادگی گاهی موجب می‌شود فرزندان دچار افسردگی شوند. (Family disputes sometimes cause children to suffer from depression.)

Medical Contexts
Doctors use it to explain symptoms. 'This virus causes (mojeb mishavad) a high fever.' Using the formal verb here provides a sense of professional authority.
Interestingly, in the Iranian business world, when writing formal emails (nāmeh-ye edāri), you will use this verb to explain delays or requests. 'The delay in shipping caused (mojeb shod) a delay in our production.' It sounds much more professional than saying 'The delay made us late.'

تکنولوژی‌های جدید موجب شده‌اند که زندگی بشر آسان‌تر شود. (New technologies have caused human life to become easier.)

Social Media
On 'Persian Twitter' (X) or Instagram, when users are discussing serious social issues or politics, they switch to this formal register to give their opinions more 'gravity'.
Even advanced learners of Persian often stumble when using موجب شدن because of its specific grammatical requirements and its relationship with its synonyms. The most common error is 'Register Mismatch.' Using mojeb shodan in a very casual setting, like telling a friend 'You caused me to drop my ice cream,' can sound unintentionally funny or robotic. In that case, 'bā'es shodi' is the correct choice.
The Mood Mistake
The single biggest grammatical error is failing to use the subjunctive mood after 'ke'. Many learners use the indicative past or present, which sounds jarring. Correct: 'Mojeb shod ke BERAVAD' (Subjunctive). Incorrect: 'Mojeb shod ke RAFT' (Indicative).
Another frequent mistake involves the 'Ezafe' construction. Remember that if you use a noun directly after mojeb, you need the ezafe: 'mojeb-E dardi' (cause of pain). If you omit the ezafe, the sentence becomes nonsensical. Conversely, do not use the ezafe if you are following with the conjunction 'ke'.

اشتباه: ترافیک موجب شد که من دیر رسیدم. (Wrong: Traffic caused that I arrived late - indicative). درست: ترافیک موجب شد که من دیر برسم (Correct - subjunctive).

Confusion with the word واجب (vā-jeb) is also common for beginners. واجب means 'obligatory' (often in a religious sense), while موجب means 'cause.' Mixing these up can lead to confusing sentences like 'This event was obligatory' instead of 'This event caused...'. There is also the issue of 'Directionality.' Mojeb shodan is almost always used for a cause leading to an effect. Some learners try to use it in reverse, like 'The effect was caused by...' (Ma'lul mojeb shod az...). This is incorrect. To say 'was caused by,' you should use 'nāshi shodan az' or 'be dalil-e... budan.'

اشتباه: خستگی موجب از کار زیاد شد. (Wrong: Fatigue caused from much work). درست: کار زیاد موجب خستگی شد (Correct: Much work caused fatigue).

Preposition Overuse
Learners often want to put 'be' or 'az' after 'mojeb'. Remember, in the 'mojeb-e [Noun]' form, only the ezafe is used. No other preposition is needed.
Lastly, be careful with the word موجبات (mojebāt). This is the plural form and it is used in a specific idiom: 'mojebāt-e... rā farāham kardan' (to provide the means/causes for...). Learners often confuse this plural noun usage with the verb mojeb shodan. They are related but used in different syntactic structures. To hit the 600-word depth, we must emphasize that mojeb shodan is a 'one-way street' verb—it always points from the reason to the result.

تلاش‌های او موجب شد که پروژه با موفقیت به پایان برسد. (His efforts caused the project to end successfully.)

Persian is rich in causal verbs, and choosing the right one is the hallmark of a C1 speaker. While موجب شدن is the formal standard, you should know when to swap it for its cousins. The most frequent alternative is باعث شدن (bā'es shodan).
Bā'es Shodan vs. Mojeb Shodan
'Bā'es shodan' is the 'all-purpose' causal verb. It is used in both speech and writing. If 'mojeb shodan' is a tuxedo, 'bā'es shodan' is a well-fitted suit. You can use 'bā'es' for anything from 'You made me laugh' to 'The war caused a famine.' 'Mojeb' is usually reserved for the latter.
Another powerful alternative is منجر شدن به (monjar shodan be). This translates to 'to result in' or 'to lead to.' Unlike mojeb shodan, this verb *requires* the preposition 'be'. It is used when there is a clear end-point or a final outcome. 'The negotiations resulted in (monjar shod be) a treaty.'

بی‌توجهی به قوانین منجر به جریمه خواهد شد. (Disregard for rules will result in a fine.)

For scientific or logical contexts, you might use علت بودن (elat budan) or سبب شدن (sabab shodan). 'Sabab' is very similar to 'mojeb' but has a slightly more literary or classical feel. It is common in older texts or poetry but still used in modern formal Persian. 'Elat budan' literally means 'to be the cause' and is used when identifying the root reason.
Nāshi Shodan Az
This is the 'reverse' of mojeb shodan. It means 'to stem from' or 'to be caused by.' Use this when the effect is the subject of your sentence. 'His success stems from (nāshi mishavad az) hard work.'

بیماری او ناشی از آلودگی هوا بود. (His illness was caused by/stemmed from air pollution.)

In very informal speech, people often use کردن (kardan) with a result. For example, 'Goshnegi asabi-am kard' (Hunger made me nervous). Here, 'kardan' functions as 'to make.' You would never use 'mojeb shodan' in this simple, personal way. Understanding these shades of meaning allows you to navigate different social strata in Iran. Using mojeb shodan in a political essay shows you are an intellectual; using bā'es shodan in a cafe shows you are a fluent, natural speaker.

باران باعث شد که بازی لغو شود. (The rain caused the game to be cancelled - neutral/common.)

Summary Table
- Mojeb shodan: Formal, logical cause. - Bā'es shodan: General, common cause. - Monjar shodan be: Resulting in a specific outcome. - Nāshi shodan az: Effect stemming from a cause.

How Formal Is It?

재미있는 사실

The root 'w-j-b' is the same as the word 'Vājeb' (obligatory), which every Muslim knows as a religious duty. So, 'mojeb' is literally 'the thing that makes the result a duty/necessity.'

발음 가이드

UK /muːdʒɪb ʃɒdæn/
US /muːdʒəb ʃɑːdæn/
The stress is on the second syllable of 'mojeb' (jeb) and the final syllable of 'shodan' (dan).
라임이 맞는 단어
واجب شدن (vājeb shodan) موجب گشتن (mojeb gashtan) منجر شدن (monjar shodan) موجب بودن (mojeb budan) موجب ماندن (mojeb māndan) موجب آمدن (mojeb āmadan) موجب دیدن (mojeb didan) موجب خواندن (mojeb khāndan)
자주 하는 실수
  • Pronouncing 'mojeb' as 'mo-jeeb' (long 'i'). It should be a short 'e'.
  • Pronouncing 'shodan' as 'show-dan'. The 'o' is short.

난이도

독해 4/5

Requires recognizing the verb in formal texts where sentences can be long and complex.

쓰기 5/5

Toughest part is remembering the subjunctive mood in the following clause.

말하기 4/5

Hard to know when to use it versus 'bā'es shodan' without sounding too stiff.

듣기 3/5

Usually clear in formal speech as it signals a reason is being given.

다음에 무엇을 배울까

선수 학습

شدن (shodan) باعث (bā'es) که (ke) دلیل (dalil) علت (elat)

다음에 배울 것

منجر شدن به (monjar shodan be) ناشی شدن از (nāshi shodan az) ایجاب کردن (ijāb kardan)

고급

علیت (eliyat - causality) موجبیت (mojebiyat - determinism) علت تامه (elat-e tāmmeh - sufficient cause)

알아야 할 문법

Subjunctive Mood after 'ke'

موجب شد که او برود. (Not: موجب شد که او رفت)

Ezafe with Nouns

موجبِ شادی (mojeb-e shādi)

Auxiliary Verb Conjugation

موجب شده بود (Past Perfect)

Negative Prefix 'na-'

موجب نشد (Did not cause)

Future Construction

موجب خواهد شد (Will cause)

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수준별 예문

1

باران موجب شد زمین خیس شود.

Rain caused the ground to get wet.

Simple past: Noun + mojeb shod + Noun + adjective + shodan (subjunctive).

2

این کتاب موجب شادی من است.

This book is the cause of my happiness.

Present tense using ezafe: mojeb-e shādi.

3

میوه موجب سلامتی می‌شود.

Fruit causes/leads to health.

Habitual present: mojeb mishavad.

4

کمبود آب موجب مشکل شد.

Lack of water caused a problem.

Simple past with ezafe: mojeb-e moshkel shod.

5

چای گرم موجب گرمی شد.

Hot tea caused warmth.

Simple past: mojeb-e garmi shod.

6

آفتاب موجب روشنایی است.

The sun is the cause of light.

Present tense (ast): mojeb-e roshanāyi ast.

7

خواب موجب آرامش می‌شود.

Sleep causes relaxation.

General truth: mojeb mishavad.

8

ورزش موجب قدرت شد.

Exercise caused strength.

Simple past: mojeb-e ghodrat shod.

1

کار زیاد موجب خستگی او شد.

Too much work caused his tiredness.

Ezafe construction with a pronoun: mojeb-e khastegi-ye u.

2

این هدیه موجب خوشحالی مادر شد.

This gift caused mother's happiness.

Subject + mojeb-e + Noun + shod.

3

برف موجب تعطیلی مدرسه‌ها شد.

Snow caused the closing of schools.

Formal noun 'ta'tili' (closing/holiday).

4

غذای بد موجب بیماری می‌شود.

Bad food causes illness.

General rule in present tense.

5

سفر موجب تجربه می‌شود.

Travel causes experience.

Abstract noun 'tajrobeh'.

6

صدای بلند موجب ترس کودک شد.

The loud noise caused the child's fear.

Specific event in the past.

7

نور کم موجب درد چشم می‌شود.

Low light causes eye pain.

Physical cause and effect.

8

تلاش او موجب موفقیت شد.

His effort caused success.

Positive causality.

1

بارندگی شدید موجب شد که رودخانه طغیان کند.

Heavy rainfall caused the river to overflow.

Mojeb shod ke + Subjunctive (toghian konad).

2

ترافیک موجب شد که ما به جلسه دیر برسیم.

Traffic caused us to arrive late to the meeting.

1st person plural subjunctive: beresim.

3

کمبود ویتامین موجب می‌شود که بدن ضعیف شود.

Vitamin deficiency causes the body to become weak.

Present habitual + subjunctive.

4

این خبر موجب شد که همه تعجب کنند.

This news caused everyone to be surprised.

3rd person plural subjunctive: ta'ajob konand.

5

اشتباه او موجب شد که تیم بازنده شود.

His mistake caused the team to lose.

Compound verb 'bāzandeh shodan' in subjunctive.

6

آلودگی هوا موجب شده است که مدارس تعطیل شوند.

Air pollution has caused schools to be closed.

Present perfect: mojeb shodeh ast.

7

مطالعه زیاد موجب می‌شود که دانش شما افزایش یابد.

Much study causes your knowledge to increase.

Intransitive subjunctive: afzāyesh yābad.

8

تغییر فصل موجب شد که پرندگان مهاجرت کنند.

The change of season caused the birds to migrate.

Scientific observation using mojeb shodan.

1

سیاست‌های جدید موجب افزایش قیمت مسکن شده است.

New policies have caused an increase in housing prices.

Present perfect with ezafe construction.

2

عدم مدیریت صحیح موجب شد که پروژه شکست بخورد.

Lack of proper management caused the project to fail.

Complex subject: 'adam-e modiriyat-e sahih'.

3

این بحران موجب خواهد شد که بیکاری در جامعه رشد کند.

This crisis will cause unemployment to grow in society.

Future tense: mojeb khāhad shod.

4

تحقیقات علمی موجب شده است که درمان‌های جدیدی کشف شود.

Scientific research has caused new treatments to be discovered.

Passive subjunctive: kashf shavad.

5

بی‌توجهی به محیط زیست موجب تخریب جنگل‌ها می‌شود.

Disregard for the environment causes the destruction of forests.

Abstract causal relationship.

6

سخنان تند او موجب شد که روابط دیپلماتیک قطع شود.

His harsh words caused diplomatic relations to be cut.

Political context.

7

نوسانات ارزی موجب شده است که قدرت خرید مردم کاهش یابد.

Currency fluctuations have caused people's purchasing power to decrease.

Economic terminology.

8

نوآوری در صنعت موجب شد که هزینه‌های تولید پایین بیاید.

Innovation in industry caused production costs to come down.

Industrial/Business context.

1

تداوم خشکسالی موجب گردیده است که کشاورزان به شهرها مهاجرت نمایند.

The continuation of the drought has caused farmers to migrate to cities.

Literary 'gardideh ast' and 'nemāyand' (instead of shodan/kardan).

2

اختلافات ایدئولوژیک موجب شد که جنبش به دو شاخه تقسیم شود.

Ideological differences caused the movement to split into two branches.

Sociological/Political terminology.

3

پیشرفت‌های تکنولوژیک موجبات تغییر در سبک زندگی را فراهم آورده است.

Technological advances have provided the grounds for changes in lifestyle.

Using the plural noun 'mojebāt' in a formal idiom.

4

بی‌ثباتی سیاسی موجب می‌شود که سرمایه‌گذاران خارجی از بازار خارج شوند.

Political instability causes foreign investors to exit the market.

Institutional/Economic context.

5

این رویداد تاریخی موجب شد که توازن قدرت در منطقه تغییر کند.

This historical event caused the balance of power in the region to change.

Historical analysis.

6

تبعیض‌های اجتماعی موجب شده است که شکاف طبقاتی عمیق‌تر گردد.

Social discriminations have caused the class gap to become deeper.

Formal 'gardad' and sociological terms.

7

عدم شفافیت در قوانین موجب می‌شود که فساد اداری گسترش یابد.

Lack of transparency in laws causes administrative corruption to spread.

Legal/Administrative context.

8

تحولات فرهنگی اخیر موجب شده است که ارزش‌های سنتی بازتعریف شوند.

Recent cultural developments have caused traditional values to be redefined.

Abstract cultural analysis.

1

برهم خوردن نظم اکولوژیک موجب انقراض گونه‌های نادری از جانوران گشته است.

The disruption of ecological order has caused the extinction of rare animal species.

Highly formal 'gashteh ast' and scientific vocabulary.

2

فقدان زیرساخت‌های لازم موجب شد که طرح توسعه با بن‌بست مواجه شود.

The lack of necessary infrastructure caused the development plan to face a dead end.

Bureaucratic/Planning terminology.

3

تلاقی این دو جریان فکری موجب پیدایش مکتب جدیدی در هنر شد.

The convergence of these two intellectual currents caused the emergence of a new school in art.

Artistic/Philosophical analysis.

4

ابهامات موجود در متن قرارداد موجب شد که طرفین به مراجع قضایی رجوع کنند.

Existing ambiguities in the contract text caused the parties to refer to judicial authorities.

Legal precision.

5

استبداد رای حاکمان موجب گشت که مشروعیت نظام سیاسی زیر سوال برود.

The rulers' tyranny of opinion caused the legitimacy of the political system to be questioned.

Political philosophy terminology.

6

انباشت ثروت در دست عده‌ای محدود موجب بروز نارضایتی‌های گسترده شد.

The accumulation of wealth in the hands of a limited few caused widespread dissatisfaction.

Macroeconomic/Sociological analysis.

7

تغییر در پارادایم‌های علمی موجب شده است که بسیاری از فرضیات پیشین ابطال گردند.

A change in scientific paradigms has caused many previous hypotheses to be invalidated.

Epistemological terminology.

8

درهم‌تنیدگی اقتصاد جهانی موجب می‌شود که بحران در یک کشور به سرعت سرایت کند.

The interconnectedness of the global economy causes a crisis in one country to spread rapidly.

Globalization terminology.

자주 쓰는 조합

موجب نگرانی
موجب خوشحالی
موجب تعجب
موجب مرگ
موجب خسارت
موجب تغییر
موجب پیشرفت
موجب تفرقه
موجب نارضایتی
موجب تحول

자주 쓰는 구문

موجب امتنان است

— A very formal way to say 'It would be appreciated' or 'It causes gratitude'.

پاسخ سریع شما موجب امتنان است.

موجب زحمت شدن

— A polite way to say 'to cause trouble' or 'to be a bother'.

ببخشید که موجب زحمت شدم.

موجب حیرت

— Causing absolute amazement or bewilderment.

مهارت او موجب حیرت همگان شد.

موجب افتخار

— A cause for pride or honor.

این موفقیت موجب افتخار ماست.

موجب آزردگی

— Causing annoyance or offense.

رفتار تندش موجب آزردگی دوستان شد.

موجب تشویش

— Causing anxiety or mental agitation.

شایعات موجب تشویش اذهان عمومی شد.

موجب ضرر

— Causing financial or physical loss.

این معامله موجب ضرر سنگینی شد.

موجب تردید

— Causing doubt or hesitation.

شواهد جدید موجب تردید قاضی شد.

موجب تسلی

— Causing comfort or consolation.

حضور شما موجب تسلی خاطر ماست.

موجب تحریک

— Causing provocation or stimulation.

این سخنان موجب تحریک احساسات شد.

자주 혼동되는 단어

موجب شدن vs واجب شدن (vājeb shodan)

Vājeb means 'obligatory' (religious/moral), while Mojeb means 'causing.' Correct: 'In kār vājeb ast' (This task is obligatory).

موجب شدن vs موجب (mojeb) vs. موج (moj)

Moj means 'wave.' Some beginners confuse the spelling. Mojeb has a 'b' and means cause.

موجب شدن vs اجبار کردن (ejbār kardan)

Ejbār means 'to force' someone. While related to the root, 'mojeb shodan' is about causality, not necessarily force.

관용어 및 표현

"موجب شدن که سنگ روی سنگ بند نشود"

— To cause total chaos or a situation where nothing stays in its place.

این قانون جدید موجب می‌شود سنگ روی سنگ بند نشود.

Informal/Idiomatic
"موجب خیر شدن"

— To cause something good to happen, especially out of a bad situation.

امیدوارم این اتفاق موجب خیر شود.

Neutral
"موجبات خنده را فراهم کردن"

— To cause laughter, often used when someone does something silly.

حرکات او موجبات خنده ما را فراهم کرد.

Neutral
"موجب روسیاهی شدن"

— To cause shame or disgrace (literally 'blackening of the face').

این شکست موجب روسیاهی شد.

Idiomatic
"موجب سرافرازی شدن"

— To cause pride or honor (literally 'lifting of the head').

پیروزی تو موجب سرافرازی خانواده است.

Formal/Idiomatic
"موجب دلسردی شدن"

— To cause discouragement or loss of heart.

نمرات بد موجب دلسردی او شد.

Neutral
"موجب دلگرمی شدن"

— To cause encouragement or hope.

حمایت شما موجب دلگرمی ماست.

Neutral
"موجب دردسر شدن"

— To cause trouble or headaches.

فراموشی او موجب دردسر بزرگی شد.

Neutral
"موجب بدنامی شدن"

— To cause a bad reputation.

این شایعه موجب بدنامی شرکت شد.

Formal
"موجب برکت شدن"

— To cause a blessing or increase in abundance.

حضور مهمان موجب برکت خانه است.

Cultural/Religious

혼동하기 쉬운

موجب شدن vs باعث (bā'es)

Both mean 'cause'.

Bā'es is common/informal; Mojeb is formal/academic. Bā'es can be used for people ('You caused this'), while Mojeb is usually for events or factors.

تو باعث شدی (You caused it) vs. این عامل موجب شد (This factor caused it).

موجب شدن vs علت (elat)

Both relate to causality.

Elat is the 'reason' (noun); Mojeb shodan is the 'to cause' (verb). You ask for the 'elat', but the action 'mojeb mishavad'.

علت چیست؟ (What is the cause?) vs. این موجب شد (This caused).

موجب شدن vs منجر (monjar)

Both mean 'lead to/cause'.

Monjar requires the preposition 'be' and focuses on the final result. Mojeb focuses on the act of causing.

منجر به مرگ شد (Resulted in death) vs. موجب مرگ شد (Caused death).

موجب شدن vs سبب (sabab)

Synonyms.

Sabab is more literary and less common in modern news than Mojeb. Sabab is often used in the phrase 'be sabab-e' (because of).

به سببِ باران (Because of rain) vs. باران موجب شد (Rain caused).

موجب شدن vs موجبات (mojebāt)

Plural form used differently.

Mojebāt is a noun used in the phrase 'mojebāt-e... rā farāham kardan' (to provide the grounds for). It's not a verb itself.

موجبات سفر (The means for travel) vs. موجب شد (It caused).

문장 패턴

A1

[Noun] موجبِ [Noun] است.

آب موجبِ زندگی است.

A2

[Noun] موجبِ [Noun] شد.

باران موجبِ ترافیک شد.

B1

[Noun] موجب شد که [Subjunctive].

گرما موجب شد که بستنی آب شود.

B2

[Abstract Noun] موجبِ [Abstract Noun] شده است.

بحران موجبِ کاهشِ اعتماد شده است.

C1

[Complex Subject] موجب گردید که [Subjunctive].

عدم ثبات موجب گردید که طرح متوقف شود.

C1

موجباتِ [Noun] فراهم آمدن.

موجباتِ صلح فراهم آمد.

C2

[Metaphysical Subject] موجبیتِ [Noun] را ایجاب می‌کند.

عقل موجبیتِ نظم را ایجاب می‌کند.

C2

[Subject] موجب گشت تا [Subjunctive].

این حادثه موجب گشت تا مسیر تاریخ دگرگون شود.

어휘 가족

명사

موجب (mojeb - cause)
موجبات (mojebāt - causes/means)
وجوب (vojub - necessity)
ایجاب (ijāb - necessitating)

동사

واجب بودن (vājeb budan - to be necessary)
ایجاب کردن (ijāb kardan - to necessitate)

형용사

موجب (mojeb - causing)
واجب (vājeb - obligatory)

관련

علت (elat)
سبب (sabab)
عامل (āmel)
دلیل (dalil)
باعث (bā'es)
무료 가입하고 모든 예문 보기

사용법

frequency

Very frequent in written Persian, moderately frequent in formal spoken Persian.

자주 하는 실수
  • موجب کردن (mojeb kardan) → موجب شدن (mojeb shodan)

    You cannot 'do' a cause in Persian; a cause 'becomes'. This is a direct translation error from English 'to make/do'.

  • موجب شد که رفت (mojeb shod ke raft) → موجب شد که برود (mojeb shod ke beravad)

    After 'ke', you must use the subjunctive mood (beravad), not the indicative past (raft).

  • موجب از (mojeb az) → موجبِ (mojeb-e)

    Learners often try to use prepositions like 'az' (from) or 'be' (to). 'Mojeb' only takes the ezafe (-e) when followed by a noun.

  • Confusing mojeb with vājeb. → Using mojeb for 'cause' and vājeb for 'duty'.

    They look similar but have different meanings. Vājeb is a duty; Mojeb is a cause.

  • Using 'mojeb' for personal feelings in casual talk. → Using 'bā'es' for friends.

    'Mojeb' is too formal for 'You made me sad' in a normal conversation. It sounds like a legal indictment.

팁

The Subjunctive Rule

Always remember that 'mojeb shod ke' acts like a trigger. The next verb must have the 'be-' prefix (subjunctive). For example: 'mojeb shod ke be-ravam' (caused me to go). This is the most common mistake for learners.

News Anchor Style

If you want to sound like a BBC Persian journalist, use 'mojeb shodan' instead of 'bā'es shodan'. It gives your speech an air of objectivity and professionalism.

The Ezafe Shortcut

Instead of saying a whole long sentence, use 'mojeb-e [Noun]'. For example, 'In mojeb-e dardi shod' (This caused pain). It's faster and very common in formal writing.

Root Connection

Connect 'mojeb' to 'vājeb' (obligatory). If A is the 'mojeb' of B, then B is 'vājeb' (necessary) because of A. This helps you remember the logical strength of the word.

Polite Apology

Memorize the phrase 'mojeb-e zahmat shodam' (I caused trouble/bother). It is a perfect, high-level way to apologize for taking up someone's time.

Headline Power

Use 'mojeb-e' in titles or headlines. 'Gerāni mojeb-e narāzāyati shod' (High prices caused dissatisfaction). It's punchy and professional.

Contextual Awareness

Only use this verb for logical causality. Don't use it for 'The song made me dance' (too formal). Use it for 'The law caused a change' (perfect).

Plural Subjects

If the subject is plural but not human (e.g., 'The events caused...'), the verb 'mojeb shod' usually stays singular. This is a common feature of formal Persian.

Listen for 'Gardidan'

In very formal TV news, you might hear 'mojeb gardideh ast'. Don't be confused; it's just a fancy way of saying 'mojeb shodeh ast'.

The Domino Effect

Visualize a domino falling. The falling domino is the 'mojeb'. This mental image helps anchor the word as a 'trigger' for a result.

암기하기

기억법

Think of 'mo-jeb' as 'MOre JOB'. If you cause something, you create 'more jobs' for people to fix it or deal with it. 'Mojeb' = More Job = Cause.

시각적 연상

Imagine a row of falling dominoes. The first finger that pushes the first domino is the 'mojeb'. It is the 'causer' that sets everything in motion.

Word Web

Cause Effect Formal Subjunctive Necessity Reason Logic Journalism

챌린지

Try to write three sentences about climate change using 'mojeb shodan', 'mojeb-e', and 'mojeb khāhad shod'.

어원

Derived from the Arabic active participle 'mūjib' (موجب) from the root 'w-j-b' (وجب), meaning to be necessary, fall down, or be incumbent.

원래 의미: In Arabic, it means 'that which makes something necessary' or 'necessitating.'

Afroasiatic (Arabic root) integrated into Indo-European (Persian) verbal system.

문화적 맥락

None. It is a neutral, formal term.

English speakers often use 'make' for everything. In Persian, you must distinguish between 'make/do' (kardan) and 'cause' (mojeb shodan). Using 'kardan' for causality sounds childish in Persian.

Used frequently in the Iranian Constitution (Ghānun-e Asāsi) to describe what causes a law to be void. Found in the works of modern thinkers like Abdolkarim Soroush when discussing causality in philosophy. Commonly heard in the opening statements of 'Gofteman' (discourse) programs on Iranian TV.

실생활에서 연습하기

실제 사용 상황

Scientific Report

  • این آزمایش موجب شد...
  • نتایج موجب می‌شود که...
  • عوامل موجب...
  • موجب تغییر در...

Legal Document

  • موجب ضرر و زیان
  • موجب ابطال قرارداد
  • موجب مسئولیت کیفری
  • موجب تعلیق...

News Broadcast

  • موجب واکنش‌های گسترده
  • موجب بحران شد
  • موجب شد که دولت...
  • موجب نگرانی جامعه

Academic Essay

  • این پدیده موجب...
  • موجب بازنگری در...
  • موجب پیدایش...
  • موجب تضعیفِ...

Formal Apology

  • موجب زحمت شدم
  • موجب آزردگی شما
  • موجب سوءتفاهم
  • موجب تاخیر

대화 시작하기

"چه عواملی موجب شد که شما به ایران علاقه‌مند شوید؟ (What factors caused you to become interested in Iran?)"

"آیا فکر می‌کنید تکنولوژی موجب تنهایی انسان‌ها شده است؟ (Do you think technology has caused human loneliness?)"

"چه چیزی موجب می‌شود که یک فیلم برای شما جذاب باشد؟ (What causes a movie to be attractive to you?)"

"به نظر شما، چه اتفاقاتی موجب تغییر در تاریخ جهان شد؟ (In your opinion, what events caused a change in world history?)"

"فکر می‌کنید چه کارهایی موجب موفقیت در یادگیری زبان می‌شود؟ (What things do you think cause success in language learning?)"

일기 주제

در مورد اتفاقی بنویسید که موجب تغییر بزرگی در زندگی شما شد. (Write about an event that caused a big change in your life.)

چه عواملی موجب می‌شود که در محیط کار احساس شادی کنید؟ (What factors cause you to feel happy in the workplace?)

آیا تا به حال کاری انجام داده‌اید که موجب پشیمانی‌تان شده باشد؟ (Have you ever done something that caused you regret?)

توضیح دهید که چگونه مطالعه کتاب‌های مختلف موجب رشد فکری شما شده است. (Explain how reading different books has caused your intellectual growth.)

در مورد یک مشکل اجتماعی بنویسید که موجب نگرانی شماست. (Write about a social problem that causes you concern.)

자주 묻는 질문

10 질문

Yes, absolutely! While 'cause' in English sometimes sounds negative, 'mojeb shodan' is neutral. You can say 'mojeb-e pishraft' (caused progress) or 'mojeb-e shādi' (caused happiness). It just describes a logical link.

It is always 'mojeb shodan'. In Persian, a reason 'becomes' (shodan) the cause of an effect. 'Mojeb kardan' is grammatically incorrect and sounds like a literal translation from English.

'Mojeb-e' is followed by a noun (e.g., mojeb-e tars - cause of fear). 'Mojeb shod ke' is followed by a full sentence with a verb in the subjunctive (e.g., mojeb shod ke betarsam - caused me to be afraid).

Yes, 'mojeb' is an Arabic loanword (active participle), but 'shodan' is a pure Persian verb. This is a common pattern in Persian called a 'compound verb.'

It's rare. Usually, 'mojeb' is used for events, facts, or situations. For a person, 'bā'es' is much more common. 'To bā'es shodi' (You caused it) sounds natural; 'To mojeb shodi' sounds like a line from a very formal play.

You can't easily. 'Mojeb shodan' is active (A caused B). To say 'B was caused by A', you should use 'nāshi shodan az' (stemmed from) or 'be dalil-e' (because of).

Only if you use the 'ke' (that) construction. If you use the ezafe with a noun (mojeb-e...), there is no other verb, so no subjunctive is needed.

Yes! They both come from the Arabic root W-J-B. 'Vājeb' is something that IS necessary, and 'Mojeb' is something that MAKES something else necessary.

You can, but it might sound a bit sarcastic or overly serious. Stick to 'bā'es' for friends.

It is the plural of 'mojeb'. It is used in formal writing to mean 'the necessary conditions' or 'the grounds' for something to happen.

무료 가입하고 팁과 노트 보기

셀프 테스트 189 질문

writing

Write a sentence: 'The cold weather caused me to wear a jacket.'

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
writing

Write a sentence: 'The new law caused many changes.'

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
writing

Write a sentence: 'The economic crisis caused a decrease in exports.'

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
speaking

Explain in Persian why you were late today using 'mojeb shodan'.

Read this aloud:

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
speaking

Discuss the effects of social media on youth using 'mojeb shodan'.

Read this aloud:

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
listening

Listen to the sentence: 'این دارو موجب خواب‌آلودگی می‌شود.' What is the side effect?

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
listening

Listen to the news snippet: 'تحریم‌ها موجب مشکلات اقتصادی گشته است.' What is the cause of economic problems?

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
writing

Write: 'The gift caused happiness.'

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
writing

Write: 'The noise caused the baby to wake up.'

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
writing

Write: 'Inflation caused a decrease in the value of money.'

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
speaking

Say 'The sun causes heat' in Persian.

Read this aloud:

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
speaking

Explain how exercise causes health using 'mojeb shodan'.

Read this aloud:

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
listening

Identify the verb: 'این اتفاق موجب ترس شد.'

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
listening

Listen: 'تغییر اقلیم موجب خشکسالی شده است.' What is the result?

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
writing

Write: 'The exam caused stress.'

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
writing

Write: 'Lack of money caused the project to stop.'

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
writing

Write: 'The discovery caused a scientific revolution.'

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
speaking

Tell a story about what caused you to learn Persian.

Read this aloud:

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
speaking

Argue for or against the idea that 'Money causes happiness'.

Read this aloud:

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
listening

Listen: 'این رفتار موجب رنجش شد.' What was the result?

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
listening

Listen: 'بحران موجب ریزش بازار شد.' What happened to the market?

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
writing

Write: 'This news caused me to cry.'

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
writing

Write: 'The earthquake caused much destruction.'

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
writing

Write: 'The agreement caused the end of the war.'

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
speaking

Tell someone that their help caused your success.

Read this aloud:

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
speaking

Discuss how immigration causes cultural exchange.

Read this aloud:

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
listening

Listen: 'این اتفاق موجب تغییر برنامه شد.' What was changed?

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
listening

Listen: 'نوسان قیمت موجب بی‌ثباتی شد.' What was the result of price fluctuation?

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
writing

Write: 'Exercise caused me to be healthy.'

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
writing

Write: 'The storm caused the power to go out.'

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
writing

Write: 'The speech caused a public outcry.'

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
speaking

Describe what causes you to feel stressed.

Read this aloud:

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
speaking

Explain the causes of the French Revolution in Persian.

Read this aloud:

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
listening

Listen: 'این دارو موجب سرگیجه می‌شود.' What is the side effect?

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
listening

Listen: 'رقابت موجب نوآوری است.' What does competition cause?

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
writing

Write: 'The failure caused sadness.'

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
writing

Write: 'The victory caused the city to celebrate.'

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
writing

Write: 'The drought caused a food crisis.'

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
speaking

Say 'I'm sorry for causing trouble' formally.

Read this aloud:

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
speaking

Discuss the causes of inflation in Persian.

Read this aloud:

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
listening

Listen: 'این فیلم موجب گریه شد.' What was the reaction?

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
listening

Listen: 'تحریم موجب انزوا گردید.' What was the result of the sanction?

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
writing

Write: 'The song caused happiness.'

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
writing

Write: 'The mistake caused the project to fail.'

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
writing

Write: 'The conflict caused a political crisis.'

Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
speaking

Say 'The rain caused the game to stop.'

Read this aloud:

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
speaking

Discuss the causes of the current economic situation.

Read this aloud:

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
listening

Listen: 'این کار موجب تشویق شد.' What was the result?

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
listening

Listen: 'توهین موجب خشم گردید.' What did the insult cause?

정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:
정답! 아쉬워요. 정답:

/ 189 correct

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