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B2 noun #3,500 가장 일반적인 10분 분량

과잉

gwaing 상위 3,500

연습하기 예시 노트와 팁 과잉 30초 만에

설명 과잉 in your Level:

At the A1 level, you don't need to use the word '과잉' (Gwa-ing) often, but it's good to know the basic idea. Think of it as 'too much.' Imagine you have five apples, but you only need one. You have 'too many' apples. In simple Korean, we usually say '너무 많아요' (neo-mu man-a-yo). However, you might see '과잉' in simple signs or health posters. For example, a poster might say '설탕 과잉' (too much sugar). Just remember that '과' means 'over' and '잉' means 'left over.' If you see this word, just think: 'Ah, this means there is too much of something and it might be a problem.' You don't need to use it in your own speaking yet, but recognizing it will help you understand more complex signs around Korea.

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At the A2 level, you are starting to learn more specific nouns. '과잉' is a useful word to recognize in news headlines or doctor's offices. You might hear it in the phrase '과잉 보호' (gwa-ing bo-ho), which means 'overprotection.' Many Korean parents are worried about this! Another common one is '과잉 반응' (gwa-ing ban-eung), meaning 'overreaction.' If your friend gets very angry about a small thing, you might think they are having a '과잉 반응.' At this level, try to remember these two-word combinations. You don't need to use '과잉' as a standalone word, but knowing it as a prefix for 'too much' will help you understand more natural Korean conversations and simple news stories.

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At the B1 level, you should start using '과잉' to describe situations that are unbalanced. This word is very common in discussions about health, the environment, and social issues. For instance, when talking about healthy eating, you can say '영양 과잉' (overnutrition) instead of just saying you ate too much. When discussing the environment, you can use '과잉 포장' (over-packaging) to describe why there is so much trash. You are moving beyond simple adjectives like '많다' and using more precise nouns. '과잉' helps you sound more like an adult and less like a beginner. You should be able to recognize it in reading passages about the economy or psychology and understand that it implies a negative consequence of having too much.

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At the B2 level, '과잉' is an essential part of your vocabulary. You should use it to analyze complex situations. In business, you'll use '과잉 공급' (oversupply) and '과잉 생산' (overproduction) to explain market trends. In social science, you'll discuss '과잉 교육' (over-education) or '과잉 경쟁' (excessive competition). At this level, you understand that '과잉' isn't just about quantity; it's about a lack of moderation. You should be able to use it in essays to critique certain behaviors or systems. For example, you might write about how '정보 과잉' (information overload) makes it difficult for modern people to make decisions. You should also be comfortable with the grammatical structures where '과잉' modifies other nouns without particles.

At the C1 level, you use '과잉' with precision in professional and academic contexts. You are aware of its legal implications, such as the '과잉 금지의 원칙' (Principle of Prohibition of Excessiveness) in the Korean Constitution. You can use the word to discuss nuanced psychological states, such as '감정 과잉' (emotional excess) in literature or film criticism, distinguishing it from '열정' (passion). You understand the subtle differences between '과잉', '초과', and '잉여', and you choose the correct one based on the specific type of surplus you are describing. Your usage of '과잉' reflects a deep understanding of Hanja-based vocabulary and its role in formal Korean discourse. You can also identify when '과잉' is being used metaphorically in social commentary.

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At the C2 level, '과잉' is a tool for philosophical and structural analysis. You can engage in high-level debates about the '과잉 축적' (over-accumulation) of capital in Marxist theory or the '과잉 기표' (surplus signifier) in semiotics. You use the word to describe the 'hyper-reality' of modern Korean society, where the '과잉' of images and data creates a new kind of existence. You are sensitive to the historical evolution of the word and can use it to critique contemporary culture with the same level of sophistication as a native scholar. Your mastery of '과잉' allows you to navigate the most complex legal, economic, and philosophical texts in Korean, understanding not just the literal meaning but the ideological weight the word carries in different intellectual traditions.

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연습하기 예시 노트와 팁

과잉 30초 만에

과잉 refers to an amount or degree that exceeds what is necessary or appropriate, often translated as 'excess' or 'surplus' in English.
It is commonly used as a prefix-like noun in compound terms such as 과잉 보호 (overprotection) and 과잉 공급 (oversupply).
The word often carries a negative nuance, suggesting that the surplus is causing a problem, imbalance, or inefficiency in a system.
It is a B2-level Hanja word (過剩) widely used in news, medical contexts, economic reports, and academic discussions.

The Korean word 과잉 (Gwa-ing) is a noun derived from two Hanja characters: 過 (과), meaning 'to pass' or 'excessive,' and 剩 (잉), meaning 'surplus' or 'remainder.' Together, they form a concept that describes a state where something exceeds the necessary, appropriate, or normal limit. In English, it is most closely translated as 'excess,' 'surplus,' 'glut,' or 'overabundance.' Unlike simple words for 'many' or 'a lot,' 과잉 often carries a slightly negative or clinical connotation, suggesting that the surplus might lead to problems or imbalances.

Economic Context: In economics, this word is vital. It describes 과잉 공급 (oversupply) or 과잉 생산 (overproduction). When a market has more goods than buyers, it is in a state of 과잉. This leads to price drops and economic instability.
Psychological Context: Psychologically, it appears in terms like 과잉 반응 (overreaction) or 과잉 행동 (hyperactivity). It suggests that a person's response or energy level is beyond what the situation warrants.
Social Context: Socially, Koreans often talk about 과잉 보호 (overprotection) in parenting or 과잉 경쟁 (excessive competition) in the education system. It points to a systemic issue where too much effort or pressure is applied.

현대 사회는 정보의 과잉 시대를 살고 있습니다.
— Translation: Modern society lives in an era of information excess.

To use 과잉 correctly, you must understand that it acts as a root for many compound nouns. You will rarely hear it just as '과잉이다' (it is excess) in casual speech; instead, it's attached to the specific thing that is excessive. For example, if someone is being too nice in a way that feels fake, a Korean might call it 과잉 친절 (excessive kindness). If a doctor sees too many nutrients in your blood, they might say 영양 과잉 (nutrient excess/overnutrition).

그의 과잉 충성이 오히려 화를 불렀다.
— Translation: His excessive loyalty actually caused trouble.

Historically, the term has moved from purely physical descriptions of surplus grain to abstract descriptions of digital data and emotional states. In the 21st century, '과잉' is a buzzword in Korean media when discussing 'Information Overload' (정보 과잉) and 'Consumption Excess' (소비 과잉). When you use this word, you are signaling a higher level of vocabulary, moving beyond basic adjectives like '많다' (to be many) into the realm of precise, analytical Korean.

시장에 유동성이 과잉 상태입니다.
— Translation: There is an excess of liquidity in the market.

Environmental Impact: Environmentalists use 과잉 포장 (over-packaging) to criticize the waste generated by delivery services. This is a very common topic in modern Korean news.

비타민 과잉 섭취는 몸에 해로울 수 있습니다.
— Translation: Excessive intake of vitamins can be harmful to the body.

Using 과잉 in sentences requires an understanding of its grammatical flexibility. Primarily, it functions as a noun that can stand alone or, more commonly, act as a prefix-like modifier for other nouns. When it modifies another noun, it creates a compound that describes a specific type of excess. For example, 과잉 (excess) + 보호 (protection) = 과잉 보호 (overprotection). In these cases, no particle is needed between the two nouns, though '의' (possessive particle) can be used for emphasis (과잉의 공급), though it is less common in natural speech.

The 'Noun + 과잉' Structure: You can place a subject before 과잉 to specify what is in excess. Example: '인력 과잉' (manpower excess). In this structure, the focus is on the surplus of that specific resource.
The '과잉 + Noun' Structure: This is the most frequent usage. '과잉 반응' (overreaction), '과잉 생산' (overproduction). Here, '과잉' acts as an adjective-like noun describing the following action or state.

그 영화는 감정 과잉이라는 평을 받았다.
— Translation: That movie was criticized for being emotionally excessive (excess of emotion).

When using 과잉 as a predicate, you append the copula '이다' (to be). '공급이 과잉이다' translates to 'The supply is excessive.' This is formal and often found in news reports or academic papers. In more casual settings, Koreans might use the adjective '지나치다' (to be excessive/too much) or '너무 많다' (to be too many), but using 과잉 adds a layer of sophistication and precision to your speech.

부모의 과잉 간섭이 아이의 독립심을 해친다.
— Translation: Parents' excessive interference harms a child's sense of independence.

Another common pattern is 과잉 ~되다 (to become over-...). While '과잉' itself doesn't take '하다', it often appears in passive or resultative contexts like 과잉 공급되다 (to be oversupplied). This is very common in business and logistics. If you are describing a situation where there are too many people in a room, you might say 인원이 과잉 상태입니다 (The number of people is in a state of excess).

Formal vs. Informal: Formal: '수출 과잉 현상이 지속되고 있다.' (The phenomenon of export excess is continuing.)
Informal: '이건 좀 과잉 반응 아니야?' (Isn't this a bit of an overreaction?)

커피의 과잉 추출은 쓴맛을 강하게 만든다.
— Translation: Excessive extraction of coffee makes the bitter taste stronger.

In summary, treat 과잉 as a flexible building block. Whether you are talking about '과잉 진료' (excessive medical treatment/over-treatment) or '과잉 소비' (excessive consumption), the word always functions to highlight a boundary that has been crossed. It is an essential word for anyone moving into the B2 level and beyond, as it allows for nuanced critiques of systems and behaviors.

You will encounter 과잉 in several specific domains of Korean life. Understanding these contexts will help you recognize the word instantly when you hear it on the news or in a drama. One of the most prevalent areas is The News and Economy. News anchors frequently discuss 과잉 공급 (oversupply) of apartments in certain districts, or 유동성 과잉 (excess liquidity) in the financial markets. In these contexts, it is a clinical term used to analyze market failures.

Medical and Health Reports: Health documentaries and doctor consultations often use 영양 과잉 (overnutrition) to explain the rise in metabolic diseases in Korea. You might also hear 과잉 진료, which refers to hospitals performing unnecessary tests or surgeries to increase profits—a hot topic in Korean healthcare debates.
Educational Commentary: The term 과잉 교육 (over-education) is often used to describe the phenomenon where students spend excessive hours in private academies (hagwons), leading to social stress and a lack of creative freedom.

요즘은 정보가 과잉이라서 진짜를 고르기가 힘들어요.
— Translation: These days, there is so much information excess that it's hard to pick what's real.

In K-Dramas and Entertainment, you might hear the word used in a more interpersonal way. If a character is being overly dramatic, another character might say, '감정이 너무 과잉된 거 아니야?' (Aren't your emotions a bit excessive?). Or, if a bodyguard is being too intrusive, the lead might complain about 과잉 경호 (excessive security). It’s also used in the term ADHD, which in Korean is often explained as 주의력 결핍 및 과잉 행동 장애 (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder).

그의 연기는 가끔 감정 과잉으로 느껴질 때가 있다.
— Translation: His acting sometimes feels like an excess of emotion.

Lastly, in the Legal and Political Sphere, '과잉' is part of the legal principle 과잉 금지의 원칙 (Principle of Prohibition of Excessiveness), which means that any state action or punishment must not exceed what is necessary to achieve its goal. This shows how deeply the word is embedded in the logic of Korean law and governance. Whether you are reading a high-level editorial or watching a medical drama, 과잉 is the key word for describing anything that has crossed the line of 'enough.'

경찰의 과잉 진압이 논란이 되고 있습니다.
— Translation: The police's excessive suppression (excessive force) is becoming a controversy.

One of the most common mistakes learners make with 과잉 is confusing it with other words that mean 'many' or 'extra.' The most frequent confusion is with 초과 (Chogwa). While both involve 'too much,' 초과 is strictly about exceeding a limit. If a suitcase is over 20kg, that is 무게 초과 (weight excess). If you have more vitamins in your body than is healthy, that is 비타민 과잉 (vitamin excess). 과잉 is about the state of being 'over-supplied' or 'surplus,' whereas 초과 is the act of crossing a line.

Mistake: Using it as a Verb: Learners often try to say '과잉하다'. This is grammatically incorrect in modern Korean. To express that something is excessive, you should use '과잉이다' or the adjective '지나치다'.
Mistake: Overusing it in Casual Settings: If you are at a party and there is too much food, saying '음식이 과잉이에요' sounds like you are a scientist reporting on a resource surplus. In casual life, just say '음식이 너무 많아요' (There is too much food).

Incorrect: 이 방에 사람이 과잉해요.
Correct: 이 방은 인원 과잉 상태예요.

Another nuance to watch out for is the difference between 과잉 and 잉여 (Ing-yeo). 잉여 also means surplus, but it is often used for leftovers or things that are 'remaining' and perhaps useless. 과잉 implies a functional excess that might cause pressure or problems. For example, '잉여 생산물' refers to the leftover products after everyone has eaten, while '과잉 생산' refers to the systemic problem of producing too much in the first place.

Incorrect: 과잉 반응을 하지 마.
Correct: 과잉 반응하지 마. (As a compound noun used adverbially, or '과잉 반응을 보이지 마')

Finally, remember that 과잉 is often paired with specific nouns. Using it with random nouns like '과잉 강아지' (excess puppies) sounds very strange. It is usually reserved for abstract concepts (loyalty, kindness, emotion), economic terms (supply, production), or medical terms (nutrients, action). Stick to the established collocations until you are very comfortable with the word's feel.

To truly master 과잉, you should know the family of words that occupy the 'too much' space in the Korean language. Depending on whether you are talking about numbers, feelings, or physical items, the best word might change. Below is a comparison of 과잉 with its closest cousins.

과잉 (Gwa-ing) vs. 초과 (Chogwa): 과잉: General state of excess, often negative (e.g., 과잉 보호). Focus is on the surplus itself.
초과: Exceeding a specific limit or standard (e.g., 정원 초과 - exceeding capacity). Focus is on the boundary crossed.
과잉 (Gwa-ing) vs. 잉여 (Ing-yeo): 과잉: Too much of something being generated (e.g., 과잉 생산).
잉여: What is left over after use (e.g., 잉여 자금 - surplus funds). Often implies something 'unused' or 'remaining'.
과잉 (Gwa-ing) vs. 과다 (Gwada): 과잉: Often used for systemic or behavioral excess (e.g., 과잉 반응).
과다: Often used for physical amounts or quantities, especially in medical contexts (e.g., 출혈 과다 - excessive bleeding, 업무 과다 - excessive workload).

시장의 과잉 경쟁은 품질 저하를 가져올 수 있다.
— Alternative: 시장의 지나친 경쟁 (More casual/natural adjective form).

If you want to sound more natural in everyday conversation, consider using these alternatives: 지나치다 (to be excessive), 너무하다 (to be too much/unfair), or 넘치다 (to overflow). For example, instead of '과잉 친절,' you might say '친절이 넘치네요' (Your kindness is overflowing) to be more poetic and positive, or '지나치게 친절해요' (You are excessively kind) to be a bit more direct.

그는 과잉 의욕 때문에 실수를 했다.
— Translation: He made a mistake because of excessive motivation.

By learning these distinctions, you can choose the word that fits the context perfectly. Use 과잉 when you want to sound analytical, professional, or when you are describing a systemic imbalance. Use its alternatives when you want to express personal feelings or simple quantities.

How Formal Is It?

재미있는 사실

The character 剩 (잉) is also the root for the modern Korean slang '잉여' (ing-yeo), which is used to describe 'surplus people' or people who feel they have no purpose in society.

발음 가이드

UK /ɡwa.iŋ/

US /ɡwa.iŋ/

In Korean, syllables generally have equal weight, but a slight emphasis may be felt on the first syllable '과' (gwa).

라임이 맞는 단어

과잉 (Gwa-ing) 나잉 (Na-ing - rare) 다잉 (Da-ing - rare) 라인 (Ra-in - loanword) 마음 (Ma-eum - partial) 사인 (Sa-in) 파인 (Pa-in) 하인 (Ha-in)

자주 하는 실수

Pronouncing 'gwa' as 'ga'.
Nasalizing the 'i' too much before the 'ng'.
Confusing the spelling with '과외' (gwa-oe).
Pronouncing it as three syllables (gu-a-ing) instead of two.
Dropping the final 'ng' sound.

난이도

독해 4/5

Requires knowledge of Hanja-based academic/formal vocabulary.

쓰기 4/5

Must know which nouns it naturally collocations with.

말하기 3/5

Common in set phrases like '과잉 반응', but hard to use creatively.

듣기 3/5

Clear pronunciation, but context is needed to distinguish from similar sounds.

다음에 무엇을 배울까

선수 학습

많다 (Many) 남다 (To remain) 부족 (Lack) 보호 (Protection) 반응 (Reaction)

다음에 배울 것

초과 (Exceed) 과다 (Excessive amount) 잉여 (Surplus) 남용 (Abuse) 결핍 (Deficiency)

고급

귀결 (Result/Conclusion) 억제 (Suppression) 왜곡 (Distortion) 유동성 (Liquidity) 인지적 과부하 (Cognitive overload)

알아야 할 문법

Noun compounding without particles

과잉 (noun) + 보호 (noun) = 과잉 보호

Causal '-으로 인해'

공급 과잉으로 인해 가격이 내렸다.

Conditional '-하면'

과잉 섭취하면 몸에 해롭다.

Noun + 이다 (Copula)

현재 인력이 과잉이다.

Passive '-되다'

정보가 과잉 공급되고 있다.

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수준별 예문

설탕 과잉은 몸에 안 좋아요.

Excessive sugar is bad for the body.

Simple noun + noun structure.

이것은 영양 과잉이에요.

This is overnutrition (too many nutrients).

Using '이다' to describe a state.

과잉 보호는 아이에게 나빠요.

Overprotection is bad for children.

Common compound noun.

물 과잉 섭취는 조심하세요.

Be careful of excessive water intake.

과잉 + noun + noun.

그는 과잉 반응을 해요.

He is overreacting.

Using '을 하다' with the noun phrase.

식당에 음식이 과잉이에요.

There is an excess of food at the restaurant.

Locative particle '에' + subject '음식이'.

비타민 과잉은 위험해요.

Vitamin excess is dangerous.

Simple subject-predicate sentence.

장난감이 과잉이에요.

There are too many toys (toy excess).

Noun + copula.

부모님의 과잉 보호가 걱정돼요.

I'm worried about my parents' overprotection.

Possessive marker '의' added to '부모님'.

작은 일에 과잉 반응하지 마세요.

Don't overreact to small things.

Negative imperative '-하지 마세요'.

요즘은 정보 과잉 시대예요.

These days are an era of information excess.

Compound noun '정보 과잉 시대'.

과잉 친절은 가끔 불편해요.

Excessive kindness is sometimes uncomfortable.

Adjective '불편하다' used with the subject.

커피를 과잉 섭취하면 잠이 안 와요.

If you consume too much coffee, you can't sleep.

Conditional '-하면'.

시장에 사과가 과잉 공급되었어요.

Apples were oversupplied to the market.

Passive form '-되었다'.

과잉 소비를 줄여야 합니다.

We must reduce excessive consumption.

Obligatory form '-어야 합니다'.

그 아이는 과잉 행동을 보여요.

That child shows hyperactive behavior.

Using '보이다' (to show) with the noun.

지나친 과잉 경쟁은 스트레스의 원인입니다.

Excessive competition is a cause of stress.

'지나친' (excessive) used for emphasis before '과잉'.

과잉 포장된 제품이 너무 많아요.

There are too many over-packaged products.

Past participle '포장된' modifying '제품'.

과잉 진료를 방지하기 위한 법이 필요해요.

We need laws to prevent over-treatment.

Purposive structure '-하기 위한'.

감정 과잉으로 인해 영화가 지루해졌어요.

The movie became boring due to excessive emotion.

Causal expression '-으로 인해'.

인력 과잉으로 일부 직원이 해고되었습니다.

Some employees were laid off due to an excess of manpower.

Passive '해고되었습니다'.

비타민 C도 과잉 섭취하면 부작용이 있어요.

Even vitamin C has side effects if consumed in excess.

Particle '도' meaning 'even' or 'also'.

현대인은 영양 과잉 상태에 놓여 있습니다.

Modern people are in a state of overnutrition.

Idiomatic '상태에 놓여 있다' (to be placed in a state).

광고 과잉이 소비자의 선택을 방해합니다.

An excess of advertisements interferes with consumer choice.

Subject '광고 과잉' + object '선택을'.

공급 과잉으로 인해 배추 가격이 폭락했습니다.

Cabbage prices plummeted due to oversupply.

Economic term '폭락' (plummet).

그의 과잉 충성이 조직의 화합을 깨뜨렸다.

His excessive loyalty broke the harmony of the organization.

Abstract noun '화합' (harmony).

정부는 유동성 과잉을 억제하기 위해 금리를 올렸다.

The government raised interest rates to suppress excess liquidity.

Formal verb '억제하다' (suppress).

과잉 생산된 재고를 처리하는 것이 큰 문제입니다.

Processing overproduced inventory is a major problem.

Gerund structure '-하는 것'.

경찰의 과잉 진압에 대한 시민들의 항의가 거세다.

Citizens' protests against excessive police force are intense.

Noun phrase '진압에 대한' (regarding suppression).

과잉 교육이 아이들의 창의성을 죽이고 있다.

Over-education is killing children's creativity.

Progressive tense '-고 있다'.

이 소설은 묘사가 과잉되어 가독성이 떨어진다.

This novel has excessive description, so its readability is low.

Causal connective '-어서/아서'.

신체 에너지 과잉은 비만으로 이어질 수 있습니다.

Excess body energy can lead to obesity.

Potential form '-ㄹ 수 있습니다'.

법원은 공권력의 행사가 과잉 금지의 원칙을 위반했다고 판결했다.

The court ruled that the exercise of public power violated the principle of prohibition of excessiveness.

Legal terminology '공권력', '위반', '판결'.

디지털 시대의 정보 과잉은 인지적 과부하를 초래한다.

Information excess in the digital age causes cognitive overload.

Sophisticated verb '초래하다' (bring about/cause).

그 감독의 연출은 미학적 과잉이라는 비판을 면치 못했다.

The director's staging could not escape the criticism of aesthetic excess.

Idiomatic expression '비판을 면치 못하다'.

자본의 과잉 축적은 필연적으로 경제 위기로 귀결된다.

Over-accumulation of capital inevitably results in an economic crisis.

Academic verb '귀결된다' (results in/ends in).

과잉 해석은 텍스트의 본질을 왜곡할 위험이 있다.

Over-interpretation risks distorting the essence of the text.

Abstract noun '왜곡' (distortion).

현대 건축의 장식 과잉은 기능성을 저해하는 요소가 되기도 한다.

Excessive decoration in modern architecture sometimes hinders functionality.

Verb '저해하다' (hinder/impede).

정치적 올바름의 과잉이 표현의 자유를 위축시킨다는 주장도 있다.

There is an argument that an excess of political correctness shrinks freedom of expression.

Causative verb '위축시키다' (to shrink/intimidate).

심리적 과잉 방어 기제는 대인 관계를 어렵게 만든다.

Excessive psychological defense mechanisms make interpersonal relationships difficult.

Complex noun phrase '방어 기제' (defense mechanism).

신자유주의 체제 하에서의 생산 과잉은 구조적 모순을 드러낸다.

Overproduction under the neoliberal system reveals structural contradictions.

High-level social science terminology.

포스트모더니즘 예술은 종종 의미의 과잉과 결핍 사이를 오간다.

Postmodern art often oscillates between an excess and a deficiency of meaning.

Contrastive structure '과잉과 결핍 사이'.

매체 환경의 과잉 유동성은 진실의 가치를 휘발시킨다.

The excessive liquidity of the media environment volatilizes the value of truth.

Metaphorical use of '휘발시키다' (volatilize).

자기 과잉의 시대에 타자에 대한 윤리적 배려는 더욱 중요해진다.

In an era of self-excess, ethical consideration for others becomes even more important.

Philosophical concept '타자' (the Other).

데이터 과잉은 통계적 유의성을 왜곡할 수 있는 함정을 내포한다.

Data excess contains pitfalls that can distort statistical significance.

Academic verb '내포하다' (connote/contain).

언어의 과잉은 때로 침묵보다 더 큰 소통의 단절을 가져온다.

An excess of language sometimes brings a greater disconnection in communication than silence.

Comparative structure '보다 더'.

기술적 과잉이 인간의 본원적 소외를 심화시키고 있다는 지적이 있다.

There are points being made that technological excess is deepening human primordial alienation.

Existential terminology '본원적 소외'.

행정력의 과잉 투입은 자원의 비효율적 배분을 초래할 뿐이다.

The excessive input of administrative power only results in the inefficient allocation of resources.

Limiting structure '-ㄹ 뿐이다'.

동의어

초과 잉여 넘침

반의어

부족 결핍 미달

자주 쓰는 조합

과잉 보호

과잉 반응

과잉 공급

과잉 생산

과잉 진료

영양 과잉

정보 과잉

과잉 친절

과잉 행동

과잉 충성

자주 쓰는 구문

과잉 상태

— A state of excess. Used to describe markets or systems.

현재 시장은 자금 과잉 상태입니다.

과잉 섭취

— Excessive intake. Usually refers to food, medicine, or vitamins.

카페인 과잉 섭취는 심장에 좋지 않습니다.

과잉 금지

— Prohibition of excess. A legal principle of proportionality.

과잉 금지의 원칙을 지켜야 합니다.

과잉 투자

— Over-investment. Spending too much capital on one project.

무리한 과잉 투자가 파산의 원인이 되었다.

과잉 기대

— Excessive expectations. Expecting too much from someone.

아이에게 과잉 기대를 하는 것은 금물이다.

과잉 경쟁

— Excessive competition. When a race becomes destructive.

과잉 경쟁이 시장의 질서를 어지럽힌다.

과잉 소비

— Excessive consumption. Buying more than needed.

과잉 소비를 줄이고 저축을 늘립시다.

과잉 진압

— Excessive suppression. Usually refers to police or military force.

경찰의 과잉 진압이 인권 침해 논란을 일으켰다.

과잉 배려

— Excessive consideration. Being too helpful to the point of annoyance.

때로는 과잉 배려가 상대방을 힘들게 한다.

과잉 의욕

— Excessive motivation. Being too eager and making mistakes.

과잉 의욕 때문에 일을 그르칠 수 있다.

자주 혼동되는 단어

과잉 vs 초과

초과 is about exceeding a specific number/limit (like weight), while 과잉 is about a general surplus or over-functioning.

과잉 vs 과다

과다 is often used for physical quantities (bleeding, workload), while 과잉 is often for abstract or systemic concepts (loyalty, protection).

과잉 vs 잉여

잉여 is 'what is left over' (often useless or remaining), while 과잉 is 'too much being generated'.

관용어 및 표현

"과잉은 부족함만 못하다"

— Excess is worse than deficiency. Similar to 'Too much is as bad as too little.'

과잉은 부족함만 못하니 항상 적당히 하세요.

Proverbial

"감정 과잉에 빠지다"

— To fall into emotional excess; to become overly sentimental.

그 영화는 후반부에 감정 과잉에 빠지는 경향이 있다.

Art Criticism

"과잉 충성 경쟁"

— A competition of excessive loyalty, often in a corporate or political setting.

직원들 사이의 과잉 충성 경쟁이 사내 분위기를 망쳤다.

Business

"과잉 생산의 함정"

— The trap of overproduction. An economic situation where supply ruins value.

기업들이 과잉 생산의 함정에 빠지지 않도록 주의해야 한다.

Economic

"정보의 과잉 홍수"

— A flood of information excess. Being overwhelmed by data.

우리는 정보의 과잉 홍수 시대에 살고 있다.

Journalistic

"과잉 금지의 원칙"

— The principle of prohibition of excessiveness (legal proportionality).

헌법 재판소는 이 법이 과잉 금지의 원칙에 어긋난다고 보았다.

Legal

"자기 과잉"

— Self-excess; narcissism or being too focused on oneself.

그의 글은 자기 과잉이 심해서 읽기 거북하다.

Literary

"과잉 포장의 달인"

— A master of over-packaging (can be literal or metaphorical for someone who exaggerates).

그 회사는 과잉 포장의 달인이라 박스만 크다.

Colloquial

"과잉 진료의 늪"

— The swamp of over-treatment. Getting stuck in unnecessary medical tests.

대학 병원에 가면 과잉 진료의 늪에 빠지기 쉽다.

Social Critique

"과잉 의욕이 앞서다"

— For excessive motivation to take the lead (to act before thinking).

과잉 의욕이 앞서서 계획을 망치고 말았다.

Neutral

혼동하기 쉬운

과잉 vs 과외

Similar sounds (Gwa-oe vs Gwa-ing).

과외 means private tutoring, while 과잉 means excess. They are completely unrelated in meaning.

과외를 받다 (to receive tutoring) vs 과잉 보호 (overprotection).

과잉 vs 과장

Both start with '과' and relate to 'too much'.

과장 means exaggeration (making something sound bigger), while 과잉 is the actual state of having too much.

이야기가 과장되었다 (The story is exaggerated) vs 공급 과잉 (Oversupply).

과잉 vs 과식

Both relate to 'too much'.

과식 specifically means overeating, while 과잉 is a general noun for excess in any category.

과식해서 배가 아파요 (My stomach hurts from overeating) vs 영양 과잉 (Overnutrition).

과잉 vs 과소

Antonym starting with the same character.

과소 means 'too little' (過小), the opposite of 과잉.

과소 평가 (Underestimation).

과잉 vs 과도

Very similar meaning and sound.

과도 (過度) is usually an adjective/adverb meaning 'excessive' (too much degree), while 과잉 is a noun meaning 'surplus'.

과도한 업무 (Excessive work) vs 인력 과잉 (Manpower surplus).

문장 패턴

N + 과잉이에요.

설탕 과잉이에요.

과잉 + N + 때문에...

과잉 보호 때문에 힘들어요.

과잉 + N + -하지 마세요.

과잉 반응하지 마세요.

N + 과잉으로 인해...

공급 과잉으로 인해 가격이 떨어졌다.

과잉 + N + -은/는 ... -ㄹ 수 있다.

과잉 섭취는 비만을 초래할 수 있다.

과잉 + N + -의 원칙

과잉 금지의 원칙을 위반했다.

N + -의 과잉과 결핍

정보의 과잉과 결핍.

과잉 + N + -이/가 내포하는 함정

데이터 과잉이 내포하는 함정.

어휘 가족

명사

과잉 (Excess)

과잉물 (Surplus material)

과잉성 (Excessiveness)

동사

과잉되다 (To become excessive - passive/resultative)

과잉 공급하다 (To oversupply)

과잉 생산하다 (To overproduce)

형용사

과잉된 (Excessive/Overdone)

사용법

frequency

High in news, medium-high in daily conversation (specific idioms).

자주 하는 실수

Saying '과잉해요' → 과잉이에요 / 과잉 상태예요
과잉 is a noun, not a 하-adjective. You cannot attach '하다' to it directly in this way.
Using 과잉 for 'too many people' at a party. → 사람이 너무 많아요.
과잉 sounds too technical for a casual social gathering. Use it for systemic issues like '인력 과잉' (labor surplus).
Confusing 과잉 with 과외. → Check the spelling and context.
과외 is tutoring; 과잉 is excess. They are often confused by beginners due to the 'Gwa' sound.
Using 과잉 for positive surpluses. → 풍부하다 (to be abundant)
과잉 usually implies that the surplus is a problem. For a good surplus, use '풍부' (abundance).
Putting a particle in '과잉의 보호'. → 과잉 보호
While '의' is grammatically possible, it sounds unnatural. Compound nouns are preferred.

팁

Pair with Hanja Nouns

과잉 sounds most natural when paired with other two-syllable Hanja nouns like 공급, 생산, 반응, or 보호. Avoid pairing it with pure Korean words like '과잉 달리기'.

Analytical Tone

Use 과잉 when you want to sound like you are analyzing a problem. If you just want to say 'there's a lot,' stick to '많다'.

Economic Context

In business writing, always use '과잉 공급' instead of '공급이 너무 많음' to sound professional.

Overreaction

When a friend is being too much, saying '과잉 반응이야' is a sophisticated way to tell them to calm down.

Nutrition

Use '영양 과잉' when discussing the causes of obesity or modern health problems in Korean.

No Particles Needed

You don't need '의' between 과잉 and the next noun. '과잉 반응' is better than '과잉의 반응'.

Proportionality

If you study Korean law, remember '과잉 금지' as the principle that the punishment must fit the crime.

Opposite of 부족

Always remember 과잉 as the direct formal opposite of 부족 (lack).

News Keywords

When you hear '과잉' on the news, pay attention to the word immediately following it; that is the resource or behavior that is in trouble.

Over-kindness

If someone is being suspiciously nice, you can describe it as '과잉 친절' to others.

암기하기

기억법

Think of 'Gwa' as 'Go' (going over) and 'Ing' as 'In' (stuff coming in). Too much stuff going in until it goes over the limit = Gwa-ing.

시각적 연상

Imagine a cup of water being filled until it overflows. The overflowing part is the '과잉' (excess).

Word Web

과잉 보호 과잉 공급 과잉 반응 과잉 생산 과잉 진료 과잉 친절 과잉 행동 과잉 충성

챌린지

Try to find one thing in your room that you have in '과잉' (excess) and say it out loud in Korean: '나는 볼펜이 과잉이에요!'

어원

Derived from Sino-Korean (Hanja) characters 過 (과) and 剩 (잉).

원래 의미: 過 (to pass/overdo) + 剩 (surplus/leftover). The original sense refers to something remaining because the limit was passed.

Sino-Korean

문화적 맥락

Be careful when using '과잉 행동' as it is a clinical term for hyperactivity and might be sensitive to parents of children with ADHD.

English speakers might use 'too much' or 'extra,' but '과잉' is more formal, like 'surplus' or 'excessive.'

ADHD (주의력 결핍 과잉 행동 장애) is widely discussed in Korean media. The 'Principle of Prohibition of Excessiveness' is a cornerstone of the Korean Constitutional Court. K-pop fans often talk about '감정 과잉' in dramatic ballads.

실생활에서 연습하기

실제 사용 상황

Economy

과잉 공급
과잉 생산
유동성 과잉
과잉 투자

Psychology

과잉 반응
과잉 행동
감정 과잉
자기 과잉

Health

영양 과잉
과잉 섭취
과잉 진료
비타민 과잉

Society

과잉 보호
과잉 교육
과잉 경쟁
과잉 포장

Law/Politics

과잉 진압
과잉 금지
과잉 충성
권력 과잉

대화 시작하기

"요즘 정보 과잉 때문에 스트레스를 받지 않으세요? (Don't you get stressed by information overload these days?)"

"한국의 교육열이 과잉 경쟁을 부추긴다고 생각하시나요? (Do you think Korea's enthusiasm for education encourages excessive competition?)"

"과잉 보호가 아이의 성장에 어떤 영향을 줄까요? (What kind of impact does overprotection have on a child's growth?)"

"친구가 과잉 반응을 할 때 어떻게 대처하세요? (How do you deal with it when a friend overreacts?)"

"물건을 살 때 과잉 포장이 신경 쓰이지 않으세요? (Doesn't over-packaging bother you when you buy things?)"

일기 주제

내 삶에서 '과잉'된 것은 무엇인지, 어떻게 줄일 수 있을지 써보세요. (Write about what is 'excessive' in your life and how you can reduce it.)

과잉 친절이 불편했던 경험에 대해 서술해 보세요. (Describe an experience where excessive kindness made you uncomfortable.)

정보 과잉 시대에 나만의 정보 필터링 방법은 무엇인가요? (In an era of information excess, what is your own method for filtering information?)

과잉 보호와 적절한 관심의 차이는 무엇이라고 생각하시나요? (What do you think is the difference between overprotection and appropriate interest?)

과잉 소비를 막기 위한 나만의 규칙을 만들어 보세요. (Create your own rules to prevent excessive consumption.)

자주 묻는 질문

10 질문

Technically you can say '인맥 과잉' (excessive networking/connections), but it sounds very clinical. Usually, you would just say '친구가 너무 많아요'. Use '과잉' when you want to imply that having too many friends is actually a problem or a burden.

Yes, in about 90% of cases. Since it implies something has passed the 'appropriate' limit, it usually suggests a negative consequence like stress, price drops, or health issues. You wouldn't say '행복 과잉' (excess happiness) unless you mean someone is being manic or unrealistically happy.

과잉 (過剩) focuses on 'surplus'—stuff that is extra. 과다 (過多) focuses on 'too many'—a large count. For example, '출혈 과다' (excessive bleeding) focuses on the large amount of blood lost, while '공급 과잉' (oversupply) focuses on the fact that there's more than the market needs.

You can say '과잉 반응하지 마' or '과잉 반응 보이지 마'. Both are common. The first one treats '과잉 반응' almost like a verb, which is acceptable in casual speech.

Yes, it comes from 過 (과 - to pass) and 剩 (잉 - surplus). Knowing this helps you understand related words like '통과' (pass through) and '잉여' (surplus).

No, '과잉' is a noun. You should use '과잉이다' (is excess) or '과잉되다' (to become excessive). '과잉하다' is not a standard dictionary verb.

It refers to a hospital or doctor providing more medical tests, treatments, or surgeries than the patient actually needs, usually to make more money. It's a common social issue in Korea.

Use '잉여' for things that are left over and unused, like '잉여 자금' (surplus funds). Use '과잉' for things that are produced or exist in a quantity that is too high, like '과잉 생산' (overproduction).

Yes, critics often use '감정 과잉' to describe songs or performances that are too dramatic or 'cheesy' in their emotional delivery.

It is 'overprotection,' specifically used for parents who don't let their children take risks or do things on their own. It's a very common term in Korean parenting discussions.

무료 가입하고 팁과 노트 보기