이 페이지를 내 언어로
English فارسی العربية Deutsch Español Français 日本語 Português 中文 हिन्दी
A1 noun 11분 분량

človek

예시 človek 30초 만에
설명 človek in your Level:
At the A1 level, you learn 'človek' as one of your first nouns. You use it to identify people in a basic way. You learn that 'Ja som človek' (I am a person) and 'Ty si človek' (You are a person). At this stage, you should focus on the nominative singular form and the fact that it is a masculine word. You will use it with simple adjectives like 'dobrý' (good) or 'zlý' (bad). The most important thing for an A1 learner is to realize that this word is the singular form of 'ľudia' (people), which you will also learn very early on. You might use it to describe photos or people you see: 'Tu je jeden človek' (Here is one person). You don't need to worry about complex grammar yet, just recognize the word and its basic meaning.
At the A2 level, you start using 'človek' in more descriptive sentences and begin to encounter its basic declensions. You will learn to say 'Poznám toho človeka' (I know that person) using the accusative case. You will also use it in common phrases like 'Mám rád ľudí' (I like people - plural). You begin to use 'človek' to make general statements about life, such as 'Človek musí jesť' (A person must eat). You will also learn to distinguish 'človek' from 'muž' (man) and 'žena' (woman). Your vocabulary expands to include 'mladý človek' (young person) and 'starý človek' (old person). You should be comfortable using 'človek' in all basic cases (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, locative, instrumental) in the singular.
무료 가입하고 전체 설명 읽기
At the B1 level, you use 'človek' to express opinions and more complex thoughts. You understand the generic use of 'človek' as 'one' or 'you' (e.g., 'Človek nikdy nevie, čo sa stane' - One never knows what will happen). You begin to learn idioms and fixed expressions involving the word, such as 'byť človekom činu' (to be a person of action). You can discuss human rights ('ľudské práva') and the role of the individual in society. You are expected to use the irregular plural 'ľudia' and its declensions perfectly. You also start to recognize the difference between 'človek' and 'osoba' in different registers, using 'osoba' in more formal or written contexts.
무료 가입하고 전체 설명 읽기
At the B2 level, you use 'človek' in abstract and philosophical discussions. You can talk about 'podstata človeka' (the essence of man) or 'ľudská povaha' (human nature). You understand the nuances of the word in literature and media. You can use it to describe complex character traits, such as 'charakterný človek' (a person of integrity). You are comfortable with the word in all its forms and can switch between 'človek', 'jedinec', and 'bytosť' to add variety and precision to your speech. You also understand more complex idioms like 'človek mieni, Pán Boh mení' (Man proposes, God disposes). Your usage is fluid and natural, reflecting a deep understanding of Slovak social dynamics.
무료 가입하고 전체 설명 읽기
At the C1 level, 'človek' becomes a tool for sophisticated discourse. You can use it in academic or professional settings to discuss sociology, psychology, or law. You understand the historical development of the word and its etymological roots. You can appreciate and use subtle wordplay involving 'človek'. You are aware of how the word is used in classical Slovak literature (e.g., Hviezdoslav or Kukučín) and can discuss the 'human condition' using terms like 'ľudský údel'. Your command of the irregular plural 'ľudia' and its many case endings is flawless, even in difficult constructions involving numerals or collective nouns.
무료 가입하고 전체 설명 읽기
At the C2 level, your use of 'človek' is indistinguishable from a native speaker. You have a mastery of the most obscure idioms and proverbs. You can use the word to convey subtle irony, deep empathy, or cold clinical observation. You understand how the word's meaning can shift slightly depending on the regional dialect or the specific social circle. You can write essays on 'človek' as a philosophical concept, citing Slovak thinkers. You are also aware of the word's use in various professional slangs and can navigate the legal distinction between 'človek' and 'fyzická osoba' with ease. The word is no longer a vocabulary item but a fundamental part of your expressive repertoire.
무료 가입하고 전체 설명 읽기
예시

človek 30초 만에

  • The primary Slovak word for a human being or person, used universally for any individual regardless of their gender or age in generic contexts.
  • It is a masculine animate noun that follows the 'chlap' declension pattern in the singular, but has a highly irregular plural form: 'ľudia'.
  • Beyond biological meaning, it carries deep moral and social connotations, often used to describe someone's character or the general human experience.
  • Essential for A1 learners to master early, as it is one of the most frequently used nouns in both spoken and written Slovak language.

The word človek is the cornerstone of the Slovak language when referring to a human being, a person, or an individual. At its most basic level, it is the singular noun used to describe any member of the human race. However, its usage extends far beyond simple biological identification. In Slovak, človek carries a weight of humanity, character, and social existence. It is the word you use when you see someone on the street, when you discuss human rights, or when you describe someone's personality. It is important to note that while the word is grammatically masculine, it is used universally for any person regardless of their gender. If you are pointing at a person in a crowd, you say ten človek (that person). If you are discussing the nature of humanity, you use ľudstvo, but the individual unit is always človek.

The Generic Person
In Slovak, človek is often used as a generic subject, similar to the English 'one' or the generic 'you'. For example, 'Človek nikdy nevie' translates to 'One never knows' or 'You never know'. This makes it an incredibly versatile word in philosophical and everyday observations about life.
Character Assessment
When Slovaks say someone is a dobrý človek (good person), they aren't just saying the person is nice. They are commenting on their fundamental moral fiber. Conversely, calling someone zlý človek is a heavy condemnation of their character.
Biological Context
In scientific or formal contexts, it refers to Homo sapiens. You will see it in history books, biology texts, and news reports concerning population or human behavior.

Každý človek má právo na život a slobodu.

Translation: Every human has the right to life and freedom.

One of the most unique aspects of this word for learners is its relationship with its plural form. Unlike many nouns that simply add a suffix, človek undergoes a complete root change (suppletion). One person is človek, but two or more are ľudia. This is a critical distinction that defines the A1 to A2 transition for learners. You will never say 'človekovia' in standard Slovak; it sounds entirely incorrect and marks you immediately as a beginner or non-speaker.

Je to veľmi milý človek, ktorého si všetci vážia.

Translation: He is a very kind person whom everyone respects.
Legal vs. Social
While osoba is used in legal documents (e.g., 'fyzická osoba' - natural person), človek is the word of the heart and the street. It feels warmer and more personal than the clinical osoba.

To master this word, you must practice its declension. As a masculine animate noun, it changes significantly based on its role in the sentence. For example, 'I see a person' becomes 'Vidím človeka' (accusative case). 'I talk about a person' becomes 'Rozprávam o človeku' (locative case). Understanding these shifts is essential for fluid communication in Slovak.

Múdry človek sa učí na chybách iných.

Translation: A wise person learns from the mistakes of others.

Using človek correctly requires navigating the complexities of Slovak grammar, specifically the category of animacy and the irregular plural. Since človek refers to a living human, it belongs to the masculine animate declension pattern (vzor chlap). This means that in the singular accusative case (direct object), it takes the ending -a, making it identical to the genitive case.

Direct Objects (Accusative)
When you are doing something to a person, use človeka. Example: 'Poznám toho človeka' (I know that person). This is a common point of confusion for English speakers who are not used to nouns changing form when they are objects.
Possession (Genitive)
To indicate something belongs to a person or to use it after certain prepositions like 'bez' (without), use človeka. Example: 'Svet bez človeka' (A world without man/human).

Hľadám človeka, ktorý mi pomôže s prekladom.

Translation: I am looking for a person who will help me with the translation.

One of the most frequent uses of človek is in generalizations. In English, we might say 'You can't just walk in there.' In Slovak, you would say 'Človek tam nemôže len tak vojsť.' This use of človek as an impersonal subject is standard in both spoken and written Slovak. It provides a way to express universal truths or common experiences without pointing to a specific individual.

Ako sa má ten starý človek odvedľa?

Translation: How is that old person from next door doing?

In the dative case (to/for someone), it becomes človeku. For example, 'Daj tomu človeku šancu' (Give that person a chance). In the locative case (about someone/on someone), it is also človeku. 'Rozprávame o tom človeku' (We are talking about that person). Finally, in the instrumental case (with someone), it becomes človekom. 'Stal sa lepším človekom' (He became a better person).

The Plural Shift
Remember: človek (1) -> ľudia (2+). You must switch to a completely different set of declensions for plural. 'Vidím ľudí' (I see people) instead of 'Vidím človekov'.

Niekedy človek potrebuje len trochu ticha.

Translation: Sometimes a person just needs a little bit of silence.

The word človek is ubiquitous in Slovakia. You will hear it from the moment you step off a train in Bratislava until you reach the furthest village in the Tatras. It is one of the top 100 most used nouns in the language because it serves so many communicative functions. Whether it's a casual chat at a kaviareň (cafe) or a formal debate in the parlament, človek is the standard term for a human entity.

In Daily Conversation
People use it to refer to strangers or acquaintances whose names they might not recall or need to mention. 'Stretol som jedného človeka...' (I met a certain person...) is a very common way to start a story. It is also used to vent frustration: 'Ten človek je úplne šialený!' (That person is completely crazy!).
In Literature and Media
Slovak literature is deeply humanistic. Titles of books often include the word, such as 'Človek proti skaze' (Man against ruin). In news headlines, you might see 'Človek v ohrození' (Person/Human in danger), which is also the name of a famous Slovak NGO.

V každom človeku sa skrýva kúsok dobra.

Translation: In every human, a bit of good is hidden.

If you watch Slovak movies or TV series, you'll notice that človek is used to emphasize emotional states. A character might say 'Som len človek' (I am only human) to excuse a mistake. This phrase is identical in meaning and emotional resonance to its English counterpart. It’s a word that bridges the gap between the biological and the spiritual.

Tento človek mi zmenil život.

Translation: This person changed my life.

In professional settings, particularly in HR or social work, you will hear 'práca s ľuďmi' (working with people). While the plural is used for the field, an individual client is always 'človek'. It maintains a level of dignity that 'klient' (client) or 'pacient' (patient) sometimes lacks. Using človek centers the humanity of the individual.

Bol to človek činu, nie prázdnych slov.

Translation: He was a man of action, not empty words.

The most common mistake by far is trying to pluralize 'človek' as 'človekovia' or 'človeky'.

Because Slovak is generally quite systematic with its plural endings (-i, -y, -e), learners naturally want to apply those rules here. However, človek is one of the few words in Slovak that uses suppletion—the use of one word as the inflected form of another. You must memorize: človek (singular) vs. ľudia (plural). Using 'človekovia' is like saying 'mans' instead of 'men' in English, but it sounds even more jarring to a native Slovak ear.

Gender Mismatch
Another frequent error is using feminine adjectives or pronouns with človek when referring to a woman. Even if the 'človek' you are talking about is clearly female, the word človek remains grammatically masculine. You should say 'Táto žena je milá' (This woman is kind) OR 'Tento človek je milý' (This person is kind). Combining them as 'Táto človek je milá' is grammatically incorrect.

Vidím človeka, ktorá ... Vidím človeka, ktorý...

Correction: Always use masculine relative pronouns ('ktorý') with 'človek'.

Misunderstanding the difference between človek and osoba is another hurdle. While often interchangeable, osoba is feminine and človek is masculine. This affects every word around them. If you are filling out a form that asks for the 'počet osôb' (number of persons), don't say 'počet človekov'. If you are writing a poem about the human soul, človek is almost always the better choice than osoba.

Každý človek robí chyby.

Translation: Every person makes mistakes. (Note: 'Každý' is masculine).

Finally, watch out for the instrumental case. Learners often say 's človekom' (with a person) correctly, but forget that when they switch to plural, it becomes 's ľuďmi'. The root change must be applied across all cases. If you keep the root 'človek-' in plural, you will be misunderstood.

While človek is the most common term, Slovak offers several nuances for referring to people depending on the context, formality, and gender.

Osoba (Person/Individual)
This is a feminine noun. It is used more in official, legal, or technical contexts. If you are describing a suspect to the police, you might use osoba. It is also used in grammar (first person, second person).
Example: 'Hľadaná osoba má modré oči.' (The wanted person has blue eyes.)
Jedinec (Individual/Specimen)
This word is used in biology, psychology, or sociology to highlight an individual as distinct from a group. It sounds more clinical than človek.
Example: 'Každý jedinec v populácii je unikátny.' (Every individual in the population is unique.)
Bytosť (Being)
A more philosophical or spiritual term. It encompasses anything that 'is'. You might hear 'ľudská bytosť' (human being) when the speaker wants to sound more profound or empathetic.
Example: 'Cítil sa ako osamelá bytosť vo vesmíre.' (He felt like a lonely being in the universe.)
Muž / Žena (Man / Woman)
If you know the gender and want to be specific, use these. Človek is often used for men in a generic sense, but it's always better to use žena for a woman if you aren't being generic.
Example: 'Tam stojí nejaký muž.' (Some man is standing there.)

Je to výnimočná bytosť s veľkým srdcom.

Translation: She/He is an exceptional being with a big heart.

In slang or very informal Slovak, you might hear týpek (guy/dude) or čávo (guy - often with a negative or 'cool' connotation). These are far removed from the respectful and neutral človek. Use them only with friends.

Tento týpek vyzerá podozrivo.

Translation: This guy looks suspicious. (Informal)

Finally, there is ľudstvo (humanity/mankind), which refers to all people as a collective. While človek is the individual, ľudstvo is the whole. 'Človek pristál na Mesiaci' (Man landed on the moon) uses the singular to represent the whole species, a common rhetorical device in Slovak as well.

무료 가입하고 전체 설명 읽기

수준별 예문

1

Ja som človek.

I am a person.

Subject + verb 'to be' + noun in nominative.

2

Ten človek je tu.

That person is here.

Demonstrative pronoun 'ten' matches the masculine noun 'človek'.

3

Dobrý človek pomáha.

A good person helps.

Adjective 'dobrý' is in masculine singular nominative.

4

Kto je tento človek?

Who is this person?

Interrogative pronoun 'kto' is used for people.

5

Jeden človek čaká.

One person is waiting.

Numeral 'jeden' (one) for masculine animate nouns.

6

Si milý človek.

You are a kind person.

Second person singular of the verb 'to be'.

7

Tu nie je žiadny človek.

There is no person here.

Negative 'žiadny' matches 'človek'.

8

Môj otec je čestný človek.

My father is an honest person.

Possessive 'môj' and adjective 'čestný' are masculine.

1

Poznám tohto človeka.

I know this person.

Accusative case: 'človeka'.

2

Hovorím s týmto človekom.

I am talking with this person.

Instrumental case: 's človekom'.

3

Daj to tomu človeku.

Give it to that person.

Dative case: 'človeku'.

4

Bez človeka je dom prázdny.

Without a person, the house is empty.

Genitive case after 'bez': 'človeka'.

5

Človek musí piť vodu.

A person must drink water.

Generic use of 'človek'.

6

Je to starý človek.

It is an old person.

Adjective 'starý' modifies 'človek'.

7

Hľadáme jedného človeka.

We are looking for one person.

Accusative case for the object of 'hľadať'.

8

Vidím tam nejakého človeka.

I see some person there.

Indefinite pronoun 'nejakého' in accusative.

1

Človek nikdy nevie, kedy príde šanca.

One never knows when a chance will come.

Generic subject 'človek' meaning 'one'.

2

Stal sa z neho iný človek.

He became a different person.

Instrumental case with the verb 'stať sa'.

3

O tom človeku kolujú legendy.

Legends are circulating about that person.

Locative case: 'o človeku'.

4

Každý človek má svoje tajomstvá.

Every person has their secrets.

Universal quantifier 'každý'.

5

Je to človek, na ktorého sa dá spoľahnúť.

He is a person who can be relied upon.

Relative clause starting with 'na ktorého'.

6

Pre mňa je to dôležitý človek.

For me, he/she is an important person.

Adjective 'dôležitý' in nominative.

7

Verím v dobro v každom človeku.

I believe in the good in every human.

Locative case with preposition 'v'.

8

Bol to človek s veľkou víziou.

He was a person with a great vision.

Preposition 's' + instrumental.

1

Človek mieni, Pán Boh mení.

Man proposes, God disposes.

A traditional Slovak proverb.

2

Je ťažké byť dobrým človekom v zlej dobe.

It is hard to be a good person in bad times.

Infinitive 'byť' with instrumental 'človekom'.

3

Ako sa človek správa k slabším, to o ňom veľa hovorí.

How a person treats the weaker tells a lot about them.

Reflexive verb 'správať sa'.

4

Tento človek má dar reči.

This person has the gift of gab.

Idiomatic expression 'dar reči'.

5

Zostal človekom aj v tých najťažších chvíľach.

He remained a human even in the toughest moments.

Verb 'zostať' with instrumental.

6

Človek je tvor spoločenský.

Man is a social creature.

Philosophical statement.

7

Každý človek túži po šťastí.

Every person yearns for happiness.

Verb 'túžiť' with preposition 'po' + locative.

8

Bol to človek pevných zásad.

He was a person of firm principles.

Genitive of quality: 'pevných zásad'.

1

Človek ako taký je fascinujúci subjekt výskumu.

Man as such is a fascinating subject of research.

The phrase 'ako taký' means 'as such'.

2

V každom človeku drieme kus génia.

A bit of genius slumbers in every person.

Metaphorical use of 'drieme' (slumbers).

3

Tento človek stelesňuje hodnoty našej spoločnosti.

This person embodies the values of our society.

Verb 'stelesňuje' (embodies).

4

Hranica medzi človekom a strojom sa stiera.

The boundary between man and machine is blurring.

Instrumental case with 'medzi'.

5

Človek sa učí celý život.

A person learns throughout their whole life.

Reflexive 'sa' with 'učí'.

6

Je to človek, ktorý nepozná kompromisy.

He is a person who knows no compromises.

Negative 'nepozná' + accusative plural.

7

Z pohľadu človeka je čas relatívny.

From a human perspective, time is relative.

Genitive after 'z pohľadu'.

8

Bol to človek, ktorého osud nešetril.

He was a person whom fate did not spare.

Relative pronoun 'ktorého' in accusative.

1

Človek je mierou všetkých vecí.

Man is the measure of all things.

A famous philosophical aphorism (Protagoras).

2

V tomto človeku sa bije svetlo s temnotou.

In this person, light fights with darkness.

Metaphorical reflexive 'sa bije'.

3

Je to človek, ktorého integrita je nespochybniteľná.

He is a person whose integrity is unquestionable.

Complex adjective 'nespochybniteľná'.

4

Byť človekom v plnom zmysle slova vyžaduje odvahu.

Being a human in the full sense of the word requires courage.

Instrumental case 'človekom' after 'byť'.

5

Ten človek je stelesnená dobrota.

That person is goodness personified.

Noun phrase as a predicate.

6

Niet človeka, ktorý by nepoznal strach.

There is no person who wouldn't know fear.

Genitive after 'niet' (there is no).

7

Človek sa rodí slobodný, no všade je v okovách.

Man is born free, but everywhere he is in chains.

Slovak translation of Rousseau's famous quote.

8

V hĺbke duše zostáva každý človek dieťaťom.

In the depths of the soul, every person remains a child.

Instrumental 'dieťaťom' after 'zostáva'.

동의어

osoba jedinec bytosť týpek muž žena chlap smrteľník

반의어

zviera stroj boh vec

자주 쓰는 조합

dobrý človek
mladý človek
známy človek
čestný človek
blízky človek
cudzí človek
무료 가입하고 모든 예문 보기

관련 콘텐츠

도움이 되었나요?

댓글 (0)

로그인하여 댓글 달기
아직 댓글이 없습니다. 첫 번째로 생각을 공유하세요!